Формирование иноязычной коммуникативной компетентности курсантов во время профессиональной подготовки в высших военных учебных заведениях

В даній статті висвітлені поняття і зміст іншомовної комунікативної компетентності та іншомовної професійно орієнтованої комунікативної компетентності курсантів. Досліджуються наукові праці, присвячені цій проблемі.The article discusses the concept and content of foreign language communicative competence and of foreign professionally directed communicative competence of cadets. The scientific works devoted to this problem are investigated.В статье освещены понятие и содержание иноязычной коммуникативной компетентности и иноязычной профессионально ориентированной коммуникативной компетентности курсантов. Исследуются научные работы, посвященные этой проблеме

Heat balance of the Earth

Results of improved calculations of the heat balance components of Earth's surface are reported for yearly average conditions. The technique used to determine the heat-balance components from land- and sea-based actinometric observations as well as from satellite data on the radiation balance of the Earth-atmosphere system is described, with special attention given to short-wavelength solar radiation on the continents, effective radiation from the land surface, the radiation balance of the ocean surface, heat expended by both evaporation from the ocean surface, and turbulent heat transfer between the ocean surface and the atmosphere. World maps of heat-balance components show yearly average values of total radiation, radiation balance, heat expended by evaporation, the turbulent heat flow between Earth's surface and atmosphere, and heat transfer between the ocean surface and underlying waters. The global surface heat balance is estimated along with global values of the various components and the heat-balance components for different latitude zones

A Process for Co-Designing Educational Technology Systems for Refugee Children

There is a growing interest in the potential for technology to facilitate emergency education of refugee children. However, designing in this space requires knowledge of the displaced population and the contextual dynamics surrounding it. Design should therefore be informed by both existing research across relevant disciplines, and from the practical experience of those who are on the ground facing the problem in real life. This paper describes a process for designing appropriate technology for these settings. The process draws on literature from emergency education, student engagement and motivation, educational technology, and participatory design. We emphasise a thorough understanding of the problem definition, the nature of the emergency, and of socio-cultural aspects that can inform the design process. We describe how this process was implemented leading to the design of a digital learning space for children living in a refugee camp in Greece. This drew on involving different groups of participants such as social-workers, parents, and children

ПАЛЕОГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СЦЕНАРИЙ ПОЗДНЕГО МЕЛА – КАЙНОЗОЯ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ ЧАСТИ БАЙКАЛЬСКОГО РЕГИОНА

The publication presents a review of alterations of stagnant elements of the Baikal region that occurred during formation and development of the Baikal rift from the Late Cretaceous. Nowadays the natural complex contains the elements varying in age and genesis as they developed during three large stages. In the course of the regional evolution, peneplains altered into uplifted platoes, alpinetype and goltsy mountain ranges; humid quasitropics and subtropics developed into arid zones with the Mediterraneantype climate and moderate and nival zones which were subjected to recurrent mountainandvalley glaciations. Water basins became ultradeep and hosted water species populations which are unique in terms of the biodiversity and endemic features. The main stages of environmental alterations were separated by phases of tectonic movement and tectonic inversions. The alterations’ review is based on consecutive series of cartographic representations of the paleogeographic scenarios.Рассмотрены преобразования косных элементов природы Байкальского региона за время формирования и развития Байкальского рифта с позднего мела. Современный природный комплекс включает элементы разного возраста и разного генезиса, сформировавшиеся в течение трех крупных этапов. За это время природа региона прошла путь от пенепленизированных равнин до приподнятых плато, альпинотипных и гольцовых горных районов, от влажных квазитропиков, субтропиков до аридных зон с климатом средиземноморского типа, до умеренной и нивальной зон, c периодически повторявшимися горно-долинными оледенениями. За это же время водные бассейны преобразовались в ультраглубоководные с уникальным по биоразнообразию и уровню эндемизма водным населением. Основные этапы преобразований природы разделены тектоническими фазами и инверсиями тектонических движений. Указанные преобразования рассмотрены на базе серии картографических цветных изображений палеогеографических сценариев

Magnetic phase separation in ordered alloys

We present a lattice model to study the equilibrium phase diagram of ordered alloys with one magnetic component that exhibits a low temperature phase separation between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases. The model is constructed from the experimental facts observed in Cu$_{3-x}$AlMn$_{x}$ and it includes coupling between configurational and magnetic degrees of freedom which are appropriated for reproducing the low temperature miscibility gap. The essential ingredient for the occurrence of such a coexistence region is the development of ferromagnetic order induced by the long-range atomic order of the magnetic component. A comparative study of both mean-field and Monte Carlo solutions is presented. Moreover, the model may enable the study of the structure of the ferromagnetic domains embedded in the non-magnetic matrix. This is relevant in relation to phenomena such as magnetoresistance and paramagnetism.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, accepted in Phys. Rev.

Стан метаболічних показників крові білих щурів за субхронічного перорального надходження наночастинок ортованадату гадолінію на фоні кормового стресу

The prohibition of using antibiotics with growth-stimulating properties in the European Union led to the search for new, safer, more effective, and cheaper feed additives. One of these substances was rare earth elements (REE, atomic numbers 57–71) due to their low toxicity and protective and antioxidant properties. At the same time, higher efficiency of organic forms of REE was noted. Thanks to this, it is possible to assume their even more pronounced effect in nano-sized form as feed additives and the need to conduct research in this direction. Therefore, this work aims to study the metabolic parameters of the blood in rats under long-term oral administration of nanoparticles of one of the representatives of rare earth elements – gadolinium orthovanadate (NP GdVO4:Eu3+) under food stress. Experimental samples of gadolinium orthovanadate nanoparticles activated by Europium (spindle-shaped geometry; size 8×25 nm; initial concentration 1.0 g/dm3) were used in work. Experimental studies on rats were carried out based on the vivarium of the NSC “IEKVM”. The object of research was 140 mature male Wistar rats with an initial weight of 180–200 g. Four groups of animals, 35 rats each, were formed according to the principle of analogs. During the experiment, animals of the control group received drinking water without additives; rats of the І experimental group were given a solution of NP GdVO4:Eu3+ at a dose of 0.2 mg/dm3 (≈ 0.03 mg/kg of body weight); II research group – at a dose of 1.0 mg/dm3 (≈ 0.15 mg/kg of body weight) and rats of III research group – at a dose of 2.0 mg/dm3 (≈ 0.30 mg/kg of body weight). Drinking was carried out for 56 days, then it was completed, and the rats were observed for another 14 days. A nutritionally unbalanced diet was used as a stress factor. Taking into account the results of biochemical studies, the adaptogenic effect of NP GdVO4:Eu3+ in the range of doses of 0.2–1.0 mg/dm3 of drinking water (≈ 0.03–0.15 mg/kg of body weight) on the body of white rats was established under conditions of food stress with optimal duration of action – 28–42 days. Under the conditions of administration at a dose of 2.0 mg/dm3 of drinking water (≈ 0.30 mg/kg of body weight), a hepatic(cyto-)toxic effect of nanoparticles was detected, which was accompanied by an irreversible decrease in the structural indicators of lipid metabolism, the consumption of antioxidant resources and the induction of intensity processes of lipid peroxidation against the background of alanine aminotransferase hyperenzymemia.Заборона у Європейському Союзі застосування антибіотиків з ростостимулювальними властивостями спровокувала потребу пошуку нових більш безпечних, ефективних та дешевих кормових добавок. Одними з таких речовин виявилися рідкісноземельні елементи (РЗЕ, атомні номери 57–71), завдяки низькій токсичності, протекторним та антиоксидантним властивостям. При цьому виявлено вищу ефективність органічних форм РЗЕ, що дозволяє зробити припущення про ще більш виражену їх дію у нанорозмірній формі як кормових добавок і необхідність проводити дослідження в цьому напрямі. Тому метою даної роботи стало дослідження метаболічних показників крові щурів за субхронічного переорального надходження наночастинок одного з представників рідкісноземельних елементів – ортованадату гадолінію (NP GdVO4:Eu3+) на фоні кормового стресу. У роботі використовували дослідні зразки наночастинок ортованадату гадолінію, активованих Європієм (веретеноподібна геометрія; розмір 8×25 нм; вихідна концентрація 1,0 г/дм3). Експериментальні дослідження на щурах були проведені на базі віварію ННЦ “ІЕКВМ”. Як об’єкт досліджень було використано 140 статевозрілих щурів-самців лінії Wistar з початковою масою (180–200) г. За принципом аналогів було сформовано 4 групи тварин по 35 щурів у кожній. Упродовж експерименту тварини контрольної групи отримували питну воду без добавок; щурам І дослідної групи випоювали розчин NP GdVO4:Eu3+ у дозі 0,2 мг/дм3 (≈ 0,03 мг/кг маси тіла); ІІ дослідної групи – у дозі 1,0 мг/дм3 (≈ 0,15 мг/кг маси тіла) і щурам ІІІ дослідної групи – у дозі 2,0 мг/дм3 (≈ 0,30 мг/кг маси тіла). Випоювання здійснювали протягом 56 діб, потім його завершували і спостерігали за щурами ще 14 діб. Як стресовий фактор використовували незбалансований за поживними речовинами раціон. Враховуючи результати біохімічних досліджень, за умов кормового стресу установлено адаптогенну дію NP GdVO4:Eu3+ у діапазоні доз 0,2–1,0 мг/дм3 питної води (≈ 0,03 – 0,15 мг/кг маси тіла) на організм білих щурів із оптимальним терміном дії – 28–42 доби, тимчасом як за введення у дозі 2,0 мг/дм3 питної води (≈ 0,30 мг/кг маси тіла) виявлено гепато(цито-)токсичну дію наночастинок, що супроводжується незворотним зниженням структурних показників ліпідного обміну, витрачанням антиоксидантних ресурсів та індукцією інтенсивності процесів пероксидного окиснення ліпідів на фоні гіперензимемії аланінамінотрансферази

A chimerical phagocytosis model reveals the recruitment by Sertoli cells of autophagy for the degradation of ingested illegitimate substrates

Phagocytosis and autophagy are typically dedicated to degradation of substrates of extrinsic and intrinsic origins respectively. Although overlaps between phagocytosis and autophagy were reported, the use of autophagy for ingested substrate degradation by nonprofessional phagocytes has not been described. Blood-separated tissues use their tissue-specific nonprofessional phagocytes for homeostatic phagocytosis. In the testis, Sertoli cells phagocytose spermatid residual bodies produced during germ cell differentiation. In the retina, pigmented epithelium phagocytoses shed photoreceptor tips produced during photoreceptor renewal. Spermatid residual bodies and shed photoreceptor tips are phosphatidylserine-exposing substrates. Activation of the tyrosine kinase receptor MERTK, which is implicated in phagocytosis of phosphatidylserine-exposing substrates, is a common feature of Sertoli and retinal pigmented epithelial cell phagocytosis. The major aim of our study was to investigate to what extent phagocytosis by Sertoli cells may be tissue specific. We analyzed in Sertoli cell cultures that were exposed to either spermatid residual bodies (legitimate substrates) or retina photoreceptor outer segments (illegitimate substrates) the course of the main phagocytosis stages. We show that whereas substrate binding and ingestion stages occur similarly for legitimate or illegitimate substrates, the degradation of illegitimate but not of legitimate substrates triggers autophagy as evidenced by the formation of double-membrane wrapping, MAP1LC3A-II/LC3-II clustering, SQSTM1/p62 degradation, and by marked changes in ATG5, ATG9 and BECN1/Beclin 1 protein expression profiles. The recruitment by nonprofessional phagocytes of autophagy for the degradation of ingested cell-derived substrates is a novel feature that may be of major importance for fundamentals of both apoptotic substrate clearance and tissue homeostasis

СЦИНТИГРАФИЯ МИОКАРДА С 123I-МЕТАЙОДБЕНЗИЛГУАНИДИНОМ В ОЦЕНКЕ СИМПАТИЧЕСКОЙ ИННЕРВАЦИИ МИОКАРДА ЛЕВОГО ЖЕЛУДОЧКА У БОЛЬНЫХ ИШЕМИЧЕСКОЙ БОЛЕЗНЬЮ СЕРДЦА С ФИБРИЛЛЯЦИЕЙ ПРЕДСЕРДИЙ

The aim of this study was assessment of cardiac sympathetic activity in patients with atrial fibrillation by planar scintigraphy with 123I-metaIodbenzilguanidine (123I-MIBG).Material and Methods. The study included 28 (average age (57.4 ± 11.6) years) patients with suspected coronary artery disease. All patients to divide 3 groups: 13 patients (group 1) with paroxysmal AF (PAF),6 patients (group 2) with long-standing persistent AF (LSPAF) and 10 patients with no signs of AF (group 3).Planar imaging was performed to study initial (imaging started 20 minutes after MIBG injection 148 MBq 123I-MIBG) and delayed (imaging started 4 hours after 123I-MIBG injection). For the anterior planar 123I-MIBG images, regions of interest were constructed for the heart and upper mediastinum, and the heart-mediastinal ratio (HMR).Results. The delayed HMR in patients with PAF and LSPAF was significantly lower compared that in patients third group (1.59 ± 0.16, 1.54 ± 0.17 and 1.82 ± 0.11 respectively, p < 0.05). The washout rate of 123I-MIBG in patients with PAF and LSPAF was significantly highest compared that in patients with no signs of AF (33.4 ± 17.5, 29 ± 11.7 and 17.2 ± 9.6 respectively, p < 0.05). In assessment of regional sympathetic activity in patients with LSPAF defect accumulation 123I-MIBG in both the early and delayed scintigrams was significantly higher compared with groups of patients with PAF and without AF.Results of this study indicated, that the patients with atrial fibrillation has of regional LV myocardial changes, according with 123I-MIBG imaging. More sympathetic innervation abnormality was observed in patients with long-standing persistent AF.С помощью сцинтиграфии с 123I-метайодбензилгуанидином (123I-МЙБГ) оценивали состояние симпатической иннервации миокарда левого желудочка (ЛЖ) у больных с фибрилляцией предсердий (ФП).Материал и методы. В исследование были включены 28 пациентов с диагнозом «стенокардия, ишемическая болезнь сердца I–II функционального класса», из них 12 больных с пароксизмальной формой ФП (ПФП), 6 больных с длительно персистирующей формой ФП (ДПФП) и 10 пациентов без признаков ФП. По данным планарной сцинтиграфии миокарда оценивали общую симпатическую активность по соотношению «сердце/средостение» (С/Ср) и скорости вымывания индикатора. По данным эмиссионной томографии оценивали регионарную симпатическую активность.Результаты. Анализ результатов показал, что у пациентов с ПФП и ДПФП значение соотношения С/Ср как на ранних, так и на отсроченных сцинтиграммах было достоверно ниже по сравнению с аналогичным показателем у больных без признаков ФП (1,59 ± 0,16; 1,54 ± 0,17 против 1,82 ± 0,11 на ранних сцинтиграммах и 1,49 ± 0,19; 1,46 ± 0,18 против 1,83 ± 0,13 на отсроченных сцинтиграммах соответственно, p < 0,05). Также у пациентов с ПФП и ДПФП была достоверно выше скорость вымывания индикатора по сравнению с группой пациентов без ФП (33,4 ± 17,5; 29 ± 11,7 против 17,2 ± 9,6 соответственно, p < 0,05). При оценке регионарной симпатической активности у пациентов с ДПФП дефект накопления 123I-МЙБГ как на ранних, так и на отсроченных сцинтиграммах был достоверно больше по сравнению с группами больных с ПФП и без ФП.Вывод. У пациентов с ФП имеют место выраженные изменения функционального состояния симпатической нервной системы миокарда ЛЖ по сравнению с группой пациентов без ФП. Наиболее значимые нарушения регионарной симпатической активности наблюдаются у пациентов с ДПФП

Structural Heterogeneity and Quantitative FRET Efficiency Distributions of Polyprolines through a Hybrid Atomistic Simulation and Monte Carlo Approach

Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) experiments probe molecular distances via distance dependent energy transfer from an excited donor dye to an acceptor dye. Single molecule experiments not only probe average distances, but also distance distributions or even fluctuations, and thus provide a powerful tool to study biomolecular structure and dynamics. However, the measured energy transfer efficiency depends not only on the distance between the dyes, but also on their mutual orientation, which is typically inaccessible to experiments. Thus, assumptions on the orientation distributions and averages are usually made, limiting the accuracy of the distance distributions extracted from FRET experiments. Here, we demonstrate that by combining single molecule FRET experiments with the mutual dye orientation statistics obtained from Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, improved estimates of distances and distributions are obtained. From the simulated time-dependent mutual orientations, FRET efficiencies are calculated and the full statistics of individual photon absorption, energy transfer, and photon emission events is obtained from subsequent Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of the FRET kinetics. All recorded emission events are collected to bursts from which efficiency distributions are calculated in close resemblance to the actual FRET experiment, taking shot noise fully into account. Using polyproline chains with attached Alexa 488 and Alexa 594 dyes as a test system, we demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by direct comparison to experimental data. We identified cis-isomers and different static local environments as sources of the experimentally observed heterogeneity. Reconstructions of distance distributions from experimental data at different levels of theory demonstrate how the respective underlying assumptions and approximations affect the obtained accuracy. Our results show that dye fluctuations obtained from MD simulations, combined with MC single photon kinetics, provide a versatile tool to improve the accuracy of distance distributions that can be extracted from measured single molecule FRET efficiencies

Transcriptional Activation of REST by Sp1 in Huntington's Disease Models

In Huntington's disease (HD), mutant huntingtin (mHtt) disrupts the normal transcriptional program of disease neurons by altering the function of several gene expression regulators such as Sp1. REST (Repressor Element-1 Silencing Transcription Factor), a key regulator of neuronal differentiation, is also aberrantly activated in HD by a mechanism that remains unclear. Here, we show that the level of REST mRNA is increased in HD mice and in NG108 cells differentiated into neuronal-like cells and expressing a toxic mHtt fragment. Using luciferase reporter gene assay, we delimited the REST promoter regions essential for mHtt-mediated REST upregulation and found that they contain Sp factor binding sites. We provide evidence that Sp1 and Sp3 bind REST promoter and interplay to fine-tune REST transcription. In undifferentiated NG108 cells, Sp1 and Sp3 have antagonistic effect, Sp1 acting as an activator and Sp3 as a repressor. Upon neuronal differentiation, we show that the amount and ratio of Sp1/Sp3 proteins decline, as does REST expression, and that the transcriptional role of Sp3 shifts toward a weak activator. Therefore, our results provide new molecular information to the transcriptional regulation of REST during neuronal differentiation. Importantly, specific knockdown of Sp1 abolishes REST upregulation in NG108 neuronal-like cells expressing mHtt. Our data together with earlier reports suggest that mHtt triggers a pathogenic cascade involving Sp1 activation, which leads to REST upregulation and repression of neuronal genes