Religiusitas Lembaga Pendidikan yang Berwawasan Lingkungan

Hubungan manusia dan lingkungan bagaikan kehidupan ikandalam air, sejak lahir, tumbuh berkembang dan dewasa, manusiasenantiasa berinteraksi dengan lingkungannya, baik lingkunganalam, lingkungan manusia, maupun lingkungan sosial budaya,sehingga wajar jika watak dan prilaku manusia terbentuk olehkeadaan lingkungan. Sekolah sebagai lembaga pendidikan dantempat berkumpulnya manusia yang membentuk komunitas sosialsangat membutuhkan lingkungan yang kondusif sesuai dengantata nilai atau kode etik yang diberlakukannya. Tata nilaitertinggi dan akomodatif dari kebutuhan kejiwaan seluruh wargalembaga pendidikan adalah tatanan yang bersumber dari nilainilaikeagamaan, oleh karena itu, nilai-nilai keagamaan harusterinternalisasi di seluruh aktivitas kelembagaan yangberwawasan lingkungan terutama lingkungan sosialnya

Antibiotic resistance profile and virulence factor genes of Aeromonas sobria isolated from AL-Hillah River in Babel (Iraq)

Although Aeromonas are common in aquatic habitats and have been marked as an arising risk to human health, some information dealing with antibiotic resistance profiles and virulence factor genes involved in pathogenicity are understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance profile for aquatic A. sobria and to identify the virulence factor genes. Aeromonas sobria isolates were collected from AL-Hillah River in Babel near the hospital swage water from January until May 2021. VITEK 2 system was used to diagnose isolates of the anaerobic G-ve A. Sobria bacteria, which were then confirmed by PCR for 16S RNA. Eight different groups of antibiotics were examined in A. sobria isolates using the disk diffusion method on a Mueller-Hinton agar. Genes encoding for virulence factor genes (act, ast, ela, alt, lip, asa, hly, and aer) were detected using conventional PCR. The isolates showed resistance to β-lactam drugs, while they were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, clindamycin and presented susceptibility to the gentamycin at rate 57%. Gel electrophoresis results of PCR products variably displayed clear bands for virulence factor genes (act, ast, ela, alt, lip, and asa), previously reported to be associated with some diseases. This is the first study in provinces of middle Iraqi dealing with aquatic A. sobria that evaluated the antibiotic sensitivity and investigated the virulence factor genes, including cytotoxic enterotoxins and enzymes. Virulence factor genes detection and 16S RNA gene for species identification were achieved by designing specific primers in the present study.  

Characterization and Antifungal Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Fungi

أصبحت تقنية النانو بسرعة واحدة من أكثر مجالات العلوم أهمية وتحويلية. تُستخدم الطرق الفيزيائية والكيميائية والميكانيكية والبيولوجية لإنشاء الجسيمات النانوية. غالبًا ما تستخدم النباتات أو الكائنات الحية الدقيقة في الأساليب البيولوجية لتقليل أيونات المعادن لأنها نظيفة وغير سامة وآمنة ومتوافقة حيويًا وصديقة للبيئة. تم وصف التحليل الطيفي للأشعة تحت الحمراء (FT-IR) والمسح المجهري الإلكتروني (SEM) والتحليل الطيفي لحيز الأشعة السينية لتحليل الجسيمات النانوية المتولدة (XRD). تحتوي الجسيمات النانوية (NPs) المصنوعة من الفطريات على مجموعة متنوعة من تقنيات التحفيز الحيوي ، بما في ذلك تثبيت الإنزيم لزيادة النشاط الأنزيمي. تم اكتشاف أن الفضة (Ag) NPs المصنوعة من الفطريات لها تأثير حميد في الجرح والجروح الحرارية ، ولها خصائص مضادة للبعوض ومضادة للبكتيريا ومضادة للفطريات.Nanotechnology is quickly becoming one of the most essential and transformative areas of science. Physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological approaches are all used to create nanoparticles. Plants or microorganisms are frequently used in biological methods of metal ion reduction because they are clean, nontoxic, safe, biocompatible, and ecologically friendly. Fourir transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT–IR), scaning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy were described to analyze the nanoparticles generated (XRD). Nanoparticles (NPs) made from fungi have a diverse range of bio catalytic techniques, including enzyme immobilization for increased enzymatic activity. Silver (Ag) NPs made from fungi were discovered to have a benign effect in a wound and a thermal wound, and to have anti-mosquito, antibacterial, and antifungal propertie

High-pressure neutron study of the morphotropic PZT: phase transitions in a two-phase system

In piezoelectric ceramics the changes in the phase stabilities versus stress and temperature in the vicinity of the phase boundary play a central role. The present study was dedicated to the classical piezoelectric, lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) ceramic with composition Pb(Zr$_{0.54}$Ti$_{0.46}$)O$_3$ at the Zr-rich side of the morphotropic phase boundary at which both intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to piezoelectricity are significant. The pressure-induced changes in this two-phase (rhombohedral $R3c$+monoclinic $Cm$ at room temperature and $R3c+P4mm$ above 1 GPa pressures) system were studied by high-pressure neutron powder diffraction technique. The experiments show that applying pressure favors the $R3c$ phase, whereas the $Cm$ phase transforms continuously to the $P4mm$, which is favored at elevated temperatures due to the competing entropy term. The $Cm\rightarrow R3c$ phase transformation is discontinuous. The transformation contributes to the extrinsic piezoelectricity. An important contribution to the intrinsic piezoelectricity was revealed: a large displacement of the $B$ cations (Zr and Ti) with respect to the oxygen anions is induced by pressure. Above 600 K a phase transition to a cubic phase took place. Balance between the competing terms dictates the curvature of the phase boundary. After high-pressure experiments the amount of rhombohedral phase was larger than initially, suggesting that on the Zr-rich side of the phase boundary the monoclinic phase is metastable.Comment: 6 figure

Production and Purification of Laccase enzyme by Trichoderma viride

تم فحص قدرة Trichoderma viride على تصنيع إنزيمات خارج الخلية (إنزيم Laccase) باستخدام وسط يحتوي على المادة الاساس للأنزيم. أنتجت هذه العزلة اللاكيز عند أعلى مستوى لها (0.166 وحدة / مل) في الوسط سائل. اوضحت هذه الدراسة إنتاج وتنقية وتوصيف إنزيم اللاكيز من T.viride. أظهرت النتائج أن 96 ساعة هي الفترة الزمنية المثلى لحضانة Laccase من هذا الفطر. أظهر Laccase الحد الأقصى لمستوى النشاط عند درجة الحموضة 4.5 ودرجة حرارة 30 درجة مئوية. اثبتت النتائج أن أفضل نسبة لترسيب laccase كانت 90٪ باستخدام  كبريتات الأمونيوم. بالإضافة الى ذلك, لأجل تنقية انزيم اللاكيز  ظهرت قمة واحدة من Laccase في ترشيح الهلام المنقى من T.viride ، بينما شوهدت قمتان من Laccase في كروماتوغرافيا التبادل الأيوني. وفقًا للنتائج، كان الوزن الجزيئي لـ T. viride Laccase باستخدام SDS-PAGE حوالي 66 كيلو دالتون تحت الظروف الماسخة.The ability of Trichoderma viride to synthesize extracellular enzymes (Lacase enzyme) using a substrate that contains media was examined. This isolate generated laccase at its greatest level (0.166U/ml) in liquid medium.  This study was  demonstrated the production, purification, and characterisation of the laccase enzyme from T.viride. The results showed that 96 hours was the optimum period of time for Laccase to incubate from this fungus. Laccase displayed the maximum level of activity at pH 4.5 and temperature 30 °C. The results revealed that the best ratio for laccase precipitation was 90%  by using ammonium sulphate.  In addition, for the purification of laccase enzyme, one peak of Laccase was appeared  in gel filtration purified from T.viride, while 2 peaks of Laccase were seen in ion exchange chromatography. According to the findings, the molecular weight of T. viride Laccase using SDS-PAGE was roughly 66KD under denaturation conditions

Ciprofloxacin Intercalated with ZnO to Produce a Nanohybrid Used as a Delivery Machine

Ciprofloxacin (Cip) with zinc layered hydroxide (ZLH) as the precursors nanohybrid (CipN) was synthesized under an aqueous environment. The synthesis, bioactivity and the anti-bacterial activity of CipN nanoparticles has been evaluated against a wide variety of bacterial strains such as staphylococcus, streptococci, E. coli and hellcobacter. The anti-bacterial activity of CipN has a highly safe compound and may be considered for combination therapy against many bacterial strains, due to its potential synergistic effect with important antibiotics. Powder X-ray diffraction showed that the basal spacing of the nanohybrid was 2.5nm, resulting in the spatial orientation of Cip molecules between the interlayers of ZnO oriented with the direction of the z-axis. SEM images indicate the confirmations of the success of the intercalations. The AFE (Atomic Forcing Electrons) shows the average size of particles found was 86nm. The FTIR study showed that the intercalated CipN spectral feature is generally similar to that of the Cip free molecule, but with bands slightly shifted. This indicates that some chemical bonding of Cip presence between the nanohybrid interlayers was slightly changed due to the formation of host–guest interaction. The nanohybrid is of mesopores type with 54.5% drug loading and enhanced thermal stability. The drug CipN nanohybrid was found to be sustained and therefore has good potential to be used as a nanohybrid drug which is more effective than the free one. The vitro bioassay study showed that the CipN has a mild effect on the hepatocyte cells, more than its counterpart, free Cip. Keywords: ZnO; nano materials; antimicrobial activity; intercalations

The Euphrates-Tigris-Karun river system: Provenance, recycling and dispersal of quartz-poor foreland-basin sediments in arid climate

We present a detailed sediment-provenance study on the modern Euphrates-Tigris-Karun fluvial system and Mesopotamian foreland basin, one of the cradles of humanity. Our rich petrographic and heavy-mineral dataset, integrated by sand geochemistry and U–Pb age spectra of detrital zircons, highlights the several peculiarities of this large source-to-sink sediment-routing system and widens the spectrum of compositions generally assumed as paradigmatic for orogenic settings. Comparison of classical static versus upgraded dynamic petrologic models enhances the power of provenance analysis, and allows us to derive a more refined conceptual model of reference and to verify the limitations of the approach. Sand derived from the Anatolia-Zagros orogen contains abundant lithic grains eroded from carbonates, cherts, mudrocks, arc volcanics, obducted ophiolites and ophiolitic mélanges representing the exposed shallow structural level of the orogen, with relative scarcity of quartz, K-feldspar and mica. This quartz-poor petrographic signature, characterizing the undissected composite tectonic domain of the entire Anatolia-Iranian plateau, is markedly distinct from that of sand shed by more elevated and faster-eroding collision orogens such as the Himalaya. Arid climate in the region allows preservation of chemically unstable grains including carbonate rock fragments and locally even gypsum, and reduces transport capacity of fluvial systems, which dump most of their load in Mesopotamian marshlands upstream of the Arabian/Persian Gulf allochemical carbonate factory. Quartz-poor sediment from the Anatolia-Zagros orogen mixes with quartz-rich recycled sands from Arabia along the western side of the foreland basin, and is traced all along the Gulf shores as far as the Rub' al-Khali sand sea up to 4000 km from Euphrates headwaters

A reconfigurable real-time compressive-sampling camera for biological applications

Many applications in biology, such as long-term functional imaging of neural and cardiac systems, require continuous high-speed imaging. This is typically not possible, however, using commercially available systems. The frame rate and the recording time of high-speed cameras are limited by the digitization rate and the capacity of on-camera memory. Further restrictions are often imposed by the limited bandwidth of the data link to the host computer. Even if the system bandwidth is not a limiting factor, continuous high-speed acquisition results in very large volumes of data that are difficult to handle, particularly when real-time analysis is required. In response to this issue many cameras allow a predetermined, rectangular region of interest (ROI) to be sampled, however this approach lacks flexibility and is blind to the image region outside of the ROI. We have addressed this problem by building a camera system using a randomly-addressable CMOS sensor. The camera has a low bandwidth, but is able to capture continuous high-speed images of an arbitrarily defined ROI, using most of the available bandwidth, while simultaneously acquiring low-speed, full frame images using the remaining bandwidth. In addition, the camera is able to use the full-frame information to recalculate the positions of targets and update the high-speed ROIs without interrupting acquisition. In this way the camera is capable of imaging moving targets at high-speed while simultaneously imaging the whole frame at a lower speed. We have used this camera system to monitor the heartbeat and blood cell flow of a water flea (Daphnia) at frame rates in excess of 1500 fps

Tractostorm 2 : Optimizing tractography dissection reproducibility with segmentation protocol dissemination

The segmentation of brain structures is a key component of many neuroimaging studies. Consistent anatomical definitions are crucial to ensure consensus on the position and shape of brain structures, but segmentations are prone to variation in their interpretation and execution. White-matter (WM) pathways are global structures of the brain defined by local landmarks, which leads to anatomical definitions being difficult to convey, learn, or teach. Moreover, the complex shape of WM pathways and their representation using tractography (streamlines) make the design and evaluation of dissection protocols difficult and time-consuming. The first iteration of Tractostorm quantified the variability of a pyramidal tract dissection protocol and compared results between experts in neuroanatomy and nonexperts. Despite virtual dissection being used for decades, in-depth investigations of how learning or practicing such protocols impact dissection results are nonexistent. To begin to fill the gap, we evaluate an online educational tractography course and investigate the impact learning and practicing a dissection protocol has on interrater (groupwise) reproducibility. To generate the required data to quantify reproducibility across raters and time, 20 independent raters performed dissections of three bundles of interest on five Human Connectome Project subjects, each with four timepoints. Our investigation shows that the dissection protocol in conjunction with an online course achieves a high level of reproducibility (between 0.85 and 0.90 for the voxel-based Dice score) for the three bundles of interest and remains stable over time (repetition of the protocol). Suggesting that once raters are familiar with the software and tasks at hand, their interpretation and execution at the group level do not drastically vary. When compared to previous work that used a different method of communication for the protocol, our results show that incorporating a virtual educational session increased reproducibility. Insights from this work may be used to improve the future design of WM pathway dissection protocols and to further inform neuroanatomical definitions.Peer reviewe

Normalization of Voltage-Sensitive Dye Signal with Functional Activity Measures

In general, signal amplitude in optical imaging is normalized using the well-established ΔF/F method, where functional activity is divided by the total fluorescent light flux. This measure is used both directly, as a measure of population activity, and indirectly, to quantify spatial and spatiotemporal activity patterns. Despite its ubiquitous use, the stability and accuracy of this measure has not been validated for voltage-sensitive dye imaging of mammalian neocortex in vivo. In this report, we find that this normalization can introduce dynamic biases. In particular, the ΔF/F is influenced by dye staining quality, and the ratio is also unstable over the course of experiments. As methods to record and analyze optical imaging signals become more precise, such biases can have an increasingly pernicious impact on the accuracy of findings, especially in the comparison of cytoarchitechtonic areas, in area-of-activation measurements, and in plasticity or developmental experiments. These dynamic biases of the ΔF/F method may, to an extent, be mitigated by a novel method of normalization, ΔF/ΔFepileptiform. This normalization uses as a reference the measured activity of epileptiform spikes elicited by global disinhibition with bicuculline methiodide. Since this normalization is based on a functional measure, i.e. the signal amplitude of “hypersynchronized” bursts of activity in the cortical network, it is less influenced by staining of non-functional elements. We demonstrate that such a functional measure can better represent the amplitude of population mass action, and discuss alternative functional normalizations based on the amplitude of synchronized spontaneous sleep-like activity. These findings demonstrate that the traditional ΔF/F normalization of voltage-sensitive dye signals can introduce pernicious inaccuracies in the quantification of neural population activity. They further suggest that normalization-independent metrics such as waveform propagation patterns, oscillations in single detectors, and phase relationships between detector pairs may better capture the biological information which is obtained by high-sensitivity imaging