Neutrino Oscillations in Intermediate States.II -- Wave Packets

We analyze oscillations of intermediate neutrinos in terms of the scattering of particles described by Gaussian wave packets. We study a scalar model as in a previous paper (I) but in realistic situations, where the two particles of the initial state and final state are wave packets and neutrinos are in the intermediate state. The oscillation of the intermediate neutrino is found from the time evolution of the total transition probability between the initial state and final state. The effect of a finite lifetime and a finite relaxation time are also studied. We find that the oscillation pattern depends on the magnitude of wave packet sizes of particles in the initial state and final state and the lifetime of the initial particle. For $\Delta m^2_{21}=3\times 10^{-2}$ eV$^2$, the oscillation probability deviates from that of the standard formula if the wave packet sizes are around $10^{-13}$ m for 0.4 MeV neutrino.Comment: 29 pages, 11 figures. typos corrected, appendix adde

Qingzhen and Yamato-691: A tentative alphabet for the EH chondrites

Petrological investigations of unequilibrated EH chondrites revealed the presence of three subgroups. They are identified based on the presence of different concentrations of MnS in niningerite. These differences were produced by partitioning of Mn between niningerite and enstatite as a result of different f_S2 and f_O2 during their formation. In order of increasing MnS-contents and hence increasing f_S2 and decreasing f_O2 these groups are : (A) Yamato (Y)-691 and Abee, (B) Indarch, and (C) Yamato-74370,South Oman, Qingzhen, Kota Kota, Kaidun III, and St. Marks. In the third subgroup the meteorites follow an equilibration and evolution sequence; Y-74370 the most primitive and St. Marks the most equilibrated. Y-691 is the most primitive in its subgroup. Differences in the chemical compositions of minerals in Y-691 and Qingzhen reveal a dichotomy in the compositions of niningerite, djerfisherite, kamacite, and perryite. Niningerites in Y-691 contain the least MnS (3.6-6.7 mole%) and counterparts in Qingzhen the most (12-14 mole%). K/Na ratios in djerfisherite are lower in Qingzhen than in Y-691. The Si concentration in kamacite in Qingzhen is higher than in Y-691. Ni in perryite in Qingzhen is higher than in Y-691. Na and K are highly fractionated between two sulfide lithologies. Na resides mainly in chondrules in caswellsilverite, in a Cl-bearing glass in the chondrules, and in Cr-rich sulfides in the matrix. In contrast, K is confined to djerfisherite, which occurs only in sulfide-rich objects in the matrix, and is highly depleted in chondrules. Two new layer structure minerals were discovered in Y-691 : (a) Na-Cu-Cr-sulfide with the general formula (NaCu) CrS_2,and (b) a Na-Cu-Zn-Cr-sulfide. An evolution scheme was constructed for the EH chondrites in the solar nebula and in their parent bodies. Niningerite and oldhamite condensed first and probably acted as nucleation sites for condensing sulfides, metals and silicates. Both minerals are abundant in chondrules, indicating that chondrule formation preceded all other sulfide- and metal-rich objects. For the first time, planetary metamorphic events were recognized. The Qingzhen Reaction, a breakdown of djerfisherite to troilite, covellite, idaite, bornite, and other unidentified phases, was discovered in Qingzhen and Y-691. Thermal episodes took place in the parent bodies at 1.4 Ba (Qingzhen), and 800 Ma (Y-691). Reverse zoning in niningerite indicates that Fe diffused from troilite to niningerite during the thermal event. In Y-691 sphalerite also formed during the metamorphic episode due to mobilization of Zn (and other volatiles). EH chondrites condensed in a chemically inhomogeneous region of the solar nebula where considerable variations in sulfur and oxygen fugacities existed

Arctic experiment for ICESat/GLAS ground validation with a Micro-Pulse Lidar at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard

A Micro-Pulse Lidar (MPL) has been operated in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard (78°55\u27N, 11°56\u27E, 0.010 km msl) to collect zenith scattering profiles of aerosols and clouds since 1998. The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) was launched by NASA in January 2003 with a single payload instrument, the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS), designed for active remote sensing of the atmosphere as well as ice sheet height change in the cryosphere. Overpass experiments for ground validation of the ICESat/GLAS atmospheric measurements were performed in 2003 and 2004. Two case-studies comparing lidar measurements from space-borne GLAS and ground-based MPL in the Arctic are described here for a geometrically thick but optically thin cloud and a geometrically thin but optically thick cloud. The result validates the basic procedure for cloud signal processing and attenuation correction of the GLAS data

Exclusive production of large invariant mass pion pairs in ultraperipheral ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions

The cross section for exclusive production of $\pi^+ \pi^-$ and $\pi^0 \pi^0$ meson pairs in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions is calculated for LHC energy $\sqrt{s_{NN}} =$ 3.5 TeV taking into account photon-photon mechanism. We concentrate on the production of large two-pion invariant masses where the mechanism of the elementary $\gamma \gamma \to \pi \pi$ process is not fully understood. In order to include a size of nuclei we perform calculation in the impact-parameter equivalent photon approximation (EPA). Realistic charge densities are used to calculate charged form factor of $^{208}$Pb nucleus and to generate photon fluxes associated with ultrarelativistic heavy ions. Sizeable cross sections are obtained that can be measured at LHC. The cross section for elementary $\gamma \gamma \to \pi \pi$ is calculated in the framework of pQCD Brodsky-Lepage (BL) mechanism with the distribution amplitude used to descibe recent data of the BABAR collaboration on pion transition form factor, using hand-bag mechanism advocated to describe recent Belle data as well as $t$ and $u$-channel meson/reggeon exchanges. We present distributions in two-pion invariant mass as well as the pion pair rapidity for the nuclear process.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figure

The dynamics of genome replication using deep sequencing

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Confining Properties of the Homogeneous Self-Dual Field and the Effective Potential in SU(2) Yang-Mills Theory

We examine in non-Abelian gauge theory the heavy quark limit in the presence of the (anti-)self-dual homogeneous background field and see that a confining potential emerges, consistent with the Wilson criterion, although the potential is quadratic and not linear in the quark separation. This builds upon the well-known feature that propagators in such a background field are entire functions. The way in which deconfinement can occur at finite temperature is then studied in the static temporal gauge by calculation of the effective potential at high temperature. Finally we discuss the problems to be surmounted in setting up the calculation of the effective potential nonperturbatively on the lattice.Comment: 31 pages, LaTeX, expanded discussion and derivations in Sections 2 and

TMFunction: database for functional residues in membrane proteins

We have developed the database TMFunction, which is a collection of more than 2900 experimentally observed functional residues in membrane proteins. Each entry includes the numerical values for the parameters IC50 (measure of the effectiveness of a compound in inhibiting biological function), Vmax (maximal velocity of transport), relative activity of mutants with respect to wild-type protein, binding affinity, dissociation constant, etc., which are important for understanding the sequence–structure–function relationship of membrane proteins. In addition, we have provided information about name and source of the protein, Uniprot and Protein Data Bank codes, mutational and literature information. Furthermore, TMFunction is linked to related databases and other resources. We have set up a web interface with different search and display options so that users have the ability to get the data in several ways. TMFunction is freely available at http://tmbeta-genome.cbrc.jp/TMFunction/