49 research outputs found

    Human MCTS1-dependent translation of JAK2 is essential for IFN-Îł immunity to mycobacteria.

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    Human inherited disorders of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) immunity underlie severe mycobacterial diseases. We report X-linked recessive MCTS1 deficiency in men with mycobacterial disease from kindreds of different ancestries (from China, Finland, Iran, and Saudi Arabia). Complete deficiency of this translation re-initiation factor impairs the translation of a subset of proteins, including the kinase JAK2 in all cell types tested, including T lymphocytes and phagocytes. JAK2 expression is sufficiently low to impair cellular responses to interleukin-23 (IL-23) and partially IL-12, but not other JAK2-dependent cytokines. Defective responses to IL-23 preferentially impair the production of IFN-γ by innate-like adaptive mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) and γΎ T lymphocytes upon mycobacterial challenge. Surprisingly, the lack of MCTS1-dependent translation re-initiation and ribosome recycling seems to be otherwise physiologically redundant in these patients. These findings suggest that X-linked recessive human MCTS1 deficiency underlies isolated mycobacterial disease by impairing JAK2 translation in innate-like adaptive T lymphocytes, thereby impairing the IL-23-dependent induction of IFN-γ

    Impaired IL-23-dependent induction of IFN-gamma underlies mycobacterial disease in patients with inherited TYK2 deficiency

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    Human cells homozygous for rare loss-of-expression (LOE) TYK2 alleles have impaired, but not abolished, cellular responses to IFN-alpha/beta (underlying viral diseases in the patients) and to IL-12 and IL-23 (underlying mycobacterial diseases). Cells homozygous for the common P1104A TYK2 allele have selectively impaired responses to IL-23 (underlying isolated mycobacterial disease). We report three new forms of TYK2 deficiency in six patients from five families homozygous for rare TYK2 alleles (R864C, G996R, G634E, or G1010D) or compound heterozygous for P1104A and a rare allele (A928V). All these missense alleles encode detectable proteins. The R864C and G1010D alleles are hypomorphic and loss-of-function (LOF), respectively, across signaling pathways. By contrast, hypomorphic G996R, G634E, and A928V mutations selectively impair responses to IL-23, like P1104A. Impairment of the IL-23-dependent induction of IFN-gamma is the only mechanism of mycobacterial disease common to patients with complete TYK2 deficiency with or without TYK2 expression, partial TYK2 deficiency across signaling pathways, or rare or common partial TYK2 deficiency specific for IL-23 signaling.ANRS Nord-Sud ; CIBSS ; CODI ; Comité para el Desarrollo de la Investigación ; Fulbright Future Scholarshi

    Human OTULIN haploinsufficiency impairs cell-intrinsic immunity to staphylococcal alpha-toxin

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    The molecular basis of interindividual clinical variability upon infection with Staphylococcus aureus is unclear. We describe patients with haploinsufficiency for the linear deubiquitinase OTULIN, encoded by a gene on chromosome 5p. Patients suffer from episodes of life-threatening necrosis, typically triggered by S. aureus infection. The disorder is phenocopied in patients with the 5p- (Cri-du-Chat) chromosomal deletion syndrome. OTULIN haploinsufficiency causes an accumulation of linear ubiquitin in dermal fibroblasts, but tumor necrosis factor receptor-mediated nuclear factor kappa B signaling remains intact. Blood leukocyte subsets are unaffected. The OTULIN-dependent accumulation of caveolin-1 in dermal fibroblasts, but not leukocytes, facilitates the cytotoxic damage inflicted by the staphylococcal virulence factor alpha-toxin. Naturally elicited antibodies against alpha-toxin contribute to incomplete clinical penetrance. Human OTULIN haploinsufficiency underlies life-threatening staphylococcal disease by disrupting cell-intrinsic immunity to alpha-toxin in nonleukocytic cells.Peer reviewe

    Dominant-negative mutations in human IL6ST underlie hyper-IgE syndrome

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    Autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome (AD-HIES) is typically caused by dominant-negative (DN) STAT3 mutations. Patients suffer from cold staphylococcal lesions and mucocutaneous candidiasis, severe allergy, and skeletal abnormalities. We report 12 patients from 8 unrelated kindreds with AD-HIES due to DN IL6ST mutations. We identified seven different truncating mutations, one of which was recurrent. The mutant alleles encode GP130 receptors bearing the transmembrane domain but lacking both the recycling motif and all four STAT3-recruiting tyrosine residues. Upon overexpression, the mutant proteins accumulate at the cell surface and are loss of function and DN for cellular responses to IL-6, IL-11, LIF, and OSM. Moreover, the patients’ heterozygous leukocytes and fibroblasts respond poorly to IL-6 and IL-11. Consistently, patients with STAT3 and IL6ST mutations display infectious and allergic manifestations of IL-6R deficiency, and some of the skeletal abnormalities of IL-11R deficiency. DN STAT3 and IL6ST mutations thus appear to underlie clinical phenocopies through impairment of the IL-6 and IL-11 response pathways

    Inherited Human ITK Deficiency Impairs IFN-Îł Immunity and Underlies Tuberculosis

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    Inborn errors of IFN-Îł immunity can underlie tuberculosis (TB). We report three patients from two kindreds without EBV viremia or disease but with severe TB and inherited complete ITK deficiency, a condition associated with severe EBV disease that renders immunological studies challenging. They have CD4+ αÎČ T lymphocytopenia with a concomitant expansion of CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) αÎČ and VÎŽ2- γΎ T lymphocytes, both displaying a unique CD38+CD45RA+T-bet+EOMES- phenotype. Itk-deficient mice recapitulated an expansion of the γΎ T and DN αÎČ T lymphocyte populations in the thymus and spleen, respectively. Moreover, the patients\u27 T lymphocytes secrete small amounts of IFN-Îł in response to TCR crosslinking, mitogens, or forced synapse formation with autologous B lymphocytes. Finally, the patients\u27 total lymphocytes secrete small amounts of IFN-Îł, and CD4+, CD8+, DN αÎČ T, VÎŽ2+ γΎ T, and MAIT cells display impaired IFN-Îł production in response to BCG. Inherited ITK deficiency undermines the development and function of various IFN-Îł-producing T cell subsets, thereby underlying TB

    Human IFN-Îł immunity to mycobacteria is governed by both IL-12 and IL-23

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    Hundreds of patients with autosomal recessive, complete IL-12p40 or IL-12Rß1 deficiency have been diagnosed over the last 20 years. They typically suffer from invasive mycobacteriosis and, occasionally, from mucocutaneous candidiasis. Susceptibility to these infections is thought to be due to impairments of IL- 12–dependent IFN-? immunity and IL-23–dependent IL-17A/IL-17F immunity, respectively. We report here patients with autosomal recessive, complete IL- 12Rß2 or IL-23R deficiency, lacking responses to IL-12 or IL- 23 only, all of whom, unexpectedly, display mycobacteriosis without candidiasis. We show that aß T, ?d T, B, NK, ILC1, and ILC2 cells from healthy donors preferentially produce IFN-? in response to IL-12, whereas NKT cells and MAIT cells preferentially produce IFN-? in response to IL-23. We also show that the development of IFN-?–producing CD4+ T cells, including, in particular, mycobacterium-specific TH1* cells (CD45RA-CCR6+), is dependent on both IL-12 and IL-23. Last, we show that IL12RB1, IL12RB2, and IL23R have similar frequencies of deleterious variants in the general population. The comparative rarity of symptomatic patients with IL-12Rß2 or IL-23R deficiency, relative to IL-12Rß1 deficiency, is, therefore, due to lower clinical penetrance. There are fewer symptomatic IL-23R– and IL-12Rß2–deficient than IL-12Rß1–deficient patients, not because these genetic disorders are rarer, but because the isolated absence of IL-12 or IL-23 is, in part, compensated by the other cytokine for the production of IFN-?, thereby providing some protection against mycobacteria. These experiments of nature show that human IL-12 and IL-23 are both required for optimal IFN-?–dependent immunity to mycobacteria, both individually and much more so cooperatively

    RÎle des protistes hétérotrophes marins dans le cycle du carbone océanique par génomique en cellule unique

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    Unicellular eukaryotes (protists) have important roles in the biogeochemical cycles of the ocean. First, although on average less abundant than cyanobacteria, photosynthetic protists account for a large proportion of net primary production. Since they are relatively easier to culture, photosynthetic organisms are relatively more studied and their genomes represent a large fraction of the genomes of marine protists available in databases. On the other hand, heterotrophic organisms require much more work for cultivation and are therefore much less well known. Moreover, the majority of genomes of heterotrophic protists sequenced to date concern organisms of interest to humans (plant pests, pathogenic organisms), but the choice of these organisms as study models does not reflect their ecological interest.The objective of this thesis is to study, using a single-cell genomic approach, several heterotrophic picoeucaryotes, that are highly abundant in the open oceans and have not yet been cultivated. For this purpose, a protocol for sequencing, assembling and annotation of genomes from single cells has been developed.The genomes of seven stramenopile lineages have been partially reconstructed and annotated, making it possible to confirm in a robust way the phylogeny of stramenopiles obtained by ribosomal markers, and, more important, to formulate hypotheses regarding their specialization in terms of mobility or trophic mode.Particularly, the comparison of gene repertoires of carbohydrate degradation indicates likely different food spectra in the organisms studied.In addition, the combined use of these genomes and metagenomic sequences from the Tara Oceans expedition made it possible to describe the geographical distribution of these organisms as well as the genetic distance between environmental populations and our reference genomes. The correlation of these distributions with the environmental parameters measured at the sampling points shows that temperature is a key factor in the distribution of these microorganisms. In addition, the use of metatranscriptomic data from the expedition allowed us to distinguish different expression profiles - potentially corresponding to different physiological states - in the most cosmopolitan lineage studied.In conclusion, this thesis shows that there is a strong genomic diversity to be explored in heterotrophic marine protists, allowing us to make hypotheses about their trophic modes. It also demonstrates the value of single-cell genomics, in particular its complementarity with metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches for the comprehensive understanding of marine ecosystems.Les eucaryotes unicellulaires (protistes), ont des rĂŽles extrĂȘmement importants dans les cycles biogĂ©ochimiques des ocĂ©ans. Tout d’abord, bien qu’en moyenne moins abondants que les cyanobactĂ©ries, les protistes photosynthĂ©tiques reprĂ©sentent une grande part de la production primaire nette. Étant relativement plus faciles Ă  mettre en culture, les organismes photosynthĂ©tiques sont relativement plus Ă©tudiĂ©s et leurs gĂ©nomes reprĂ©sentent une grande fraction des gĂ©nomes de protistes marins disponibles dans les bases de donnĂ©es. En revanche, les organismes hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes demandent un travail beaucoup plus important pour la mise en culture et sont par consĂ©quent beaucoup moins bien connus. De plus, la majoritĂ© des gĂ©nomes de protistes hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes sĂ©quencĂ©s Ă  ce jour concernent des organismes d’intĂ©rĂȘt pour l’homme (parasites de plantes, organismes pathogĂšnes), mais le choix de ces organismes comme modĂšles d’étude ne reflĂšte pas leur intĂ©rĂȘt Ă©cologique.L’objectif de cette thĂšse est d’étudier par une approche de gĂ©nomique en cellule unique certains picoeucaryotes hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes, fortement abondants dans les ocĂ©ans ouverts et encore non cultivĂ©s Ă  ce jour. Pour cela, un protocole de sĂ©quençage, d’assemblage et d’annotation de gĂ©nome Ă  partir de cellules uniques a Ă©tĂ© mis en place.Le gĂ©nome de sept lignĂ©es de stramĂ©nopiles a Ă©tĂ© partiellement reconstruit et annotĂ©, permettant de confirmer de façon robuste la phylogĂ©nie des stramĂ©nopiles obtenue par les marqueurs ribosomiques, mais surtout de formuler des hypothĂšses quant Ă  leur spĂ©cialisation en termes de mobilitĂ© ou de mode trophique.En particulier, la comparaison des rĂ©pertoires de gĂšnes permettant la dĂ©gradation des carbohydrates indique des rĂ©gimes alimentaires probablement diffĂ©rents chez les organismes Ă©tudiĂ©s.Par ailleurs, l’utilisation combinĂ©e de ces gĂ©nomes et des sĂ©quences mĂ©tagĂ©nomiques de l’expĂ©dition Tara Oceans a permis de dĂ©crire la distribution gĂ©ographique de ces organismes ainsi que la distance gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations Ă  nos gĂ©nomes de rĂ©fĂ©rences. La corrĂ©lation de ces distributions avec les paramĂštres environnementaux mesurĂ©s aux points d’échantillonnages montrent que la tempĂ©rature est un facteur clĂ© de la distribution de ces micro-organismes. De plus, l’utilisation des donnĂ©es mĂ©tatranscriptomiques de l’expĂ©dition nous a permis de distinguer diffĂ©rents profils d’expression – correspondant potentiellement Ă  diffĂ©rents Ă©tats physiologiques – chez la lignĂ©e la plus cosmopolite Ă©tudiĂ©e.En conclusion, cette thĂšse montre qu’il existe une forte diversitĂ© gĂ©nomique Ă  explorer chez les protistes marins hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes, permettant notamment d’émettre des hypothĂšses sur leurs modes trophiques. Elle dĂ©montre Ă©galement l’intĂ©rĂȘt de la gĂ©nomique en cellule unique, en particulier sa complĂ©mentaritĂ© avec les approches mĂ©tagĂ©nomiques et mĂ©tatranscriptomiques pour la comprĂ©hension exhaustive des Ă©cosystĂšmes marins

    RÎle des protistes hétérotrophes marins dans le cycle du carbone océanique par génomique en cellule unique

    No full text
    Unicellular eukaryotes (protists) have important roles in the biogeochemical cycles of the ocean. First, although on average less abundant than cyanobacteria, photosynthetic protists account for a large proportion of net primary production. Since they are relatively easier to culture, photosynthetic organisms are relatively more studied and their genomes represent a large fraction of the genomes of marine protists available in databases. On the other hand, heterotrophic organisms require much more work for cultivation and are therefore much less well known. Moreover, the majority of genomes of heterotrophic protists sequenced to date concern organisms of interest to humans (plant pests, pathogenic organisms), but the choice of these organisms as study models does not reflect their ecological interest.The objective of this thesis is to study, using a single-cell genomic approach, several heterotrophic picoeucaryotes, that are highly abundant in the open oceans and have not yet been cultivated. For this purpose, a protocol for sequencing, assembling and annotation of genomes from single cells has been developed.The genomes of seven stramenopile lineages have been partially reconstructed and annotated, making it possible to confirm in a robust way the phylogeny of stramenopiles obtained by ribosomal markers, and, more important, to formulate hypotheses regarding their specialization in terms of mobility or trophic mode.Particularly, the comparison of gene repertoires of carbohydrate degradation indicates likely different food spectra in the organisms studied.In addition, the combined use of these genomes and metagenomic sequences from the Tara Oceans expedition made it possible to describe the geographical distribution of these organisms as well as the genetic distance between environmental populations and our reference genomes. The correlation of these distributions with the environmental parameters measured at the sampling points shows that temperature is a key factor in the distribution of these microorganisms. In addition, the use of metatranscriptomic data from the expedition allowed us to distinguish different expression profiles - potentially corresponding to different physiological states - in the most cosmopolitan lineage studied.In conclusion, this thesis shows that there is a strong genomic diversity to be explored in heterotrophic marine protists, allowing us to make hypotheses about their trophic modes. It also demonstrates the value of single-cell genomics, in particular its complementarity with metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches for the comprehensive understanding of marine ecosystems.Les eucaryotes unicellulaires (protistes), ont des rĂŽles extrĂȘmement importants dans les cycles biogĂ©ochimiques des ocĂ©ans. Tout d’abord, bien qu’en moyenne moins abondants que les cyanobactĂ©ries, les protistes photosynthĂ©tiques reprĂ©sentent une grande part de la production primaire nette. Étant relativement plus faciles Ă  mettre en culture, les organismes photosynthĂ©tiques sont relativement plus Ă©tudiĂ©s et leurs gĂ©nomes reprĂ©sentent une grande fraction des gĂ©nomes de protistes marins disponibles dans les bases de donnĂ©es. En revanche, les organismes hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes demandent un travail beaucoup plus important pour la mise en culture et sont par consĂ©quent beaucoup moins bien connus. De plus, la majoritĂ© des gĂ©nomes de protistes hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes sĂ©quencĂ©s Ă  ce jour concernent des organismes d’intĂ©rĂȘt pour l’homme (parasites de plantes, organismes pathogĂšnes), mais le choix de ces organismes comme modĂšles d’étude ne reflĂšte pas leur intĂ©rĂȘt Ă©cologique.L’objectif de cette thĂšse est d’étudier par une approche de gĂ©nomique en cellule unique certains picoeucaryotes hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes, fortement abondants dans les ocĂ©ans ouverts et encore non cultivĂ©s Ă  ce jour. Pour cela, un protocole de sĂ©quençage, d’assemblage et d’annotation de gĂ©nome Ă  partir de cellules uniques a Ă©tĂ© mis en place.Le gĂ©nome de sept lignĂ©es de stramĂ©nopiles a Ă©tĂ© partiellement reconstruit et annotĂ©, permettant de confirmer de façon robuste la phylogĂ©nie des stramĂ©nopiles obtenue par les marqueurs ribosomiques, mais surtout de formuler des hypothĂšses quant Ă  leur spĂ©cialisation en termes de mobilitĂ© ou de mode trophique.En particulier, la comparaison des rĂ©pertoires de gĂšnes permettant la dĂ©gradation des carbohydrates indique des rĂ©gimes alimentaires probablement diffĂ©rents chez les organismes Ă©tudiĂ©s.Par ailleurs, l’utilisation combinĂ©e de ces gĂ©nomes et des sĂ©quences mĂ©tagĂ©nomiques de l’expĂ©dition Tara Oceans a permis de dĂ©crire la distribution gĂ©ographique de ces organismes ainsi que la distance gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations Ă  nos gĂ©nomes de rĂ©fĂ©rences. La corrĂ©lation de ces distributions avec les paramĂštres environnementaux mesurĂ©s aux points d’échantillonnages montrent que la tempĂ©rature est un facteur clĂ© de la distribution de ces micro-organismes. De plus, l’utilisation des donnĂ©es mĂ©tatranscriptomiques de l’expĂ©dition nous a permis de distinguer diffĂ©rents profils d’expression – correspondant potentiellement Ă  diffĂ©rents Ă©tats physiologiques – chez la lignĂ©e la plus cosmopolite Ă©tudiĂ©e.En conclusion, cette thĂšse montre qu’il existe une forte diversitĂ© gĂ©nomique Ă  explorer chez les protistes marins hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes, permettant notamment d’émettre des hypothĂšses sur leurs modes trophiques. Elle dĂ©montre Ă©galement l’intĂ©rĂȘt de la gĂ©nomique en cellule unique, en particulier sa complĂ©mentaritĂ© avec les approches mĂ©tagĂ©nomiques et mĂ©tatranscriptomiques pour la comprĂ©hension exhaustive des Ă©cosystĂšmes marins

    Role of heterotrophic marine protists in the oceanic carbon cycle using single-cell genomics

    No full text
    Les eucaryotes unicellulaires (protistes), ont des rĂŽles extrĂȘmement importants dans les cycles biogĂ©ochimiques des ocĂ©ans. Tout d’abord, bien qu’en moyenne moins abondants que les cyanobactĂ©ries, les protistes photosynthĂ©tiques reprĂ©sentent une grande part de la production primaire nette. Étant relativement plus faciles Ă  mettre en culture, les organismes photosynthĂ©tiques sont relativement plus Ă©tudiĂ©s et leurs gĂ©nomes reprĂ©sentent une grande fraction des gĂ©nomes de protistes marins disponibles dans les bases de donnĂ©es. En revanche, les organismes hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes demandent un travail beaucoup plus important pour la mise en culture et sont par consĂ©quent beaucoup moins bien connus. De plus, la majoritĂ© des gĂ©nomes de protistes hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes sĂ©quencĂ©s Ă  ce jour concernent des organismes d’intĂ©rĂȘt pour l’homme (parasites de plantes, organismes pathogĂšnes), mais le choix de ces organismes comme modĂšles d’étude ne reflĂšte pas leur intĂ©rĂȘt Ă©cologique.L’objectif de cette thĂšse est d’étudier par une approche de gĂ©nomique en cellule unique certains picoeucaryotes hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes, fortement abondants dans les ocĂ©ans ouverts et encore non cultivĂ©s Ă  ce jour. Pour cela, un protocole de sĂ©quençage, d’assemblage et d’annotation de gĂ©nome Ă  partir de cellules uniques a Ă©tĂ© mis en place.Le gĂ©nome de sept lignĂ©es de stramĂ©nopiles a Ă©tĂ© partiellement reconstruit et annotĂ©, permettant de confirmer de façon robuste la phylogĂ©nie des stramĂ©nopiles obtenue par les marqueurs ribosomiques, mais surtout de formuler des hypothĂšses quant Ă  leur spĂ©cialisation en termes de mobilitĂ© ou de mode trophique.En particulier, la comparaison des rĂ©pertoires de gĂšnes permettant la dĂ©gradation des carbohydrates indique des rĂ©gimes alimentaires probablement diffĂ©rents chez les organismes Ă©tudiĂ©s.Par ailleurs, l’utilisation combinĂ©e de ces gĂ©nomes et des sĂ©quences mĂ©tagĂ©nomiques de l’expĂ©dition Tara Oceans a permis de dĂ©crire la distribution gĂ©ographique de ces organismes ainsi que la distance gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations Ă  nos gĂ©nomes de rĂ©fĂ©rences. La corrĂ©lation de ces distributions avec les paramĂštres environnementaux mesurĂ©s aux points d’échantillonnages montrent que la tempĂ©rature est un facteur clĂ© de la distribution de ces micro-organismes. De plus, l’utilisation des donnĂ©es mĂ©tatranscriptomiques de l’expĂ©dition nous a permis de distinguer diffĂ©rents profils d’expression – correspondant potentiellement Ă  diffĂ©rents Ă©tats physiologiques – chez la lignĂ©e la plus cosmopolite Ă©tudiĂ©e.En conclusion, cette thĂšse montre qu’il existe une forte diversitĂ© gĂ©nomique Ă  explorer chez les protistes marins hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes, permettant notamment d’émettre des hypothĂšses sur leurs modes trophiques. Elle dĂ©montre Ă©galement l’intĂ©rĂȘt de la gĂ©nomique en cellule unique, en particulier sa complĂ©mentaritĂ© avec les approches mĂ©tagĂ©nomiques et mĂ©tatranscriptomiques pour la comprĂ©hension exhaustive des Ă©cosystĂšmes marins.Unicellular eukaryotes (protists) have important roles in the biogeochemical cycles of the ocean. First, although on average less abundant than cyanobacteria, photosynthetic protists account for a large proportion of net primary production. Since they are relatively easier to culture, photosynthetic organisms are relatively more studied and their genomes represent a large fraction of the genomes of marine protists available in databases. On the other hand, heterotrophic organisms require much more work for cultivation and are therefore much less well known. Moreover, the majority of genomes of heterotrophic protists sequenced to date concern organisms of interest to humans (plant pests, pathogenic organisms), but the choice of these organisms as study models does not reflect their ecological interest.The objective of this thesis is to study, using a single-cell genomic approach, several heterotrophic picoeucaryotes, that are highly abundant in the open oceans and have not yet been cultivated. For this purpose, a protocol for sequencing, assembling and annotation of genomes from single cells has been developed.The genomes of seven stramenopile lineages have been partially reconstructed and annotated, making it possible to confirm in a robust way the phylogeny of stramenopiles obtained by ribosomal markers, and, more important, to formulate hypotheses regarding their specialization in terms of mobility or trophic mode.Particularly, the comparison of gene repertoires of carbohydrate degradation indicates likely different food spectra in the organisms studied.In addition, the combined use of these genomes and metagenomic sequences from the Tara Oceans expedition made it possible to describe the geographical distribution of these organisms as well as the genetic distance between environmental populations and our reference genomes. The correlation of these distributions with the environmental parameters measured at the sampling points shows that temperature is a key factor in the distribution of these microorganisms. In addition, the use of metatranscriptomic data from the expedition allowed us to distinguish different expression profiles - potentially corresponding to different physiological states - in the most cosmopolitan lineage studied.In conclusion, this thesis shows that there is a strong genomic diversity to be explored in heterotrophic marine protists, allowing us to make hypotheses about their trophic modes. It also demonstrates the value of single-cell genomics, in particular its complementarity with metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches for the comprehensive understanding of marine ecosystems

    RÎle des protistes hétérotrophes marins dans le cycle du carbone océanique par génomique en cellule unique

    No full text
    Unicellular eukaryotes (protists) have important roles in the biogeochemical cycles of the ocean. First, although on average less abundant than cyanobacteria, photosynthetic protists account for a large proportion of net primary production. Since they are relatively easier to culture, photosynthetic organisms are relatively more studied and their genomes represent a large fraction of the genomes of marine protists available in databases. On the other hand, heterotrophic organisms require much more work for cultivation and are therefore much less well known. Moreover, the majority of genomes of heterotrophic protists sequenced to date concern organisms of interest to humans (plant pests, pathogenic organisms), but the choice of these organisms as study models does not reflect their ecological interest.The objective of this thesis is to study, using a single-cell genomic approach, several heterotrophic picoeucaryotes, that are highly abundant in the open oceans and have not yet been cultivated. For this purpose, a protocol for sequencing, assembling and annotation of genomes from single cells has been developed.The genomes of seven stramenopile lineages have been partially reconstructed and annotated, making it possible to confirm in a robust way the phylogeny of stramenopiles obtained by ribosomal markers, and, more important, to formulate hypotheses regarding their specialization in terms of mobility or trophic mode.Particularly, the comparison of gene repertoires of carbohydrate degradation indicates likely different food spectra in the organisms studied.In addition, the combined use of these genomes and metagenomic sequences from the Tara Oceans expedition made it possible to describe the geographical distribution of these organisms as well as the genetic distance between environmental populations and our reference genomes. The correlation of these distributions with the environmental parameters measured at the sampling points shows that temperature is a key factor in the distribution of these microorganisms. In addition, the use of metatranscriptomic data from the expedition allowed us to distinguish different expression profiles - potentially corresponding to different physiological states - in the most cosmopolitan lineage studied.In conclusion, this thesis shows that there is a strong genomic diversity to be explored in heterotrophic marine protists, allowing us to make hypotheses about their trophic modes. It also demonstrates the value of single-cell genomics, in particular its complementarity with metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches for the comprehensive understanding of marine ecosystems.Les eucaryotes unicellulaires (protistes), ont des rĂŽles extrĂȘmement importants dans les cycles biogĂ©ochimiques des ocĂ©ans. Tout d’abord, bien qu’en moyenne moins abondants que les cyanobactĂ©ries, les protistes photosynthĂ©tiques reprĂ©sentent une grande part de la production primaire nette. Étant relativement plus faciles Ă  mettre en culture, les organismes photosynthĂ©tiques sont relativement plus Ă©tudiĂ©s et leurs gĂ©nomes reprĂ©sentent une grande fraction des gĂ©nomes de protistes marins disponibles dans les bases de donnĂ©es. En revanche, les organismes hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes demandent un travail beaucoup plus important pour la mise en culture et sont par consĂ©quent beaucoup moins bien connus. De plus, la majoritĂ© des gĂ©nomes de protistes hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes sĂ©quencĂ©s Ă  ce jour concernent des organismes d’intĂ©rĂȘt pour l’homme (parasites de plantes, organismes pathogĂšnes), mais le choix de ces organismes comme modĂšles d’étude ne reflĂšte pas leur intĂ©rĂȘt Ă©cologique.L’objectif de cette thĂšse est d’étudier par une approche de gĂ©nomique en cellule unique certains picoeucaryotes hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes, fortement abondants dans les ocĂ©ans ouverts et encore non cultivĂ©s Ă  ce jour. Pour cela, un protocole de sĂ©quençage, d’assemblage et d’annotation de gĂ©nome Ă  partir de cellules uniques a Ă©tĂ© mis en place.Le gĂ©nome de sept lignĂ©es de stramĂ©nopiles a Ă©tĂ© partiellement reconstruit et annotĂ©, permettant de confirmer de façon robuste la phylogĂ©nie des stramĂ©nopiles obtenue par les marqueurs ribosomiques, mais surtout de formuler des hypothĂšses quant Ă  leur spĂ©cialisation en termes de mobilitĂ© ou de mode trophique.En particulier, la comparaison des rĂ©pertoires de gĂšnes permettant la dĂ©gradation des carbohydrates indique des rĂ©gimes alimentaires probablement diffĂ©rents chez les organismes Ă©tudiĂ©s.Par ailleurs, l’utilisation combinĂ©e de ces gĂ©nomes et des sĂ©quences mĂ©tagĂ©nomiques de l’expĂ©dition Tara Oceans a permis de dĂ©crire la distribution gĂ©ographique de ces organismes ainsi que la distance gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations Ă  nos gĂ©nomes de rĂ©fĂ©rences. La corrĂ©lation de ces distributions avec les paramĂštres environnementaux mesurĂ©s aux points d’échantillonnages montrent que la tempĂ©rature est un facteur clĂ© de la distribution de ces micro-organismes. De plus, l’utilisation des donnĂ©es mĂ©tatranscriptomiques de l’expĂ©dition nous a permis de distinguer diffĂ©rents profils d’expression – correspondant potentiellement Ă  diffĂ©rents Ă©tats physiologiques – chez la lignĂ©e la plus cosmopolite Ă©tudiĂ©e.En conclusion, cette thĂšse montre qu’il existe une forte diversitĂ© gĂ©nomique Ă  explorer chez les protistes marins hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes, permettant notamment d’émettre des hypothĂšses sur leurs modes trophiques. Elle dĂ©montre Ă©galement l’intĂ©rĂȘt de la gĂ©nomique en cellule unique, en particulier sa complĂ©mentaritĂ© avec les approches mĂ©tagĂ©nomiques et mĂ©tatranscriptomiques pour la comprĂ©hension exhaustive des Ă©cosystĂšmes marins
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