Research progress on the neural circuit of pain emotion mediated by amygdala

The occurrence of pain emotion is closely related to the functional and structural changes of specific central nervous circuit. When pain is accompanied by depression, anxiety, pain aversion memory and other emotional states, it activates or inhibits different neural circuits. The amygdala (AMY) of the limbic system participates in the regulation of pain, anxiety, depression, aversive memory and other emotions, and has extensive connections with brain nuclei related to pain and emotion, jointly regulating pain, anxiety, depression, aversive memory and other responses. This article summarizes the main circuits related to pain emotions mediated by AMY. It is concluded that the neural circuits related to depression include central amygdala → parafascicular nucleus of thalamus (CeA GABA → PF Glu), dorsal raphe nucleus → central amygdala (DRN 5-HT → CeA SOM), central amygdala → ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (CeA GABA → vlPAG GABA). Nerve circuits related to anxiety include ventral tegmental area → central amygdala (VTA→CeADA), locus coeruleus → basolateral amygdala (LCNE→BLA). The neural circuit related to pain aversion memory is lateral parabrachial nucleus → central amygdala (lPBN CGRP→CeA CGRP). Among them, activating the CeA GABA→PF Glu circuit can lead to depression accompanied by pain, activating the CeA GABA→vlPAG GABA circuit can alleviate pain sensitivity caused by depression, and activating the DRN 5-HT→CeA SOM circuit can alleviate pain perception and depressive emotions; activating the VTA→CeA DA loop can alleviate pain sensitivity and anxiety like behavior, inhibiting LC NE→BLA loop can alleviate anxiety caused by pain; activating the lPBN CGRP→CeA CGRP loop can generate pain aversion memory

Metal Organic Frameworks Derived Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion

Abstract Porous materials are promising for energy applications and MOF‐derived layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets vertically align on the conductive substrates showed an ultrathin porous morphology with tunable coordination environments for the metallic sites. This unique structure provides larger surface area, better intrinsic electrochemical activity than conventional LDH nanosheets. Herein, the synthetic strategies of MOF‐derived LDHs and their promising applications in electrochemistry are reviewed, presenting the significant potential and challenges of MOFs‐derived LDH nanosheets in advanced energy storage and conversion applications, providing an effective platform for efficient and sustainable MOFs‐based systems in future