The Effect of Kāsim al-Rassî on the Formation of Zaydiyya: An Evaluation on the Axes of His Views on the Furû al-Fiqh

The third century of the hegira represents an extremely important period in terms of the formation process of Islamic sciences and the acquirement of the identity of a systematic school of fiqh madhhabs. In terms of the Zaydiyya madhhab, this century has an identity that affects the next period in terms of both political and scientific studies. Because in this period, the scholars of the madhhab like Kāsim al- Rassı̄ (d. 246/860), Ahmad b. Isā (d. 247/861) and Yahyā b. al-Husayn (d. 298/911), who were in a leading position both in politics and in sciences such as kalām, hadith and fiqh, emerged. Kāsim al-Rassı,̄ who was accepted as the star of the Ahl al-Bayt by Zaydî sources in the first period, was presented as the Plato of Muslims by orientalists in modern studies. The main reason why today's studiesonhimaremostlyaboutthehistoryofsectsandtheology,mostofRassı'̄sworksareaboutkalām.However,Kāsimal-Rassı̄is an important name in the science of fiqh and İslamic legal theory as well as in the science of kalām. According to Abī Tālib Nātik bi’l- Hakk (d. 424/1033), one of the important jurists of the Zaydiyya madhhab, Rassî was a scholar who came to the fore with his ability in fiqh issues; in order to see his ijtihād method, his skill in furû al-fiqh, his mastery in using hadiths and knowing the disagreements of scholars, ‘‘Masā’il al-Dja’far b. Muhammad and Abd Allah b. Hasan” should be consulted. Rassi's epistles named Kitab al-Nāsikh wa’l- Mansūkh, Kitab al-tahāra, Kitab al-salāt al-yevm ve al-Laylā and Kitab al-menāsik are important studies on fiqh that have survived to the present day. In addition, Mueyyed-Billah (d. 411/1021) compiled Kāsim al- Rassı’̄s and Yahya b. al-Husayn's views on fiqh in his worknamedal-Tecrîd.Kāsimal-Rassı'̄sviewsonfiqharealsodeterminativeinlaterfiqhbookssuchas Tahrīr,al-Cāmi'al-Kāfi,al- Intisār and al-Azhar. In time, the emergence of a jurisprudence sect named Kāsimiyya in Zaydiyya, referring to his name, is also importantintermsofrevealinghisposition.AlthoughRassı'̄sviewsonfiqhhavebeenreferredtoanumberofstudiesinourcountry, no independent study has been found that deals with his views on fiqh. However, considering both of his works on fiqh that have survivedtothepresentdayandtheearlyworksinwhichhisviewsarecompiled,itisobviousthatKāsimal-Rassı'̄sviewsonfiqh deserve an independent works. The aim of this study is to reveal Rassı'̄ s position within the madhhabs and his perspective on fiqh in general. In this context, in the study, the period in which Rassı̄ lived, his life and works were briefly mentioned, and then the basic views of the fiqh, especially in the field of worship, were discussed in outline

Evaluation of the Apolipoprotein B R3500Q Gene Mutation in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation with Ischemic Stroke in Turkish Population

29th Turkish Cardiology Congress of the Turkish-Society-of-Cardiology (TSC) with International Participation -- OCT 26-29, 2013 -- Antalya, TURKEYWOS: 000329858400355…Turkish Soc Cardio

Retrospective Analysis of Follicular Lymphoma Patients in Trakya University School of Medicine: a Single Center Experience

DergiPark: 889334tmsjAims: To establish a dataset including demographic features, disease characteristics, and survival rate of follicular lymphoma patients in Trakya Universi- ty School of Medicine and contribute to the database of follicular lymphoma in Turkey. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we analyzed data constituting of follicular lymphoma patients over 18 years of age followed during the years of 2015-2020 in Trakya University Division of Hematology. Results: Out of 43 patients, 22 (51.2%) were female and 21 (48.8%) were male. The mean age was 56.56 (standard deviation 13.24) years. There were 5 (11.6%) pa- tients with B symptoms, presence of bone marrow involvement was seen in 17 (39.5%) patients, lastly, there were 18 (41.9%) patients with splenomegaly. Twen- ty-one (48.8%) patients received rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate, and prednisone, making it the most common treatment protocol administered in our study. Conclusion: Follicular lymphoma patients usually end up getting diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease, presenting with incidentally noticed painless lymphadenopathy. Additionally, based on evidence in the literature, a clear gap in the successful diagnosis of follic- ular lymphoma patients can be observed between developed and developing countries. To overcome this hurdle, enhanced cooperation with hematopathology may lead to an increased awareness enabling physicians to make a more accurate diagnosis. Nonetheless, further studies are still needed to fully apprehend the epidemiology of follicular lymphoma patients in Turkey

Parental modelling in child’s nutrition behaviours and attitudes

While there are many factors influencing obesity, it can be said that the risk of obesity in children is increased by the nutrition behaviours and attitudes of parents as well as negative relationships within the family. In this regard, the aim of this study is to identify obesity and eating habits of children, parents’ attitudes for such behaviours, and factors influencing nutrition. A questionnaire with 4 parts was administrated to the parents of 650 children. Non-parametric and parametric statistical tests were applied on the collected data. At the end of the study, it was found that child nutrition is influenced by psychological and environmental factors, and that the child’s attitudes for healthy nutrition are influenced by the age and gender in children as well as the age, gender, the number of children, and education in parents. Furthermore, it was found that the behaviours of parents that influence the child’s nutrition include especially following the nutrition habits of the child, preventing the child to consume hazardous foods and guiding the child in nutrition

Penetrating anterior abdominal stab injury

AMAÇ: Acil cerrahi servislerinde sık karşılaşılan karına penetre delici kesici alet yaralanmalarında (DKAY) tedavi yaklaşımı, zaman içinde rutin eksploratis laparotomiden selektif konservatif yaklaşıma doğru değişim göstermiştir. Konservatif yaklaşımda fizik muayene, laboratuar ve görüntüleme sonuçlarına göre laparotomi kararı verilir. Çalışmamızın amacı karın anterior bölgesine penetre DKAY'lı hastalarımızın takip ve tedavi sonuçlarının irdelenmesidir. YÖNTEMLER: Nisan 2009 - Kasım 2011 tarihleri arasında karın anterior bölgesine penetre DKAY' sı olan ve acil cerrahi ünitesine başvuran hastalar prospektif olarak incelendi. Hemodinamisi stabil, akut karın bulguları olmayan hastalar konservatif tedaviye alınırken, hemodinamisi instabil ve/veya akut karın bulguları olan hastalara acil laparotomi yapıldı. Yaralanmanın lokalizasyonu, zamanlaması (acil,erken,geç), laparotomi bulguları (terapötik,nonterapötik,negatif) ve tedavi sonuçları değerlendirildi. BULGULAR: Toplam 85 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. İlk değerlendirme sonucunda hemodinamisi stabil olan ve peritonit bulguları olmayan 80 hasta konservatif tedaviye (grup 1) alınırken, 5 hastaya acil laparotomi (grup 2) uygulandı. Grup 1'de 11 hastaya erken, 5 hastaya geç dönemde laparotomi yapıldı. Bu grupda ki hastaların 13'ünde laparotomi terapötik, 2'sinde nonterapötik ve 1'inde negatif idi. Grup 2'de laparotomi endikasyonları; 3 hastada akut batın, 1 hastada hemodinamik instabilite ve 1 hastada organ eviserasyonu idi. Bu grup da 4 terapötik, 1 negatif laparotomi yapılırken bir hasta peroperatif exitus oldu. SONUÇ: Bu çalışmada 64 hastaya (% 75) konservatif tedavi, 21 hastaya (% 25) laparotomi uygulandı. Laparotomilerin; 17'si (% 80) terapötik, 2'si (%10) nonterapötik ve 2'si (%10) negatif idi. Klinik takip ve tanı metodlarının birlikte kullanımı gereksiz laparotomi oranlarını azaltmaktadır. OBJECTIVE: Penetrating anterior abdominal stab injuries (PAASI), frequently encountered in Emergency Unit and traditionally managed with mandatory laparotomy, are nowadays managed conservatively. The decision of laparotomy is based on physical examination, laboratory and imaging results during follow-up. The purpose of this study was to analyze the outcome of patients with PAASI. METHODS: From April 2009 to November 2011, patients with diagnosis of PAASI admitted in Emergency Unit were prospectively included in the study. While hemodinamically stable patients without signs of peritonitis were managed conservatively, unstable and/or patients with signs of peritonitis underwent emergency laparotomy. Location of the injury, type of management (emergency, early, late), laparotomy findings (therapeutic, non-therapeutic, negative), and treatment results were analyzed. RESULTS: Totally 85 patients were included in the study. Hemodynamically stable 80 patients without signs of peritonitis were treated conservatively (group 1), while emergency laparotomy was performed in 5 patients (group 2). In group 1, early laparotomy was performed in 11 patients and late laparotomy in 5 patients. Totally 13 therapeutic, 2 nontherapeutic and 1 negative laparotomy were performed. In Group 2, the indications for laparotomy were acute abdomen (n=3), hemodynamic instability (n=1), and organ evisceration (n=1). Group 2 included 4 therapeutic, 1 negative laparotomy and in this group 1 patient died intraoperatively. CONCLUSION: In this study, 64 patients (75%) were managed conservatively, whereas 21 patients (25%) underwent laparotomy, including 17 therapeutic (80%), 2 nontherapeutic (% 10) and 2 negative (10%). Clinical follow-up and use of diagnostic methods decrease the rate of unnecessary laparotomy

Clinical outcomes and treatment patterns of primary central nervous system lymphoma: Multicenter retrospective analysis

Objectives: Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare malignant disease with poor prognosis. Its low incidence leads to challenges in decision-making for treatment. As a matter of fact, there is still no consensus on the appropriate treatment modalities. In this context, the objective of this study is to investigate and comparatively assess the efficacies of several treatment modalities in the treatment of PCNSL. Methods: Thirty-four patients diagnosed with PCNSL at 5 different hematology centers between 2007 and 2021 were included in the study. Patients’ data from all five centers were collected retrospectively. Since ibrutinib is not approved for this indication in Turkey, consent for off-label use of ibrutinib is obtained from each patient. Ethics committee ap-proval was obtained on June 9, 2021 with decision number 2021/18-05. Results: The median age of the patients was 59 (min.: 22, max.: 78) years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.26/1. Nineteen (55.9%) patients had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance score of ≥2. Fifteen (44.1%) patients had normal lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and only 14.7% of the patients had B symptoms at the time of diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a single mass lesion in 14 (41.2%) patients. As an induction therapy, meth-otrexate-based regimen was administered in 29 (85.3%) patients. Only 14 of the 34 patients received 4 or more cycles of high-dose methotrexate (MTX). About 32.4% of the patients received radiation therapy (RT) during follow-up as a part of induction therapy. Five patients received only RT due to poor performance status. Ibrutinib was administered in 5 patients for refractory disease. It was determined that four or more cycles of MTX treatment increased progression-free survival (PFS) (p=0.031) and overall survival (OS) (p=0.012). Moreover, RT improved PFS (p=0.023). Considering that the complete response achieved by induction therapy influences long-term survival, achievement of the best response to the treatment regimens administered in combination with new agents may prolong survival (PFS: p=0.01, OS: p=0.023). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the initial response to treatment is crucial. Additionally, it was found that high-dose MTX treatment should be administered for 4 cycles or more in order to achieve the best results. Furthermore, it was determined that ibrutinib monotherapy was well-tolerated in our patients with relapsed/refractory disease, with excellent clinical benefits. In conclusion, a combination therapy consisting of high-dose MTX, ibrutinib, and rituximab appears to be a promising initial treatment approach in appropriate patients

Crizotinib efficacy and safety in patients with advanced NSCLC harboring MET alterations: A real-life data of Turkish Oncology Group

Crizotinib is a multikinase inhibitor, effective in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring mesenchymal-epidermal transition (MET) alterations. Although small prospective studies showed efficacy and safety of crizotinib in NSCLC with MET alterations, there is limited real-life data. Aim of this study is to investigate real-life efficacy and safety of crizotinib in patients with advanced NSCLC harboring MET alterations. This was a retrospective, multicenter (17 centers) study of Turkish Oncology Group. Patients' demographic, histological data, treatment, response rates, survival outcomes, and toxicity data were collected. Outcomes were presented for the study population and compared between MET alteration types. Total of 62 patients were included with a median age of 58.5 (range, 26-78). Major histological type was adenocarcinoma, and 3 patients (4.8%) had sarcomatoid component. The most common MET analyzing method was next generation sequencing (90.3%). MET amplification and mutation frequencies were 53.2% (n = 33) and 46.8% (n = 29), respectively. Overall response rate and disease control rate were 56.5% and 74.2% in whole study population, respectively. Median progression free survival (PFS) was 7.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.8-10.5), and median overall survival (OS) was 18.7 months (95% CI: 13.7-23.7), regardless of treatment line. Median PFS was 6.1 months (95% CI: 5.6-6.4) for patients with MET amplification, whereas 14.3 months (95% CI: 6.7-21.7) for patients with MET mutation (P = .217). Median PFS was significantly longer in patients who have never smoked (P = .040), have good performance score (P < .001), and responded to the treatment (P < .001). OS was significantly longer in patients with MET mutation (25.6 months, 95% CI: 15.9-35.3) compared to the patients with MET amplification (11.0 months; 95% CI: 5.2-16.8) (P = .049). In never-smokers, median OS was longer than smoker patients (25.6 months [95% CI: 11.8-39.3] vs 16.5 months [95% CI: 9.3-23.6]; P = .049). The most common adverse effects were fatigue (50%), peripheral edema (21%), nausea (29%) and diarrhea (19.4%). Grade 3 or 4 adverse effects were observed in 6.5% of the patients. This real-life data confirms efficacy and safety of crizotinib in the treatment of advanced NSCLC harboring MET alteration

Recent Advances in Health Biotechnology During Pandemic

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in 2019, cut the epoch that will make profound fluctuates in the history of the world in social, economic, and scientific fields. Urgent needs in public health have brought with them innovative approaches, including diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. To exceed the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, various scientific authorities in the world have procreated advances in real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based diagnostic tests, rapid diagnostic kits, the development of vaccines for immunization, and the purposing pharmaceuticals for treatment. Diagnosis, treatment, and immunization approaches put for- ward by scientific communities are cross-fed from the accrued knowledge of multidisciplinary sciences in health biotechnology. So much so that the pandemic, urgently prioritized in the world, is not only viral infections but also has been the pulsion in the development of novel approaches in many fields such as diagnosis, treatment, translational medicine, virology, mi- crobiology, immunology, functional nano- and bio-materials, bioinformatics, molecular biol- ogy, genetics, tissue engineering, biomedical devices, and artificial intelligence technologies. In this review, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of various scientific areas of health biotechnology are discussed

Effects of immunosuppressive drugs on COVID-19 severity in patients with autoimmune hepatitis

Background: We investigated associations between baseline use of immunosuppressive drugs and severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Patients and methods: Data of AIH patients with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 were retrospectively collected from 15 countries. The outcomes of AIH patients who were on immunosuppression at the time of COVID-19 were compared to patients who were not on AIH medication. The clinical courses of COVID-19 were classified as (i)-no hospitalization, (ii)-hospitalization without oxygen supplementation, (iii)-hospitalization with oxygen supplementation by nasal cannula or mask, (iv)-intensive care unit (ICU) admission with non-invasive mechanical ventilation, (v)-ICU admission with invasive mechanical ventilation or (vi)-death and analysed using ordinal logistic regression. Results: We included 254 AIH patients (79.5%, female) with a median age of 50 (range, 17-85) years. At the onset of COVID-19, 234 patients (92.1%) were on treatment with glucocorticoids (n = 156), thiopurines (n = 151), mycophenolate mofetil (n = 22) or tacrolimus (n = 16), alone or in combinations. Overall, 94 (37%) patients were hospitalized and 18 (7.1%) patients died. Use of systemic glucocorticoids (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.73, 95% CI 1.12-25.89) and thiopurines (aOR 4.78, 95% CI 1.33-23.50) for AIH was associated with worse COVID-19 severity, after adjusting for age-sex, comorbidities and presence of cirrhosis. Baseline treatment with mycophenolate mofetil (aOR 3.56, 95% CI 0.76-20.56) and tacrolimus (aOR 4.09, 95% CI 0.69-27.00) were also associated with more severe COVID-19 courses in a smaller subset of treated patients. Conclusion: Baseline treatment with systemic glucocorticoids or thiopurines prior to the onset of COVID-19 was significantly associated with COVID-19 severity in patients with AIH.Fil: Efe, Cumali. Harran University Hospita; TurquíaFil: Lammert, Craig. University School of Medicine Indianapolis; Estados UnidosFil: Taşçılar, Koray. Universitat Erlangen-Nuremberg; AlemaniaFil: Dhanasekaran, Renumathy. University of Stanford; Estados UnidosFil: Ebik, Berat. Gazi Yasargil Education And Research Hospital; TurquíaFil: Higuera de la Tijera, Fatima. Hospital General de México; MéxicoFil: Calışkan, Ali R.. No especifíca;Fil: Peralta, Mirta. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Infecciosas "Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz"; ArgentinaFil: Gerussi, Alessio. Università degli Studi di Milano; ItaliaFil: Massoumi, Hatef. No especifíca;Fil: Catana, Andreea M.. Harvard Medical School; Estados UnidosFil: Purnak, Tugrul. University of Texas; Estados UnidosFil: Rigamonti, Cristina. Università del Piemonte Orientale ; ItaliaFil: Aldana, Andres J. G.. Fundacion Santa Fe de Bogota; ColombiaFil: Khakoo, Nidah. Miami University; Estados UnidosFil: Nazal, Leyla. Clinica Las Condes; ChileFil: Frager, Shalom. Montefiore Medical Center; Estados UnidosFil: Demir, Nurhan. Haseki Training And Research Hospital; TurquíaFil: Irak, Kader. Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training And Research Hospital; TurquíaFil: Melekoğlu Ellik, Zeynep. Ankara University Medical Faculty; TurquíaFil: Kacmaz, Hüseyin. Adıyaman University; TurquíaFil: Balaban, Yasemin. Hacettepe University; TurquíaFil: Atay, Kadri. No especifíca;Fil: Eren, Fatih. No especifíca;Fil: Alvares da-Silva, Mario R.. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Cristoferi, Laura. Università degli Studi di Milano; ItaliaFil: Urzua, Álvaro. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Eşkazan, Tuğçe. Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine; TurquíaFil: Magro, Bianca. No especifíca;Fil: Snijders, Romee. No especifíca;Fil: Barutçu, Sezgin. No especifíca;Fil: Lytvyak, Ellina. University of Alberta; CanadáFil: Zazueta, Godolfino M.. Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubiran; MéxicoFil: Demirezer Bolat, Aylin. Ankara City Hospital; TurquíaFil: Aydın, Mesut. Van Yuzuncu Yil University; TurquíaFil: Amorós Martín, Alexandra Noemí. No especifíca;Fil: De Martin, Eleonora. No especifíca;Fil: Ekin, Nazım. No especifíca;Fil: Yıldırım, Sümeyra. No especifíca;Fil: Yavuz, Ahmet. No especifíca;Fil: Bıyık, Murat. Necmettin Erbakan University; TurquíaFil: Narro, Graciela C.. Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubiran; MéxicoFil: Bıyık, Murat. Uludag University; TurquíaFil: Kıyıcı, Murat. No especifíca;Fil: Kahramanoğlu Aksoy, Evrim. No especifíca;Fil: Vincent, Maria. No especifíca;Fil: Carr, Rotonya M.. University of Pennsylvania; Estados UnidosFil: Günşar, Fulya. No especifíca;Fil: Reyes, Eira C.. Hepatology Unit. Hospital Militar Central de México; MéxicoFil: Harputluoğlu, Murat. Inönü University School of Medicine; TurquíaFil: Aloman, Costica. Rush University Medical Center; Estados UnidosFil: Gatselis, Nikolaos K.. University Hospital Of Larissa; GreciaFil: Üstündağ, Yücel. No especifíca;Fil: Brahm, Javier. Clinica Las Condes; ChileFil: Vargas, Nataly C. E.. Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo; PerúFil: Güzelbulut, Fatih. No especifíca;Fil: Garcia, Sandro R.. Hospital Iv Víctor Lazarte Echegaray; PerúFil: Aguirre, Jonathan. Hospital Angeles del Pedregal; MéxicoFil: Anders, Margarita. Hospital Alemán; ArgentinaFil: Ratusnu, Natalia. Hospital Regional de Ushuaia; ArgentinaFil: Hatemi, Ibrahim. No especifíca;Fil: Mendizabal, Manuel. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Floreani, Annarosa. Università di Padova; ItaliaFil: Fagiuoli, Stefano. No especifíca;Fil: Silva, Marcelo. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Idilman, Ramazan. No especifíca;Fil: Satapathy, Sanjaya K.. No especifíca;Fil: Silveira, Marina. University of Yale. School of Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Drenth, Joost P. H.. No especifíca;Fil: Dalekos, George N.. No especifíca;Fil: N.Assis, David. University of Yale. School of Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Björnsson, Einar. No especifíca;Fil: Boyer, James L.. University of Yale. School of Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Yoshida, Eric M.. University of British Columbia; CanadáFil: Invernizzi, Pietro. Università degli Studi di Milano; ItaliaFil: Levy, Cynthia. University of Miami; Estados UnidosFil: Montano Loza, Aldo J.. University of Alberta; CanadáFil: Schiano, Thomas D.. No especifíca;Fil: Ridruejo, Ezequiel. Universidad Austral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. CEMIC-CONICET. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno". CEMIC-CONICET; ArgentinaFil: Wahlin, Staffan. No especifíca

Taşıt elektromekanik fren sistemi

ÖZETTAŞIT ELEKTROMEKANİK FREN SİSTEMİTaşıtların seyirleri incelendiğinde en önemli yerlerden birini fren davranışları işgal etmektedir. Özellikle son yıllarda kullanımı artan yüksek güçlü motorlar ve yüksek hız yapabilen araçlar, hem normal seyirlerinde hem de frenleme seyirlerinde bir takım önlemlerin alınmasını gerekli kılmıştır. Otomotiv üreticileri bu konuda çalışan araştırmacıları daha etkili ve emniyetli fren sistemi tasarımları üzerinde yoğun çalışmalar yapmaya zorlamaktadır. Günümüzde üretilen modern otomobillerin fren sistemlerinde elektronik önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Elektroniğin fren sistemleri içerisine girmesi ile fren sistemleri ABS (Kilitlenmeyen Fren Sistemi) ve EBD (Elektronik Fren Kuvveti Dağılımı) gibi sistemlerle desteklenmekte, elektronik stabilite sistemleri [TCS (Çekiş Kuvvetlerinin Kontrolü), ESP] ile de yol tutuşu güçlendirilerek tekerlekler bağımsız olarak frenlenebilmektedir. Ancak bu sistemlerde basıncı fren balatalarına taşıyan tek bir sistem vardır; o da hidrolik sistemdir. Yapılan bu çalışmada ise fren sıvısı kullanılmamakta, frenleme işlemi elektronik ünite ile kontrol edilen selenoid ile gerçekleştirilmektedir. İlave parça sayısı fazlalığı, dolayısıyla fazla yer kaplama, bakım zorluğu, maliyet fazlalığı, hidrolik sistemin herhangi bir yerinde oluşabilecek bir arızanın tüm sistemi etkilemesi, fren tepkilerinin pedalda hissedilmesi, hidroliğin değiştirilme zorunluluğu, fren pedalı üzerine uygulanması gereken kuvvetin, arcın yük durumu, tekerleklerdeki fren basıncı ve balataların sıcaklığı ile değişmesi gibi klasik fren sistemi dezavantajları ele alınmış, olumlu sonuçlar elde edilmiş ve bu problemlerin birçoğu çözüme kavuşturulmuştur.Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde, giriş yapıldıktan sonra sistemin yapılmasındaki amaçlar ortaya konulmuştur. İkinci bölümde mekatronik sistem yapısı genel hatları ile tanıtılmış, mekatroniğin tanımı ve öğeleri, doğuşu ve gelişimi, elemanları, otomotivde uygulama alanları, özellikle yol tutuş ile ilgili mekatronik sistemlerden bahsedilmiştir. Daha sonra motorlu taşıtlarda kullanılan fren sistemlerinden genel olarak bahsedilmiş, hidrolik fren sistemi yapısı ve çalışması ele alınmış, sistem araç üzerine uygulama olmadığı için, araç üzerine uygulama yapılırken hangi esasların dikkate alınması gerektiği ve dikkate alınmayan parametreleri belirtmek için frenleme dinamiği ve otomobiller için fren sistemi dizaynı konularından bahsedilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, sistemle ilgili firmalar tarafından yapılmış çalışmalardan bahsedilmiş, taşıt elektromekanik fren sistemi tüm ayrıntıları ile ortaya konulmuş, sistemin yapısı ve çalışması anlatılmıştır. Yine üçüncü bölüm içerisinde, yapılan çalışmaya eklenebilecek devreler ve sistem maliyetinden bahsedilmiş, son olarak da hesaplamalar ve ölçümler neticesinde elde edilen bulgular ile ilgili grafikler ve yorumları verilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde yapılan çalışma ile ilgili sonuçlar ortaya koyulmuş, beşinci bölümde ise elde edilen bulguların tartışmaya açık kısımları ele alınmıştır. Kasım, 2004 Fatih YÜCEL ABSTRACTELECTROMECHANICAL BRAKE SYSTEM As we look over moving of the cars, we can notice that the brake system occupies one of the most important places in the others. Especially, the high speed cars with their poweful engines need to be taken some precautions both during the motion and the brake. This leads automotive producers to force the scientists who studies on this subject to make the most efficient and the safest brake system. Currently, the electronics plays an important role in the brake systems of the newly produced cars. By using electronics, the brake systems are supported by the systems such as ABS (Anti-Lock Breaking System), EBD (Electronic Brake Distribution) and the brakes are applied on wheels separately from each other by powering the vehicles tracking stability via electronic system like TCS (Tracking Control System), ESP (Electronic Stability Program). However, there is only one system which brings the pressure for this systems to the linings; this is hydraulic system. In this study, the brake fluid isn't in use. The braking procedure happens by means of the selenoid controlled by an electronic unit. The disadvantages of the classical brake system, such as large number of parts; so being spacious, maintenance diffuculties, high cost, any trouble possibility in the hydraulic system can effect whole system, feeling the brake reactions on the brake pedal, the need to change brake fluid and the force we have to apply on the brake pedal that varies depending on the vehicle load, brake pressure and heat of linings are reviewed and positive results obtained and most of the problems are solved. The aims to such a system are exposed after the introduction in the first part of this report. In the second part, the structure of the mechatronic system is presented in all the chief subjects and mentioned about the definition of the mechatronic and its components, its beginning and improvement, components, application areas in automotive and especially mechatronic systems in the vehicles tracking stability. In the next parts, it is generally referred to the brake systems used in vehicles taken charge of the study and structure of the hydraulic brake system, because there is no application of the system on cars and mentioned which parameters should be taken info consideration while applying on the car and the subjects about the brake system design for cars and braking dynamics to determine the parameters not taken into account. In the third part, it is told the research done by the firms about the system, the vehicle electromechanic brake system is explained in all details, the system structure and process are exposed. Then again, in the third section, it is treated of the cycles that may be added to the current research and the cost of the system and finally findings obtained at the end of the calculations and measurings are given with their graphics and comments. The fourth part exposes the results concerning the work carried out. In the fifth section, it is touched on the findings some parts which are open to be discussed. November, 2004 Fatih YÜCE