Aceite de oliva y cáncer

In the last years, numerous studies have examined the association of dietary fat and cancer. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from n-6 family display a strong promoting effect, this may be partially due to the especially prone to lipid peroxidation of PUFA that leads to formation of aldehydes, which react with DNA bases, forming genotoxic exocyclic etheno(epsilon)-adducts. On the contrary, there are growing evidences that monounsaturated oils, like olive oil, may be associated with a decreased risk of some cancers. However, the epidemiological data do not fully agree with the experimental ones previously published. Minor compounds from (extra virgin) olive oil, mainly phenolics like hydroxytyrosol and tocopherol, are antioxidants and radical scavenging. They can minimize the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by fatty acid peroxidation and in the case of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) the DNA damage can be reduced by a lower lipid peroxidation.Numerosos estudios en los últimos años han determinado la existencia de una asociación entre las grasas procedentes de la dieta y el cáncer. Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFA) de la familia n -6 pueden tener efectos proliferativos y angiogénicos, lo cual se debe en parte a que son especialmente sensibles a la peroxidación lipídica, formándose aldehídos que reaccionan con las bases del ADN y por lo tanto aductos exocíclicos con propiedades genotóxicas. Por el contrario, el consumo de dietas ricas en ácidos grasos monoinsaturados (MUFA) está relacionado con un menor riesgo de distintos tipos de cáncer. Si bien, los datos epidemiológicos no siempre concuerdan con los datos experimentales. Los componentes menores del aceite de oliva (extra virgen), fundamentalmente el hidroxitirosol y tocoferol, son antioxidantes y secuestradores de radicales libres. Pueden minimizar la cantidad de especies reactivas de oxígeno que se generan por la peroxidación lipídica y además los MUFA son menos sensibles a la oxidación, por lo que se reduce el daño del ADN.The authors would like to acknowledge to the Ministry of Education and Science (ECI) of the Spanish Government for supporting this manuscript (grant AGL2001-0584). Beatriz Bermúdez and Sergio López are supported by I3P and FPU fellowships, whereas Yolanda M. Pacheco has an I3P Post-Doctoral contract from ECI.Peer reviewe

Una propuesta de optimización multicriterio para la asignación de la ayuda oficial al desarrollo: combinando los intereses de los donantes y de los receptores

It is well known that donors pursue different objectives (altruistic objectives or those based on recipient, and donor interests) in granting their aid. This study proposes an innovative tool that enables a combination of both types of objectives, allowing each donor (bilateral or multilateral) to better understand, optimise and target the distribution of its ODA according to the interests of both parties to the transaction (donor and recipient). This tool uses concentration curves and Suits’ indices to determine an optimal distribution of aid through the development of a constrained optimisation program that encompasses all of its purposes. Furthermore, used at the aggregate level, this tool could facilitate donor coordination to achieve international development goals.Es bien sabido que los donantes persiguen diferentes objetivos al conceder su ayuda oficial al desarrollo (objetivos altruistas, basados en los intereses de los receptores, pero también basados en los suyos propios). Este estudio propone una herramienta que posibilita combinar ambos tipos de objetivos, permitiendo a cada donante (bilateral o multilateral) comprender, optimizar y orientar mejor la distribución de su AOD en función de los intereses de ambas partes de la transacción (donante y receptor). Dicha herramienta utiliza curvas de concentración e índices de Suits para determinar una distribución óptima de la ayuda mediante el desarrollo de un programa de optimización restringido que incluya todos los objetivos perseguidos. Además, utilizada a nivel agregado, esta herramienta podría facilitar la coordinación de los donantes para alcanzar los objetivos internacionales de desarrollo

A multi-criteria optimization proposal for aid allocation: combining donor and recipient interests

It is well known that donors pursue different objectives (altruistic objectives or those based on recipient, and donor interests) in granting their aid. This study proposes an innovative tool that enables a combination of both types of objectives, allowing each donor (bilateral or multilateral) to better understand, optimise and target the distribution of its ODA according to the interests of both parties to the transaction (donor and recipient). This tool uses concentration curves and Suits’ indices to determine an optimal distribution of aid through the development of a constrained optimisation program that encompasses all of its purposes. Furthermore, used at the aggregate level, this tool could facilitate donor coordination to achieve international development goals

Aceite de oliva y cáncer

In the last years, numerous studies have examined the association of dietary fat and cancer. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from n -6 family display a strong promoting effect, this may be partially due to the especially prone to lipid peroxidation of PUFA that leads to formation of aldehydes, which react with DNA bases, forming genotoxic exocyclic etheno(epsilon)-adducts. On the contrary, there are growing evidences that monounsaturated oils, like olive oil, may be associated with a decreased risk of some cancers. However, the epidemiological data do not fully agree with the experimental ones previously published. Minor compounds from (extra virgin) olive oil, mainly phenolics like hydroxytyrosol and tocopherol, are antioxidants and radical scavenging. They can minimize the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by fatty acid peroxidation and in the case of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) the DNA damage can be reduced by a lower lipid peroxidation.Numerosos estudios en los últimos años han determinado la existencia de una asociación entre las grasas procedentes de la dieta y el cáncer. Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFA) de la familia n -6 pueden tener efectos proliferativos y angiogénicos, lo cual se debe en parte a que son especialmente sensibles a la peroxidación lipídica, formándose aldehídos que reaccionan con las bases del ADN y por lo tanto aductos exocíclicos con propiedades genotóxicas. Por el contrario, el consumo de dietas ricas en ácidos grasos monoinsaturados (MUFA) está relacionado con un menor riesgo de distintos tipos de cáncer. Si bien, los datos epidemiológicos no siempre concuerdan con los datos experimentales. Los componentes menores del aceite de oliva (extra virgen), fundamentalmente el hidroxitirosol y tocoferol, son antioxidantes y secuestradores de radicales libres. Pueden minimizar la cantidad de especies reactivas de oxígeno que se generan por la peroxidación lipídica y además los MUFA son menos sensibles a la oxidación, por lo que se reduce el daño del ADN

Méthodologie d’analyse et d’évaluation technico- économique des systèmes de production ovine et caprine

. Cet article rapporte le travail effectué depuis 1994 par le groupe d’experts du sous-réseau FAO-CIHEAM sur les systèmes de production ovine et caprine, concernant la méthodologie d’évaluation de ces systèmes. L’objectif de ce travail était de mettre au point une méthodologie pour analyser, évaluer et comparer les systèmes de production ovine et caprine, et ainsi pour répondre aux besoins des éleveurs et des agents de développement dans les domaines du diagnostic, du conseil et de l’aide à la décision. La méthode repose sur l’estimation d’un ensemble d’indicateurs directement mesurés, ou d’indicateurs calculés à partir d’autres indicateurs concernant l’exploitation agricole dans son ensemble ou l’atelier ovin ou caprin exclusivement. Les indicateurs sont choisis après validation du groupe d’experts. L’article décrit comment dans certains cas, les difficultés sur le choix d’un ou plusieurs indicateurs ont été résolues. Au total, 196 indicateurs sont décrits dans les tableaux de 1 à 8 avec des conseils sur les conditions de calcul, la signification et l’interprétation de chaque indicateur. Cette méthode repose sur le travail d’enquête des agents de développement qui peuvent être aidés par les éleveurs au niveau de l’enregistrement des données. Les différentes approches pour interpréter les résultats en fonction des objectifs de l’étude sont passées en revue, en particulier l’interprétation par des "blocs diagnostics" et l’identification des points forts ou faibles de chaque système. La restitution des résultats aux éleveurs est considérée comme une phase essentielle de la méthode. La méthode a été appliquée dans des conditions différentes en Andalousie, en Roumanie, au Portugal et au Nord du Maroc pour validation ; ce qui a permis d’améliorer certains points de la méthode afin qu’elle puisse être appliquée de façon plus large.This paper presents the work undertaken since 1994 by a working group of experts from sub-network FAO-CIHEAM on systems of sheep and goat production, on evaluation’s methodology of such systems. The objective of this study was to set up a methodology for analysing and comparing the various systems of sheep and goat production, an so as to meet farmers and extension officers’ requirements in terms of diagnosis, advise and help to decision. This methodology may be applied only if the characteristics of sheep and goat units can be measurable and measured. The method is based on the assessment of a set of directly measured indicators, as well as indicators calculated by other indicators concerning the whole farm or sheep or goat units exclusively. The indicators are selected after validation decided by a working group of experts. The present paper reports on how in some cases, the difficulties on the choice of one or several indicators were solved. On overall, 196 indicators were described in tables from 1 to 8 with advises on conditions of calculation, the significance and interpretation of each indicator. This method is based on the work of survey of development agents likely to be helped by farmers at recording of data. The different approaches for interpreting results in accordance with the objectives of the study are presented in the present paper, particularly the interpretation by "indicators sets for diagnostic" and identification of major or weak points of each system. The diffusion of results to farmers is an essential phase of the method. This method was applied in different conditions in Andalusia, in Romania, in Portugal and Northern Morocco for validation purpose; this enabled the improvement of some points of the method so as to enlarge its field of applicatio

Online Applied Problem-Based Learning to Determine the Shelf Life of an on-Site Solution of Refrigerated Drug

A problem-based online learning (PBe-L) teaching sequence was designed for calculating the shelf life (expiration date) of an on-site solution of refrigerated drug as part of activities of a Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry course of Pharmacy major at FES Cuautitlán UNAM in Mexico. The teacher presents students the problem, a group collaborative activity is carried out to search for information in PBL cycles. Students are then shown a virtual experiment that includes experimental results. Another group collaborative activity is carried out for the search of information, for the procedural analysis of the results. Applying knowledge and understanding of the topics of chemical kinetics, temperature effect on the rate of chemical reactions and drug degradation reactions, etc., students solve the problem. Hake's factor was determined for the conceptual gain. A Likert-type satisfaction survey was conducted and compared to the results of a group that was applied to the PBL strategy in person. At the end of the sequence students achieved recognition, comprehension and application learnings and conceptual gain was high. Allowing an integration of its cognitive framework of kinetics topics

A Multi-criteria optimization proposal for aid allocation: combining donor and recipient interests

It is well known that donors pursue different objectives (altruistic objectives or those based on recipient, and donor interests) in granting their aid. This study proposes an innovative tool that enables a combination of both types of objectives, allowing each donor (bilateral or multilateral) to better understand, optimise and target the distribution of its ODA according to the interests of both parties to the transaction (donor and recipient). This tool uses concentration curves and Suits’ indices to determine an optimal distribution of aid through the development of a constrained optimisation program that encompasses all of its purposes. Furthermore, used at the aggregate level, this tool could facilitate donor coordination to achieve international development goals.

DBP rs7041 and DHCR7 rs3829251 are Linked to CD4+ Recovery in HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy

Background: The lack of the recovery of CD4+ T-cells (CD4+ recovery) among immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not well known. We aimed to analyze the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) underlying vitamin D metabolism and the CD4+ recovery in naïve HIV-infected patients who started ART with low baseline CD4+. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study in 411 naïve individuals with plasma HIV load >200 copies/mL and CD4+ <200 cells/mm3. During 24 months of follow-up, all patients had plasma HIV load <50 copies/mL. DNA genotyping was performed using the Sequenom MassARRAY platform. The outcome variable was the change in CD4+ during the study. Results: CD4+ recovery was higher in patients carrying DBP rs7041 AA genotype (AA versus CC/AC) and DHCR7 rs3829251 AA genotype (AA versus GG/AG) (p-value < 0.05). DBP rs7041 AA genotype was linked to increase in CD4+ (adjusted arithmetic mean ratio (aAMR) = 1.22; q-value = 0.011), increase in CD4+ ≥P75th [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.31; q-value = 0.005], slope of CD4+ recovery (aAMR = 1.25; q-value = 0.008), slope of CD4+ recovery ≥ P75th (aOR = 2.55; q-value = 0.005) and achievement of CD4+ ≥500 cells/mm3 (aOR = 1.89; q-value = 0.023). Besides, DHCR7 rs3829251 AA genotype was related to increase in CD4+ (aAMR = 1.43; q-value = 0.031), increase in CD4+ ≥P75th (aOR = 3.92; q-value = 0.030), slope of CD4+ recovery (aAMR = 1.40; q-value = 0.036), slope of CD4+ recovery ≥ P75th (aOR = 3.42; q-value = 0.031) and achievement of CD4+ ≥500 cells/mm3 (aOR = 5.68; q-value = 0.015). Conclusion: In summary, DHCR7 rs3829251 and DBP rs7041 polymorphisms were associated with CD4+ recovery in HIV-infected patients who started cART with low CD4+ T-cell counts.This study has been (partially) funded by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (RD16/0025/0013 to JMB and RD16CIII/0002/0002 to SR) as part of the Health Research and Development Strategy, State Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation (2008–2011; 2013–2016) and co-financed by Institute of Health Carlos III, ISCIII – Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The study was also funded by the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CB21/13/00044, CB21/13/00020, and CB21/13/00063). MAJ-S is supported and funded by ISCIII (grant number CP17CIII/00007). NR is a Miguel Servet researcher from the ISCIII (grant number CPII19/00025).S

IL-7/IL-7R gene variants impact circulating IL-7/IL-7R homeostasis and ART-associated immune recovery status

Altres ajuts: This study would not have been possible without the collaboration of all the patients and medical and nursing staff who have taken part in the project. This work was supported by Gilead Fellowship Program GLD14/293 and GLD17/00299 and Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía (Proyecto de Investigación de Excelencia; CTS2593). YMP and ERM are supported by the Servicio Andaluz de Salud through Programa Nicolás Monardes (C-0013/17 and C-0032/17, respectively). We are also grateful to GESIDA for ''Premio para Jóvenes Investigadores 2019'' to AR. Authors greatly appreciate the comments and criticisms of the anonymous reviewers that greatly helped to improve the manuscript.A relationship between polymorphisms in genes encoding interleukin 7 (IL-7) and its cellular receptor (IL-7R) and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-associated immune recovery in HIV subjects has been previously reported. However, details of this relationship remain unclear, and the association of these polymorphisms with circulating IL-7/IL-7R levels is scarce. Here, we explored whether IL-7/IL-7R axis was associated with quantitative CD4 T-cell recovery in HIV-infected subjects. IL-7/IL-7R polymorphisms were assessed by genotyping, and multiple inheritance models were used to estimate both, their association with low pre-ART CD4 T-cell counts and incomplete immune recovery status after 48 weeks of suppressive ART. Integrated data from genetic variants association and soluble plasma IL-7/IL-7R quantification suggest that IL-7/IL-7R genotype expression could alter the homeostatic balance between soluble and membrane-bound receptors. The haplotype analyses indicates that allele combinations impacts pre-ART circulating CD4 T-cell counts, immune recovery status and the absolute increment of CD4 T-cell counts. The knowledge about how IL-7/IL-7R axis is related to quantitative CD4 T-cell recovery and immune recovery status after initiating ART could be useful regarding T-cell reservoirs investigations in HIV subjects

MoS2 photoelectrodes for hydrogen production: Tuning the S-vacancy content in highly homogeneous ultrathin nanocrystals

Tuning the electrocatalytic properties of MoS2 layers can be achieved through different paths, such as reducing their thickness, creating edges in the MoS2 flakes, and introducing S-vacancies. We combine these three approaches by growing MoS2 electrodes by using a special salt-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. This procedure allows the growth of ultrathin MoS2 nanocrystals (1-3 layers thick and a few nanometers wide), as evidenced by atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. This morphology of the MoS2 layers at the nanoscale induces some specific features in the Raman and photoluminescence spectra compared to exfoliated or microcrystalline MoS2 layers. Moreover, the S-vacancy content in the layers can be tuned during CVD growth by using Ar/H2 mixtures as a carrier gas. Detailed optical microtransmittance and microreflectance spectroscopies, micro-Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements with sub-millimeter spatial resolution show that the obtained samples present an excellent homogeneity over areas in the cm2 range. The electrochemical and photoelectrochemical properties of these MoS2 layers were investigated using electrodes with relatively large areas (0.8 cm2). The prepared MoS2 cathodes show outstanding Faradaic efficiencies as well as long-term stability in acidic solutions. In addition, we demonstrate that there is an optimal number of S-vacancies to improve the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical performances of MoS2PID2021-126098OB-I00, PID2020-116619GA-C22, TED2021-131788A-I00, SI3/PJI/2021-0050