Planck 2015 results. XXVII. The Second Planck Catalogue of Sunyaev-Zeldovich Sources

We present the all-sky Planck catalogue of Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) sources detected from the 29 month full-mission data. The catalogue (PSZ2) is the largest SZ-selected sample of galaxy clusters yet produced and the deepest all-sky catalogue of galaxy clusters. It contains 1653 detections, of which 1203 are confirmed clusters with identified counterparts in external data-sets, and is the first SZ-selected cluster survey containing > $10^3$ confirmed clusters. We present a detailed analysis of the survey selection function in terms of its completeness and statistical reliability, placing a lower limit of 83% on the purity. Using simulations, we find that the Y5R500 estimates are robust to pressure-profile variation and beam systematics, but accurate conversion to Y500 requires. the use of prior information on the cluster extent. We describe the multi-wavelength search for counterparts in ancillary data, which makes use of radio, microwave, infra-red, optical and X-ray data-sets, and which places emphasis on the robustness of the counterpart match. We discuss the physical properties of the new sample and identify a population of low-redshift X-ray under- luminous clusters revealed by SZ selection. These objects appear in optical and SZ surveys with consistent properties for their mass, but are almost absent from ROSAT X-ray selected samples

Planck intermediate results. L. Evidence of spatial variation of the polarized thermal dust spectral energy distribution and implications for CMB B-mode analysis

The characterization of the Galactic foregrounds has been shown to be the main obstacle in thechallenging quest to detect primordial B-modes in the polarized microwave sky. We make use of the Planck-HFI 2015 data release at high frequencies to place new constraints on the properties of the polarized thermal dust emission at high Galactic latitudes. Here, we specifically study the spatial variability of the dust polarized spectral energy distribution (SED), and its potential impact on the determination of the tensor-to-scalar ratio, r. We use the correlation ratio of the CBBℓ angular power spectra between the 217 and 353 GHz channels as a tracer of these potential variations, computed on different high Galactic latitude regions, ranging from 80% to 20% of the sky. The new insight from Planck data is a departure of the correlation ratio from unity that cannot be attributed to a spurious decorrelation due to the cosmic microwave background, instrumental noise, or instrumental systematics. The effect is marginally detected on each region, but the statistical combination of all the regions gives more than 99% confidence for this variation in polarized dust properties. In addition, we show that the decorrelation increases when there is a decrease in the mean column density of the region of the sky being considered, and we propose a simple power-law empirical model for this dependence, which matches what is seen in the Planck data. We explore the effect that this measured decorrelation has on simulations of the BICEP2-Keck Array/Planck analysis and show that the 2015 constraints from these data still allow a decorrelation between the dust at 150 and 353 GHz that is compatible with our measured value. Finally, using simplified models, we show that either spatial variation of the dust SED or of the dust polarization angle are able to produce decorrelations between 217 and 353 GHz data similar to the values we observe in the data

Decomposition kinetics of gaseous ozone in peanuts Cinética da decomposição do gás ozônio em amendoim

This study was conducted to evaluate the decomposition kinetics of gaseous ozone in peanut grains. This evaluation was made with 1-kg peanut samples, moisture contents being 7.1 and 10.5% wet basis (w.b.), placed in 3-liter glass containers. The peanut grains were ozonated at the concentration of 450 µg L-1, at 25 and 35 ºC, with gas flow rates of 1.0 and 3.0 L min-1. Time of saturation was determined by quantifying the residual concentration of ozone after the gas passed through the grains to constant mass. The decomposition kinetics of ozone was evaluated after the grain mass was ozone-saturated. For the peanut grains whose moisture content was 7.1% (w.b.), at 25 and 35ºC and with flow rates of 1.0 and 3.0 L min-1, the values obtained for time of saturation of gaseous ozone ranged between 173 and 192 min; the concentration of saturation was approximately 260 µg L-1. For the grains whose moisture content was 10.5% (w.b.), a higher residual concentration of gaseous ozone was obtained at 25 ºC, that of 190 µg L-1. As regards the half-life of ozone, the highest value obtained was equivalent to 7.7 min for grains ozonated at 25 ºC, while for those with moisture content of 10.5% at 35 ºC, half-life was 3.2 min. In the process of ozone decomposition in peanut grains, temperature was concluded to be the key factor. An increase of 10 ºC in the temperature of the grains results in a decrease of at least 43% in the half-life of ozone.<br>Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a cinética de decomposição do ozônio em grãos de amendoim. Para avaliar a cinética de decomposição do gás, utilizaram-se amostras de 1 kg de amendoim, com teores de água de 7,1 e 10,5% base úmida (b.u.), acondicionadas em recipientes de vidro com capacidade de 3 L. Os grãos de amendoim foram ozonizados na concentração de 450 µg L-1, nas temperaturas de 25 e 35 ºC, e vazões do gás de 1,0 e 3,0 L min-1. Determinou-se o tempo de saturação, quantificando-se a concentração residual do ozônio após a passagem do gás pela massa de grãos, até que a mesma se mantivesse constante. A cinética de decomposição foi avaliada depois da saturação da massa de grãos com o gás. Nessa etapa, obteve-se a concentração residual do ozônio, depois de períodos de repouso, durante os quais o gás reagia no meio poroso, e dessa forma, era decomposto. Um modelo cinético de primeira ordem foi ajustado aos dados da concentração residual em função do tempo, após linearização. A partir dos valores da constante da taxa de decomposição, definida como a inclinação da reta referente ao modelo cinético de primeira ordem linearizado, foi possível obter a meia-vida do ozônio em grãos de amendoim. Para os grãos de amendoim com teor de água de 7,1% (b.u.), nas temperaturas de 25 e 35 °C, e vazões de 1,0 e 3,0 L min-1, os valores obtidos de tempo de saturação do gás permaneceram na faixa entre 173 e 192 min, com concentração de saturação de aproximadamente 260 µg. L-1. Para os grãos com teor de água de 10,5% b.u., obteve-se maior concentração residual do gás na temperatura de 25 ºC, sendo igual a 190 µg. L-1. No que se refere ao tempo de meia-vida do ozônio, o maior valor obtido foi equivalente a 7,7 min para os grãos ozonizados na temperatura de 25 ºC, enquanto para aqueles com 10,5% de teor de água, na temperatura de 35 ºC, foi de 3,2 min. Concluiu-se que, no processo de decomposição do ozônio em grãos de amendoim, o fator determinante é a temperatura. Observou-se que o aumento de 10 ºC na temperatura dos grãos implica decréscimo de, pelo menos, 43% no tempo de meia-vida do gás