132 research outputs found
From Disciplinarian to Change Agent: How the Civil Rights Era Changed the Roles of Student Affairs Professionals
Little has been written about the roles and functions of student affairs administrators
during the civil rights era. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how the
civil rights era influenced the student affairs profession, paying particular attention to
the roles played by student affairs administrators in relation to students, other
administrators, and the community. A secondary analysis was conducted based on
interviews with 18 student affairs professionals who served on a variety of college
campuses during the civil rights era, primarily from the 1950s through the 1970s. Our
findings suggest that these administrators took on roles such as educator, advocate,
mediator, initiator, and change agent in order to effectively and efficiently resolve
issues that arose on their campuses as a result of the civil rights era and the student
protest movement.
Colleges and universities have been the battleground for many important civil rights
concerns, and many authors have chronicled student social movements of this era
(Adelman, 1972; Altbach, 1973; Strauss & Howe, 1997). In both northern and southern
colleges and universities, integration of African Americans into higher education was a
slow and difficult process (Clark, 1993; Cohodas, 1997; Exum, 1985). Once on
campus, African American students had to deal with segregation in all types of
out-of-class domains including housing, cafeterias, social activities, organized student
groups (including athletics, fraternities, and sororities), availability of scholarships,
on-campus and off-campus jobs, and access to barber shops and beauty parlors.
Student affairs administrators were in the middle of this battlefield and played a key
role in representing student demands to the administration and sometimes advocating
for change to occur (Clark, 1993; Laliberte, 2003; Tuttle, 1996). Simultaneously, the
presidents of many college and university campuses expected the student affairs staff
to represent the institutionsâ views to the students and to mete out discipline to
students who failed to follow the campus rules. These conflicting demandsâthe desire
to support students and the desire to be seen as effective administratorsâput many
student affairs administrators in precarious positions (Nichols, 1990). Nevertheless,
student affairs professionals in the civil rights era served as communication links
between the administration and students and experienced enhanced status and
advancement to higher administrative positions. In the process, their experiences
exerted considerable influence on the student affairs profession itself. By examining the
stories of student affairs administrators, we learn firsthand how the civil rights era
affected the profession. This article provides a glimpse into civil rights struggles on
campus as seen through their eyes.
Unfortunately, little has been written about the roles and functions of student affairs
administrators during the civil rights era. One study by Crookston and Atkyns (1974)
found that during the period of unrest in the 1960s, many senior student affairs officers
left their positions. They also concluded that during this period student affairs
administrators became known as crisis managers, and most colleges and universities
elevated the chief student affairs officer from dean to vice president. In recent research
that examined student affairs during the turbulent years of 1968-1972, Laliberte (2003)
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confirmed the crisis manager and student advocate roles of student affairs
administrators. For the purpose of this article, a secondary analysis of the data
collected for the book Reflecting Back, Looking Forward: Civil Rights and Student
Affairs (Wolf-Wendel et al., 2004) was conducted to examine how the civil rights era
influenced the student affairs profession, paying particular attention to the roles played
by student affairs administrators in relation to students, other administrators, and the
community. The book told the stories of individuals in first person narrative form;
however, this article focuses specifically on how participation during the civil rights era
affected the profession itself
'It's a Form of Freedom': The experiences of people with disabilities within equestrian sport
This paper explores the embodied, gendered experiences of disabled horseâriders. Drawing on data from five inâdepth interviews with paradressage riders, the ways in which their involvement in elite disability sport impacts upon their sense of identity and confidence are explored, as well as the considerable health and social benefits that this involvement brings. Social models of disability are employed and the shortcomings of such models, when applied to disability sport, are highlighted. The data presented here demonstrates the necessity of seeing disability sport as an embodied experience and acknowledging the importance of impairment to the experiences of disabled athletes. Living within an impaired body is also a gendered experience and the implications of this when applied to elite disability sport are considered
Commissioning of the vacuum system of the KATRIN Main Spectrometer
The KATRIN experiment will probe the neutrino mass by measuring the
beta-electron energy spectrum near the endpoint of tritium beta-decay. An
integral energy analysis will be performed by an electro-static spectrometer
(Main Spectrometer), an ultra-high vacuum vessel with a length of 23.2 m, a
volume of 1240 m^3, and a complex inner electrode system with about 120000
individual parts. The strong magnetic field that guides the beta-electrons is
provided by super-conducting solenoids at both ends of the spectrometer. Its
influence on turbo-molecular pumps and vacuum gauges had to be considered. A
system consisting of 6 turbo-molecular pumps and 3 km of non-evaporable getter
strips has been deployed and was tested during the commissioning of the
spectrometer. In this paper the configuration, the commissioning with bake-out
at 300{\deg}C, and the performance of this system are presented in detail. The
vacuum system has to maintain a pressure in the 10^{-11} mbar range. It is
demonstrated that the performance of the system is already close to these
stringent functional requirements for the KATRIN experiment, which will start
at the end of 2016.Comment: submitted for publication in JINST, 39 pages, 15 figure
Exploring the relationship between homosexuality and sport among the teammates of a small, Midwestern Catholic college soccer team.
Despite decreasing homophobia, openly gay male athletes are still rare in organized, competitive teamsports. In this action research, we explore two aspects of homosexuality and sport: (1) the effect of a gay male soccer player coming out to his teammates; and (2) the effect of having an openly gay researcher in the field. This is, therefore, the first-ever first-hand account of an athlete's coming-out process with researchers in the field. Even though this is action research and, therefore, not generalizable, we highlight that this research contributes to the body of literature on sexuality and sport because we document the interactions of straight athletes with a gay player and a gay researcher among the heterosexual players at a small, Catholic college in the American Midwest. We use interviews to show that players were accepting of homosexuality before the beginning of this research and show that discussions with these two gay men further promoted players' perspectives on homosexuality. This led to an increase in the team's social cohesion and a decrease in heteronormativity
CXCR4/CXCL12 Participate in Extravasation of Metastasizing Breast Cancer Cells within the Liver in a Rat Model
INTRODUCTION: Organ-specific composition of extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) is a determinant of metastatic host organ involvement. The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 play important roles in the colonization of human breast cancer cells to their metastatic target organs. In this study, we investigated the effects of chemokine stimulation on adhesion and migration of different human breast cancer cell lines in vivo and in vitro with particular focus on the liver as a major metastatic site in breast cancer. METHODS: Time lapse microscopy, in vitro adhesion and migration assays were performed under CXCL12 stimulation. Activation of small GTPases showed chemokine receptor signalling dependence from ECM components. The initial events of hepatic colonisation of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells were investigated by intravital microscopy of the liver in a rat model and under shRNA inhibition of CXCR4. RESULTS: In vitro, stimulation with CXCL12 induced increased chemotactic cell motility (p,0.05). This effect was dependent on adhesive substrates (type I collagen, fibronectin and laminin) and induced different responses in small GTPases, such as RhoA and Rac-1 activation, and changes in cell morphology. In addition, binding to various ECM components caused redistribution of chemokine receptors at tumour cell surfaces. In vivo, blocking CXCR4 decreased extravasation of highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells (p < 0.05), but initial cell adhesion within the liver sinusoids was not affected. In contrast, the less metastatic MDA-MB-468 cells showed reduced cell adhesion but similar migration within the hepatic microcirculation. CONCLUSION: Chemokine-induced extravasation of breast cancer cells along specific ECM components appears to be an important regulator but not a rate-limiting factor of their metastatic organ colonization.Claudia Wendel, André Hemping-Bovenkerk, Julia Krasnyanska, Sören Torge Mees, Marina Kochetkova, Sandra Stoeppeler and Jörg Haie
Exploring the attitudes towards homosexuality of a semi-professional Swedish football team with an openly gay teammate
Menâs contact teamsports, such as football, have historically been understood as a hostile environment for sexual minorities (Hekma, 1998; Parker, 1996; Pronger, 1990). In recent years, however, academic research has documented how teamsports have become increasingly progressive for gay athletes (Anderson, 2011; Anderson & McGuire, 2010; Magrath, Anderson & Roberts, 2015). As has been argued elsewhere in this collection (see Chapter 1 & Magrath & Cleland, Chapter XYZ), high levels of inclusivity have been especially evident in research on football (e.g. Adams, 2011; Adams & Anderson, 2012; Gaston, Magrath & Anderson, 2018; Magrath, 2017a, 2017b, 2018; Magrath, Anderson & Roberts, 2015; Roberts, Anderson & Magrath, 2017).
In this chapter, we aim to investigate the inclusive nature of the teammates of the second active professional footballer to come out, Anton HysĂšn. This was a unique opportunity as, historically, the majority of professional athletes wait until their retirement to announce their sexuality (e.g. Cleland, Magrath & Kian, 2018). HysĂšn is one of the few professional athletes who has âcome outâ whilst still playing professional sport, thus allowing the data to present a current reflection of acceptance rather than a historical account of how team members recall their level of acceptance. In this endeavor, we employed surveys to collect data from HysĂšnâs teammates, measuring the teamâs overall attitudes toward homosexuality; whilst also investigating if there were any socio-negative issues with having an openly gay athlete on the team. This chapter will focus on the male homosexuality and homophobia towards male athletes due the participants in this research being only men
Analysis methods for the first KATRIN neutrino-mass measurement
We report on the dataset, data handling, and detailed analysis techniques of the first neutrino-mass measurement by the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment, which probes the absolute neutrino-mass scale via the ÎČ-decay kinematics of molecular tritium. The source is highly pure, cryogenic T2 gas. The ÎČ electrons are guided along magnetic field lines toward a high-resolution, integrating spectrometer for energy analysis. A silicon detector counts ÎČ electrons above the energy threshold of the spectrometer, so that a scan of the thresholds produces a precise measurement of the high-energy spectral tail. After detailed theoretical studies, simulations, and commissioning measurements, extending from the molecular final-state distribution to inelastic scattering in the source to subtleties of the electromagnetic fields, our independent, blind analyses allow us to set an upper limit of 1.1 eV on the neutrino-mass scale at a 90% confidence level. This first result, based on a few weeks of running at a reduced source intensity and dominated by statistical uncertainty, improves on prior limits by nearly a factor of two. This result establishes an analysis framework for future KATRIN measurements, and provides important input to both particle theory and cosmology
Precision measurement of the electron energy-loss function in tritium and deuterium gas for the KATRIN experiment
The KATRIN experiment is designed for a direct and model-independent
determination of the effective electron anti-neutrino mass via a high-precision
measurement of the tritium -decay endpoint region with a sensitivity on
of 0.2eV/c (90% CL). For this purpose, the -electrons
from a high-luminosity windowless gaseous tritium source traversing an
electrostatic retarding spectrometer are counted to obtain an integral spectrum
around the endpoint energy of 18.6keV. A dominant systematic effect of the
response of the experimental setup is the energy loss of -electrons from
elastic and inelastic scattering off tritium molecules within the source. We
determined the \linebreak energy-loss function in-situ with a pulsed
angular-selective and monoenergetic photoelectron source at various
tritium-source densities. The data was recorded in integral and differential
modes; the latter was achieved by using a novel time-of-flight technique.
We developed a semi-empirical parametrization for the energy-loss function
for the scattering of 18.6-keV electrons from hydrogen isotopologs. This model
was fit to measurement data with a 95% T gas mixture at 30K, as used in
the first KATRIN neutrino mass analyses, as well as a D gas mixture of 96%
purity used in KATRIN commissioning runs. The achieved precision on the
energy-loss function has abated the corresponding uncertainty of
[arXiv:2101.05253] in the KATRIN
neutrino-mass measurement to a subdominant level.Comment: 12 figures, 18 pages; to be submitted to EPJ
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