Evaluation of reforestation using remote sensing techniques

The utilization of remotely sensed orbital data for forestry inventory. The study area (approximately 491,100 ha) encompasses the municipalities of Ribeirao Preto, Altinopolis, Cravinhos, Serra Azul, Luis Antonio, Sao Simao, Sant Rita do Passa Quatro and Santa Rosa do Viterbo (Sao Paulo State). Materials used were LANDSAT data from channels 5 and 7 (scale 1:250,000) and CCT's. Visual interpretation of the imagery showed that for 1977 a total of 37,766.00 ha and for 1979 38,003.75 ha were reforested with Pinus and Eucalyptus within the area under study. The results obtained show that LANDSAT data can be used efficiently in forestry inventory studies

La colisión entre el derecho al honor y la la libertad de información (deber de veracidad y reportaje neutral)

Un tema frecuente en la práctica es el de la colisión del derecho al honor con la libertad de información, materia ésta, que no es regulada por la legislación española, por la que ha sido abordada por una copiosa jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional, la cual atribuye a la liber- tad de información una inicial preferen- cia sobre el derecho al honor �como ex- plica la STC 240/1992, de 21 diciembre �en razón de su doble carácter de libertad individual y garantía institucional de una opinión pública indisolublemente unida al pluralismo político dentro de un Estado democrático�. La STC 21/2000, de 31 de enero, dice, así, que �Es doctrina constitucional reiterada que en los casos en los que exis- ta un conflicto entre el derecho al honor y el derecho a la libertad de informa- ción, debe partirse de la premisa de que a través de este último derecho no sólo se protege un interés individual sino que entraña el reconocimiento y la garantía de una institución política fundamental, que es la opinión pública, indisoluble- mente ligada con el pluralismo político [...] De este modo, al contribuir este derecho a la formación de una opinión pública libre, la libertad de informa- ción constituye uno de los elementos esenciales de una sociedad democrática�

Estimation of the sugar cane cultivated area from LANDSAT images using the two phase sampling method

A two phase sampling method and the optimal sampling segment dimensions for the estimation of sugar cane cultivated area were developed. This technique employs visual interpretations of LANDSAT images and panchromatic aerial photographs considered as the ground truth. The estimates, as a mean value of 100 simulated samples, represent 99.3% of the true value with a CV of approximately 1%; the relative efficiency of the two phase design was 157% when compared with a one phase aerial photographs sample

Yield stress of foam flow in porous media: The effect of bubble trapping

Foam behaves as a yield-stress fluid as it flows in a porous medium. Quasi-static analysis suggests that the yield stress arises from the non-smooth motion of foam films, denoted as lamellae, in pores. In order to study the effect of trapped lamellae on the motion of a moving lamella and consequently on the yield stress of foam, we conduct numerical simulations in the quasi-static limit. We propose a new method utilizing the surface energy minimization algorithm, which explicitly considers the connectivity of pores in a porous medium. We consider two different shapes of pore and vary the number of nearby trapped lamellae to investigate the effects of bubble trapping on the non-smooth and the smooth motion of a single lamella passing through a pore, respectively. We find that the trapped lamellae lead to the increased volume-averaged pressure drop and thus the increased yield stress. Notably, the motion of a lamella through a pore with rounded corners in the pore body becomes non-smooth, due to the presence of trapped lamellae. The results contribute to a better understanding of the yield stress of foam in porous media

Analysis of a model with a common source of CP violation

We work in a model where all CP violating phenomena have a common source. CP is spontaneously broken at a large scale $V$ through the phase of a complex singlet scalar. An additional $SU(2)_L$ singlet vector-like down-type quark relates this high scale CP violation to low energy. We quantitatively analyze this model in the quark sector. We obtain the numerical values of the parameters of the Lagrangian in the quark sector for a specific ansatz of the $4\times4$ down-type quark mass matrix where the weak phase is generated minimally. $Z \bar b b$ vertex will modify in presence of the extra vector-like down-type quark. From the experimental lower bound of the partial decay width $Z\to \bar b b$ we find out the lower bound of the additional down-type quark mass. Tree level flavor changing neutral current appears in this model due to the presence of the extra vector-like down-type quark. We give the range of values of the mass splitting $\Delta m_{B_q}$ in $B^0_q-{\bar B}^0_q$ system using SM box, $Z$ mediating tree level and $Z$ mediating one loop diagrams together for both $q=d, s$. We find out the analytical expression for $\Gamma_{12}^q$ in this model from standard box, $Z$ and Higgs mediated penguin diagrams for $B^0_q-{\bar B}^0_q$ system, $q=d,s$. From this we numerically evaluate the decay width difference $|\Delta\Gamma_{B_q}/\Gamma_{B_q}|$. We also find out the numerical values of the CP asymmetry parameters $a_J$ and $a_\pi$ for the decays $B^0_d\to J/\psi K_s$ and $B^0_d\to \pi^+ \pi^-$ respectively. We get the lower bound of the scale $V$ through the upper bound of the strong CP phase.Comment: 20 pages, no figures New materials and references have been added. Text has been modified. To be appear in J.Phys.

Peripheral Sensitization Increases Opioid Receptor Expression And Activation By Crotalphine In Rats

Inflammation enhances the peripheral analgesic efficacy of opioid drugs, but the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon have not been fully elucidated. Crotalphine (CRP), a peptide that was first isolated from South American rattlesnake C.d. terrificus venom, induces a potent and long-lasting anti-nociceptive effect that is mediated by the activation of peripheral opioid receptors. Because the high efficacy of CRP is only observed in the presence of inflammation, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the CRP anti-nociceptive effect induced by inflammation. Using real-time RT-PCR, western blot analysis and ELISA assays, we demonstrate that the intraplantar injection of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) increases the mRNA and protein levels of the μ- and κ-opioid receptors in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and paw tissue of rats within 3 h of the injection. Using conformation state-sensitive antibodies that recognize activated opioid receptors, we show that PGE 2, alone does not increase the activation of these opioid receptors but that in the presence of PGE2, the activation of specific opioid receptors by CRP and selective μ- and κ-opioid receptor agonists (positive controls) increases. Furthermore, PGE2 down-regulated the expression and activation of the δ-opioid receptor. CRP increased the level of activated mitogen-activated protein kinases in cultured DRG neurons, and this increase was dependent on the activation of protein kinase Cζ. This CRP effect was much more prominent when the cells were pretreated with PGE 2. These results indicate that the expression and activation of peripheral opioid receptors by opioid-like drugs can be up- or down-regulated in the presence of an acute injury and that acute tissue injury enhances the efficacy of peripheral opioids. © 2014 Zambelli et al.93Stein, C., Peripheral mechanisms of opioid analgesia (1993) Anesth Analg, 76, pp. 182-191Obara, I., Parkitna, J.R., Korostynski, M., Makuch, W., Kaminska, D., Local peripheral opioid effects and expression of opioid genes in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia in neuropathic and inflammatory pain (2009) Pain, 141, pp. 283-291Puehler, W., Zollner, C., Brack, A., Shaqura, M.A., Krause, H., Schafer, M., Stein, C., Rapid upregulation of mu opioid receptor mRNA in dorsal root ganglia in response to peripheral inflammation depends on neuronal conduction (2004) Neuroscience, 129 (2), pp. 473-479. , DOI 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.06.086, PII S030645220400627XMaekawa, K., Minami, M., Masuda, T., Satoh, M., Expression of mu- and kappa-, but not delta-, opioid receptor mRNAs is enhanced in the spinal dorsal horn of the arthritic rats (1996) Pain, 64 (2), pp. 365-371. , DOI 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00132-8Cahill, C.M., Morinville, A., Hoffert, C., O'Donnell, D., Beaudet, A., Up-regulation and trafficking of delta opioid receptor in a model of chronic inflammation: Implications for pain control (2003) Pain, 101 (1-2), pp. 199-208. , DOI 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00333-0Hassan, A.H.S., Ableitner, A., Stein, C., Herz, A., Inflammation of the rat paw enhances axonal transport of opioid receptors in the sciatic nerve and increases their density in the inflamed tissue (1993) Neuroscience, 55 (1), pp. 185-195. , DOI 10.1016/0306-4522(93)90465-RZollner, C., Shaqura, M.A., Bopaiah, C.P., Mousa, S., Stein, C., Schafer, M., Painful inflammation-induced increase in mu-opioid receptor binding and G-protein coupling in primary afferent neurons (2003) Molecular Pharmacology, 64 (2), pp. 202-210. , DOI 10.1124/mol.64.2.202Shaqura, M.A., Zollner, C., Mousa, S.A., Stein, C., Schafer, M., Characterization of mu Opioid Receptor Binding and G Protein Coupling in Rat Hypothalamus, Spinal Cord, and Primary Afferent Neurons during Inflammatory Pain (2004) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 308 (2), pp. 712-718. , DOI 10.1124/jpet.103.057257Antonijevic, I., Mousa, S.A., Schafer, M., Stein, C., Perineurial defect and peripheral opioid analgesia in inflammation (1995) J Neurosci, 15, pp. 165-172Mousa, S.A., Zhang, Q., Sitte, N., Ji, R.-R., Stein, C., beta-endorphin-containing memory-cells and mu-opioid receptors undergo transport to peripheral inflamed tissue (2001) Journal of Neuroimmunology, 115 (1-2), pp. 71-78. , DOI 10.1016/S0165-5728(01)00271-5, PII S0165572801002715Konno, K., Picolo, G., Gutierrez, V.P., Brigatte, P., Zambelli, V.O., Crotalphine, a novel potent analgesic peptide from the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus (2008) 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Waltner-Law, M.E., Entingh, A.J., Chytil, A., Aakre, M.E., Norgaard, P., Moses, H.L., Salicylate-induced growth arrest is associated with inhibition of p70s6k and down-regulation of c-Myc, cyclin D1, cyclin A, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (2000) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275 (49), pp. 38261-38267. , DOI 10.1074/jbc.M005545200Belcheva, M.M., Clark, A.L., Haas, P.D., Serna, J.S., Hahn, J.W., Kiss, A., Coscia, C.J., Mu and kappa opioid receptors activate ERK/MAPK via different protein kinase C isoforms and secondary messengers in astrocytes (2005) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280 (30), pp. 27662-27669. , DOI 10.1074/jbc.M502593200Connor, M., Christie, M.J., Opioid receptor signalling mechanisms (1999) Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 26 (7), pp. 493-499. , DOI 10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.03049.xZimmermann, M., Ethical guidelines for investigations of experimental pain in conscious animals (1983) Pain, 16, pp. 109-110Picolo, G., Giorgi, R., Bernardi, M.M., Cury, Y., The antinociceptive effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom is mainly due to a supraspinally integrated response (1998) Toxicon, 36 (1), pp. 223-227. , DOI 10.1016/S0041-0101(97)00048-2, PII S0041010197000482Von Banchet, G.S., Scholze, A., Schaible, H.-G., Prostaglandin E2 increases the expression of the neurokinin1 receptor in adult sensory neurones in culture: A novel role of prostaglandins (2003) British Journal of Pharmacology, 139 (3), pp. 672-680Picolo, G., Giorgi, R., Cury, Y., delta-Opioid receptors and nitric oxide mediate the analgesic effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom (2000) European Journal of Pharmacology, 391 (1-2), pp. 55-62. , DOI 10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00934-6, PII S0014299999009346Gendron, L., Pintar, J.E., Chavkin, C., Essential role of mu opioid receptor in the regulation of delta opioid receptor-mediated antihyperalgesia (2007) Neuroscience, 150 (4), pp. 807-817. , DOI 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.09.060, PII S0306452207012365Lomas, L.M., Barrett, A.C., Terner, J.M., Lysle, D.T., Picker, M.J., Sex differences in the potency of kappa opioids and mixed-action opioids administered systemically and at the site of inflammation against capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia in rats (2007) Psychopharmacology, 191 (2), pp. 273-285. , DOI 10.1007/s00213-006-0663-1Ji, Y., Murphy, A.Z., Traub, R.J., Estrogen modulation of morphine analgesia of visceral pain in female rats is supraspinally and peripherally mediated (2007) J Pain, 8, pp. 494-502. , JPicolo, G., Cury, Y., Peripheral neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity mediates the antinociceptive effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, a delta- and kappa-opioid receptor agonist (2004) Life Sciences, 75 (5), pp. 559-573. , DOI 10.1016/S0024-3205(04)00292-9, PII S0024320504002929Randall, L.O., Selitto, J.J., A method for measurement of analgesia activity on inflamed tissue (1957) Arch Inst Pharmacodyn, 111, pp. 209-219Bradford, M.M., A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding (1976) Anal Biochem, 72, pp. 248-254Gupta, A., Decaillot, F.M., Gomes, I., Tkalych, O., Heimann, A.S., Conformation state sensitive antibodies to G-protein coupled receptors (2006) J Biol ChemCunha, T.M., Souza, G.R., Domingues, A.C., Carreira, E.U., Lotufo, C.M., Stimulation of peripheral Kappa opioid receptors inhibits inflammatory hyperalgesia via activation of the PI3Kgamma/AKT/nNOS/NO signaling pathway Mol Pain, 8, p. 10Bruchas, M.R., Chavkin, C., Kinase cascades and ligand-directed signaling at the kappa opioid receptor Psychopharmacology, 210, pp. 137-147. , BerlBerra, E., Diaz-Meco, M.T., Dominguez, I., Municio, M.M., Sanz, L., Lozano, J., Chapkin, R.S., Moscat, J., Protein kinase C zeta isoform is critical for mitogenic signal transduction (1993) Cell, 74 (3), pp. 555-563Kwong, K., Lee, L.-Y., Prostaglandin E2 potentiates a TTX-resistant sodium current in rat capsaicin-sensitive vagal pulmonary sensory neurones (2005) Journal of Physiology, 564 (2), pp. 437-450. , DOI 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.078725Southall, M.D., Vasko, M.R., Prostaglandin receptor subtypes, EP3C and EP4, mediate the prostaglandin E2-induced cAMP production and sensitization of sensory neurons (2001) J Biol Chem, 276, pp. 16083-16091Ferreira, S.H., Lorenzetti, B.B., Prostaglandin hyperalgesia, IV: A metabolic process (1981) Prostaglandins, 21, pp. 789-792Stein, C., Millan, M.J., Shippenberg, T.S., Peter, K., Herz, A., Peripheral opioid receptors mediating antinociception in inflammation. Evidence for involvement of mu, delta and kappa receptors (1989) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 248 (3), pp. 1269-1275Mousa, S.A., Machelska, H., Schafer, M., Stein, C., Immunohistochemical localization of endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 in immune cells and spinal cord in a model of inflammatory pain (2002) Journal of Neuroimmunology, 126 (1-2), pp. 5-15. , DOI 10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00049-8, PII S0165572802000498Furst, S., Riba, P., Friedmann, T., Timar, J., Al-Khrasani, M., Obara, I., Makuch, W., Schmidhammer, H., Peripheral versus central antinociceptive actions of 6-amino acid-substituted derivatives of 14-O-methyloxymorphone in acute and inflammatory pain in the rat (2005) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 312 (2), pp. 609-618. , DOI 10.1124/jpet.104.075176Nunez, S., Lee, J.-S., Zhang, Y., Bai, G., Ro, J.Y., Role of peripheral mu-opioid receptors in inflammatory orofacial muscle pain (2007) Neuroscience, 146 (3), pp. 1346-1354. , DOI 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.02.024, PII S030645220700173XSchafer, M., Imai, Y., Uhl, G.R., Stein, C., Inflammation enhances peripheral mu-opioid receptor-mediated analgesia, but not mu-opioid receptor transcription in dorsal root ganglia (1995) Eur J Pharmacol, 279, pp. 165-169Zhou, L., Zhang, Q., Stein, C., Schafer, M., Contribution of opioid receptors on primary afferent versus sympathetic neurons to peripheral opioid analgesia (1998) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 286 (2), pp. 1000-1006Lecat, S., Bucher, B., Mely, Y., Galzi, J.-L., Mutations in the extracellular amino-terminal domain of the NK2 neurokinin receptor abolish cAMP signaling but preserve intracellular calcium responses (2002) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277 (44), pp. 42034-42048. , DOI 10.1074/jbc.M203606200Decaillot, F.M., Befort, K., Filliol, D., Yue, S.Y., Walker, P., Kieffer, B.L., Opioid receptor random mutagenesis reveals a mechanism for G protein-coupled receptor activation (2003) Nature Structural Biology, 10 (8), pp. 629-636. , DOI 10.1038/nsb950Selley, D.E., Breivogel, C.S., Childers, S.R., Modification of G protein-coupled functions by low-pH pretreatment of membranes from NG108-15 cells: Increase in opioid agonist efficacy by decreased inactivation of G proteins (1993) Molecular Pharmacology, 44 (4), pp. 731-741Belcheva, M.M., Vogel, Z., Ignatova, E., Avidor-Reiss, T., Zippel, R., Levy, R., Young, E.C., Coscia, C.J., Opioid modulation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase activity is ras-dependent and involves G(betagamma) subunits (1998) Journal of Neurochemistry, 70 (2), pp. 635-645Bohn, L.M., Belcheva, M.M., Coscia, C.J., Mitogenic signaling via endogenous kappa-opioid receptors in C6 glioma cells: Evidence for the involvement of protein kinase C and the mitogen- activated protein kinase signaling cascade (2000) Journal of Neurochemistry, 74 (2), pp. 564-573. , DOI 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.740564.xBruchas, M.R., Macey, T.A., Lowe, J.D., Chavkin, C., Kappa opioid receptor activation of p38 MAPK is GRK3- and arrestin-dependent in neurons and astrocytes (2006) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281 (26), pp. 18081-18089. , http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/281/26/18081, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M513640200Sweatt, J.D., Mitogen-activated protein kinases in synaptic plasticity and memory (2004) Curr Opin Neurobiol, 14, pp. 311-317Thomas, G.M., Huganir, R.L., MAPK cascade signalling and synaptic plasticity (2004) Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5 (3), pp. 173-183Carlezon Jr., W.A., Duman, R.S., Nestler, E.J., The many faces of CREB (2005) Trends in Neurosciences, 28 (8), pp. 436-445. , DOI 10.1016/j.tins.2005.06.005, PII S016622360500158XBruchas, M.R., Xu, M., Chavkin, C., Repeated swim stress induces kappa opioid-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (2008) Neuroreport, 19, pp. 1417-1422Kreibich, A.S., Blendy, J.A., cAMP response element-binding protein is required for stress but not cocaine-induced reinstatement (2004) Journal of Neuroscience, 24 (30), pp. 6686-6692. , DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1706-04.2004Bruchas, M.R., Yang, T., Schreiber, S., DeFino, M., Kwan, S.C., Li, S., Chavkin, C., Long-acting kappa opioid antagonists disrupt receptor signaling and produce noncompetitive effects by activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (2007) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282 (41), pp. 29803-29811. , http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/282/41/29803, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M705540200Melief, E.J., Miyatake, M., Bruchas, M.R., Chavkin, C., Ligand-directed c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation disrupts opioid receptor signaling (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, pp. 11608-11613Velazquez, K.T., Mohammad, H., Sweitzer, S.M., Protein kinase C in pain: Involvement of multiple isoforms (2007) Pharmacological Research, 55 (6), pp. 578-589. , DOI 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.04.006, PII S104366180700084

Democratizando el consumo ecológico: elementos para la acción y aprendizaje colectivo en procesos de investigación acción participativa

The challenge of scale up and scale out agroecological actions and initiatives inherently implies, the democratization, among others, of the consumption of agroecological (organic) food. The objectives of this work point, on the one hand, to establish variables, both from the perspective of farmers as well as from consumers (from the Maipo Valley in Chile) focused on the definition of “agro-ecological peasant product” from which to define concrete actions regarding the organizational strengthening of farmers and the access of such products to the interested population. Results point to elements of co-production (co-creation) of knowledge in relation to socio-cultural attributes that strengthen the peasant organization. Results also show the relationship between the characteristics of peasant production and the attributes perceived and defined, by consumers in relation to it, as well as the concrete actions derived from the above, in relation to the establishment of proximity circuits. It are also discussed aspects observed in the group (leadership, the reconfigurations of their own image and their motivations; the methodological contributions of the PAR, the practical expression (materialization) of classic concepts in this type of research and reflections on the context in which PAR are developed.El reto de ampliar (scale up y scale out), proporcionadamente, las actuaciones e iniciativas agroecológicas implica, inherentemente, la democratización, entre otros, del consumo de alimentos ecológicos. Los objetivos de este trabajo apuntan, de una parte, a establecer variables, tanto desde la perspectiva de las agricultoras como de las consumidoras (en el Valle del Maipo, Chile) orientadas a la definición de “producto campesino de base agroecológica” para el diseño de actuaciones concretas en lo relativo al fortalecimiento organizacional de agricultoras y el acceso de tales productos a la población interesada. Los resultados señalan elementos deco-producción (co-creación) de conocimientos en relación a atributos socioculturales que fortalecen la organización campesina y la relación entre las características de la producción campesina y los atributos percibidos y definidos por consumidoras en relación a aquella; así como a sus acciones derivadas en relación al establecimiento de circuitos de proximidad. Se discuten, además, aspectos observados en el grupo relativas al liderazgo, las reconfiguraciones de su propia imagen y sus motivaciones; los aportes metodológicos de la IAP, la expresión práctica (materialización) de conceptos clásicos en este tipo de investigaciones y reflexiones en torno al contexto en que se desarrollan las IAP’s