Incidence des attaques de la punaise Pseudotheraptus Devastans (Distant) (Heteroptera : coreidae) sur trois varietes hybrides de cocotier, PB 113+, PB 121+ ET NVS x GVT en Côte D’Ivoire

La punaise Pseudotheraptus devastans est l’un des principaux insectes ravageurs du cocotier en Côte d’Ivoire. Les attaques de Pseudotheraptus devastans provoquent la chute des noix immatures. Les pertes de production dues à ce ravageur, de l’ordre de 80%, sont élevées. Pour évaluer l’incidence des attaques causées par Pseudotheraptus devastans, des relevés mensuels de ses attaques ont été enregistrés sur des régimes âgés de 1 à 7 mois chez les hybrides de cocotier PB 113+, PB 121+ et NVS x GVT. Les résultats ont montré que les régimes de 2 et 3 mois sont les plus sensibles aux attaques de Pseudotheraptus devastans avec les taux de chute les plus élevés, de l’ordre de 24 à 25% en moyenne. Les taux d’attaque de Pseudotheraptus devastans et de chute des noix, de l’ordre de 35 à 40% et 17 à 20% sont plus élevés chez les hybrides PB113+ et NVS x GVT que chez l’hybride 121+ ayant enregistré un taux d’attaque d’environ 25% et un taux de chute d’environ 10% . La variété PB 121+ se révèle la plus tolérante aux attaques de Pseudotheraptus devastans parmi les 3 hybrides étudiés.Mots clés: Ravageur de cocotier, Pseudotheraptus devastans, taux d’attaque, taux de chute, tolérance, régime

Atomoxetine Enhances Connectivity of Prefrontal Networks in Parkinson's Disease.

Cognitive impairment is common in Parkinson's disease (PD), but often not improved by dopaminergic treatment. New treatment strategies targeting other neurotransmitter deficits are therefore of growing interest. Imaging the brain at rest ('task-free') provides the opportunity to examine the impact of a candidate drug on many of the brain networks that underpin cognition, while minimizing task-related performance confounds. We test this approach using atomoxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that modulates the prefrontal cortical activity and can facilitate some executive functions and response inhibition. Thirty-three patients with idiopathic PD underwent task-free fMRI. Patients were scanned twice in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design, following either placebo or 40-mg oral atomoxetine. Seventy-six controls were scanned once without medication to provide normative data. Seed-based correlation analyses were used to measure changes in functional connectivity, with the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) a critical region for executive function. Patients on placebo had reduced connectivity relative to controls from right IFG to dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and to left IFG and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Atomoxetine increased connectivity from the right IFG to the dorsal anterior cingulate. In addition, the atomoxetine-induced change in connectivity from right IFG to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was proportional to the change in verbal fluency, a simple index of executive function. The results support the hypothesis that atomoxetine may restore prefrontal networks related to executive functions. We suggest that task-free imaging can support translational pharmacological studies of new drug therapies and provide evidence for engagement of the relevant neurocognitive systems.This work was funded by the Wellcome trust (103838), Parkinson’s UK, National Institute for Health Research’s Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and the Medical Research Council (MC_US_A060_0016 and RG62761) and the James F McDonnell Foundation (21st century science initiative on Understanding Human Cognition). The BCNI is supported by a joint award from the Wellcome Trust and Medical Research Council.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Nature Publishing Group via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.1

Update of the MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease.

The MDS Research Criteria for Prodromal PD allow the diagnosis of prodromal Parkinson's disease using an evidence-based conceptual framework, which was designed to be updated as new evidence becomes available. New prospective evidence of predictive values of risk and prodromal markers published since 2015 was reviewed and integrated into the criteria. Many of the predictive values (likelihood ratios, LR) remain unchanged. The positive likelihood ratio notably increase for olfactory loss and decreased for substantia nigra hyperechogenicity. Negative likelihood ratio remained largely unchanged for all markers. New levels of diagnostic certainty for neurogenic and symptomatic orthostatic hypotension have been added, which substantially differ in positive likelihood ratio from the original publication. For intermediate strength genetic variants, their age-related penetrance is now incorporated in the calculation of the positive likelihood ratio. Moreover, apart from prospective studies, evidence from cross-sectional case-control genome-wide association studies is also considered (given their likely lack of confounding and reverse causation), and to account for the effect of multiple low-penetrance genetic variants polygenic risk scores are added to the model. Diabetes, global cognitive deficit, physical inactivity, and low plasma urate levels in men enter the criteria as new markers. A web-based prodromal PD risk calculator allows the calculation of probabilities of prodromal PD for individuals. Several promising candidate markers may improve the diagnostic accuracy of prodromal PD in the future. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society