Formación de celdas de manufacturas dinámicas para la toma de decisiones en el diseño de instalaciones industriales: una revisión

This paper presents a literature review with the purpose of characterizing the Dynamic Manufacturing Cell Formation Problem by means of the identification of optimization criteria, the most relevant restrictions needed for consideration and the most frequently used solution methods. Hence, an adaptation of the PRISMA statement was conducted for systematic reviews along with Snowball Methodology to select the studies to be analyzed. The document search is carried out in the Web of Science and Scopus databases, considering a time frame between 2007 and 2019. As a general result, it was found that cost minimization is the most frequently used optimization criterion and the typically considered constraints are associated with part machine operation sequence, machine breakdowns, and lot size. On the other hand, considering the highly combinatorial nature of the optimization problems reviewed, it was found that metaheuristics are the most used solution method, and genetic algorithms as well as simulated annealing are the most frequently implemented. Finally, three research trends are determined: incorporation of two or more optimization criteria in a mathematical formulation, development and implementation of hybrid metaheuristic algorithms, and comparison of performance of the existing solution methods based on reference problems or real industrial applications.Este artículo presenta una revisión de literatura con el fin de caracterizar el Problema de Formación de Celdas de Manufactura Dinámicas, realizando la identificación de los criterios de optimización, las principales restricciones consideradas y los métodos de solución más usados. Para ello, se condujo una adaptación de la declaración PRISMA para revisiones sistemáticas, en conjunto con una metodología bola de nieve para la selección de los estudios a analizar; la búsqueda de documentos se realiza en las bases de datos Web of Science y Scopus, considerando una ventana de tiempo entre 2007 y 2019. Como resultados generales, se encuentra que la minimización de costos es el criterio de optimización utilizado con mayor frecuencia y que las restricciones usualmente consideradas están asociadas a la secuencia de operaciones, averías de máquinas, y variación del tamaño de lote de procesamiento. De otra parte, considerando la naturaleza altamente combinatoria de los problemas de optimización revisados, se encuentra que los métodos de solución metaheurísticos utilizados en mayor medida son algoritmos genéticos, y recocido simulado. Finalmente, se determinan tres tendencias de investigación primero, la incorporación de dos o más criterios de optimización en una formulación matemática; segundo, el desarrollo e implementación de algoritmos metaheurísticos híbridos y; tercero, la evaluación de los métodos de solución existentes a partir de problemas de referencia o aplicaciones industriales reales

JAK inhibition reduces SARS-CoV-2 liver infectivity and modulates inflammatory responses to reduce morbidity and mortality

Using AI, we identified baricitinib as having antiviral and anticytokine efficacy. We now show a 71% (95% CI 0.15 to 0.58) mortality benefit in 83 patients with moderate-severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with few drug-induced adverse events, including a large elderly cohort (median age, 81 years). An additional 48 cases with mild-moderate pneumonia recovered uneventfully. Using organotypic 3D cultures of primary human liver cells, we demonstrate that interferon-α2 increases ACE2 expression and SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in parenchymal cells by greater than fivefold. RNA-seq reveals gene response signatures associated with platelet activation, fully inhibited by baricitinib. Using viral load quantifications and superresolution microscopy, we found that baricitinib exerts activity rapidly through the inhibition of host proteins (numb-associated kinases), uniquely among antivirals. This reveals mechanistic actions of a Janus kinase-1/2 inhibitor targeting viral entry, replication, and the cytokine storm and is associated with beneficial outcomes including in severely ill elderly patients, data that incentivize further randomized controlled trials

JAK inhibition reduces SARS-CoV-2 liver infectivity and modulates inflammatory responses to reduce morbidity and mortality

Using AI, we identified baricitinib as having antiviral and anticytokine efficacy. We now show a 71% (95% CI 0.15 to 0.58) mortality benefit in 83 patients with moderate-severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with few drug-induced adverse events, including a large elderly cohort (median age, 81 years). An additional 48 cases with mild-moderate pneumonia recovered uneventfully. Using organotypic 3D cultures of primary human liver cells, we demonstrate that interferon-α2 increases ACE2 expression and SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in parenchymal cells by greater than fivefold. RNA-seq reveals gene response signatures associated with platelet activation, fully inhibited by baricitinib. Using viral load quantifications and superresolution microscopy, we found that baricitinib exerts activity rapidly through the inhibition of host proteins (numb-associated kinases), uniquely among antivirals. This reveals mechanistic actions of a Janus kinase-1/2 inhibitor targeting viral entry, replication, and the cytokine storm and is associated with beneficial outcomes including in severely ill elderly patients, data that incentivize further randomized controlled trials

Grand Challenges in global eye health: a global prioritisation process using Delphi method

Background We undertook a Grand Challenges in Global Eye Health prioritisation exercise to identify the key issues that must be addressed to improve eye health in the context of an ageing population, to eliminate persistent inequities in health-care access, and to mitigate widespread resource limitations. Methods Drawing on methods used in previous Grand Challenges studies, we used a multi-step recruitment strategy to assemble a diverse panel of individuals from a range of disciplines relevant to global eye health from all regions globally to participate in a three-round, online, Delphi-like, prioritisation process to nominate and rank challenges in global eye health. Through this process, we developed both global and regional priority lists. Findings Between Sept 1 and Dec 12, 2019, 470 individuals complete round 1 of the process, of whom 336 completed all three rounds (round 2 between Feb 26 and March 18, 2020, and round 3 between April 2 and April 25, 2020) 156 (46%) of 336 were women, 180 (54%) were men. The proportion of participants who worked in each region ranged from 104 (31%) in sub-Saharan Africa to 21 (6%) in central Europe, eastern Europe, and in central Asia. Of 85 unique challenges identified after round 1, 16 challenges were prioritised at the global level; six focused on detection and treatment of conditions (cataract, refractive error, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, services for children and screening for early detection), two focused on addressing shortages in human resource capacity, five on other health service and policy factors (including strengthening policies, integration, health information systems, and budget allocation), and three on improving access to care and promoting equity. Interpretation This list of Grand Challenges serves as a starting point for immediate action by funders to guide investment in research and innovation in eye health. It challenges researchers, clinicians, and policy makers to build collaborations to address specific challenge

Técnicas analíticas contemporáneas para la identificación de residuos de sulfonamidas, quinolonas y cloranfenicol

The excessive use of drugs in the veterinary industry generates bioaccumulation in animal organs, tissues, muscles and fat. Depending on the concentration, these residues can reach man via the food chain. Food safety comprehends the use of these drugs and their residues such as sulfonamides, chloramphenicol and quinolones, which have been found in different slaughter animals. Some countries have limited regulations to control this issue. The implementation of standards set by the European Union is essential to monitor and control this problem at a national level. In this review, we use analytical techniques to identify the residues produced by these drugs, focusing on recently developed technologies that are essential tools to control this problem. Liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry and its various interface systems is the most recommended technology to detect residues in various food matrices

Técnicas analíticas contemporáneas para la identificación de residuos de sulfonamidas, quinolonas y cloranfenicol

The excessive use of drugs in the veterinary industry generates bioaccumulation in animal organs, tissues, muscles and fat. Depending on the concentration, these residues can reach man via the food chain. Food safety comprehends the use of these drugs and their residues such as sulfonamides, chloramphenicol and quinolones, which have been found in different slaughter animals. Some countries have limited regulations to control this issue. The implementation of standards set by the European Union is essential to monitor and control this problem at a national level. In this review, we use analytical techniques to identify the residues produced by these drugs, focusing on recently developed technologies that are essential tools to control this problem. Liquid chromatography combined with mass pectrometry and its various interface systems is the most recommended technology to detect residues in various food matrices