Dung beetle radiations in Madagascar

Speciation on islands is affected by island size and the range of habitats and resources available and often also by limited interactions with other taxa. An ancestral population may evolve into a large number of species via an adaptive radiation. In Madagascar, most groups of animals and plants have radiated on the island, having arrived via oceanic dispersal during the long isolation of Madagascar. Characteristic features of Malagasy biota are exceptionally high level of endemism, high species richness as well as lack of many higher taxa that are dominant on the African mainland. Malagasy dung beetles are dominated by two tribes, Canthonini and Helictopleurina, with more than 250 endemic species. In this thesis I have reconstructed molecular phylogenies for the two tribes using several gene regions and different phylogenetic methods. Evolution of closely related species and among populations of the same species was examined with haplotype networks. The Malagasy Canthonini consists of three large lineages, while Helictopleurina forms a monophyletic group. The ancestors of each of the four clades colonised Madagascar at different times during Cenozoic. The subsequent radiations differ in terms of the number of extant species (from 37 to more than 100) and the level of ecological differentiation. In addition, Onthophagini (6 species) and Scarabaeini (3) have colonised Madagascar several times, but they have not radiated and the few species have not entered forests where Canthonini and Helictopleurina mostly occur. Among the three Canthonini radiations, speciation appears to have been mostly allopatric in the oldest and the youngest clades, while in the Epactoides clade sister species have diverged in their ecologies but have similar geographical distributions, indicating that speciation may have occurred in regional sympatry. The most likely isolating mechanisms have been rivers and forest refugia during dry and cool geological periods. Most species are generalists feeding on both carrion and dung, and competition among ecologically similar species may prevent their coexistence in the same communities. Some species have evolved to forage in the canopy and a few species have shifted to use cattle dung, a new resource in the open habitats following the introduction of cattle 1500 years ago. The latter shift has allowed species to expand their geographical ranges.Madagaskarin eläin- ja kasvilajisto on hyvin rikas, ja suurin osa lajeista on kotoperäisiä, eli ne ovat kehittyneet saarella ja ne esiintyvät vain siellä. Pääosin nykylajiston kantamuodot ovat saapuneet saarelle meriteitse kymmeniä miljoonia vuosia sitten saaren jo ollessa erkaantunut Afrikan mantereesta. Lajit ovat syntyneet saarella ja sopeutuneet sen moniin erilaisiin ympäristöihin. Toisaalta, eristyneisyytensä takia Madagaskarilta puuttuu monia eläinryhmiä, jotka esiintyvät runsaina manner-Afrikassa. Erityispiirteidensä ansiosta Madagaskar on oivallinen alue tutkia lajiutumista ja lajiryhmien kehittymistä. Madagaskarilta tunnetaan yli 250 kotoperäistä lantakuoriaislajia. Suurin osa lajeista kuuluu Canthonini- ja Helictopleurina-sukuryhmiin. Väitöskirjatutkimuksessani olen selvittänyt madagaskarilaisten lantakuoriaisten evoluutiota rakentamalla useaan geenialueeseen perustuvia sukupuita. Lajistoltaan suurempi sukuryhmistä, Canthonini, koostuu kolmesta erillisestä kehityslinjasta Kunkin linjan kantamuoto on saapunut saarelle viimeisen 65 miljoonan vuoden aikana. Helictopleurina-ryhmällä on vain yksi kantamuoto, joka saapui saarelle noin 30 miljoonaa vuotta sitten. Nämä neljä lantakuoriaislinjaa eroavat toisistaan lajimääriltään (37 yli 100 lajiin) sekä monilta ekologisilta piirteiltään. Suurin osa lajeista ei ole erikoistunut eri ravintoihin, mutta kahdella vanhimmalla linjalla on monipuolisempi ravinto kuin nuoremmilla ryhmillä. Kaikki neljä linjaa esiintyvät useissa metsätyypeissä, mutta erityisesti sademetsäalueella, jossa niille on parhaiten tarjolla ravintoa. Jotkin lajeista ovat kehittyneet asumaan puiden latvustossa, kun taas muutama laji on siirtynyt käyttämään lehmänlantaa avoimilla alueilla. Kumpikin näistä muutoksista on tapahtunut useaan kertaan. Lehmänlannan käyttö on mahdollistanut näiden lajien levittäytymisen koko saarelle, sillä karjaa kasvatetaan ympäri saarta. Saarella esiintyy myös Onthophagini- ja Scarabaeini-sukuryhmien lantakuoriaislajeja, mutta nämä ryhmät eivät ole pystyneet lajiutumaan saarella lähes lainkaan eivätkä leviämään sademetsiin. Todennäköisesti ne ovat saapuneet saarelle myöhemmin kuin Canthonini- ja Helictopleurina-ryhmät, ja kilpailu näiden aiemmin kehittyneiden ja siten saarelle paremmin sopeutuneiden lajien kanssa on estänyt uudempien ryhmien levittäytymisen

The collaged practice : (un)familiar

My thesis exhibition is an installation of works including sculpture, video, paintings, a hand made book, sound, and drawings that emanated from a series of two-dimensional collages: self-contained forms that evoke the surreal, (un)familiar, and/or grotesque. Infused with a sort of mysterious being-hood and intended to inspire curiosity (at the least), they are unfamiliar in relation to a particular biological thing, but (mostly) recognizable in the autonomous bits and pieces. I seek to question where our physicality ends and the next form of biological life begins, and our responses to that physicality. With childlike inquisitiveness and wonder, and a healthy dose of humor, what emerges is the imaginings of these strange groupings and the desire to perhaps arouse that sense of wonder and inquisition within the viewer. These works were installed in a 5,000 square foot warehouse loft to create an embodiment of the ideas described in this paper. My intention is to create a reflexive experience for the viewer with gaps, or pauses for thought and contemplation, throughout the space. I see this body of work, as most bodies of work, as a practice, and defining that practice will continue to happen through the course of my artistic career. By working in the warehouse space, I was able to reveal layers and correlations between content and process. For me, it is an (un)familiar practice because of the intuitive, layered, and complex habits. This document serves as a reflection on this collaged installation that became a practice in and of itself. For my purposes, I have defined the collaged practice as layered exercises with various processes and materials coming from the same series of cut-paper collages. A large part of the vision for my thesis work is comprised of the human element, the interaction of persons within the transformed warehouse space, with the individual parts of the installation, and the collaborations therein

ANALISIS KOMPARATIF KINERJA KEUANGAN BANK UMUM SYARIAH (BUS) DENGAN PENDEKATAN PSAK NO. 59 DAN NILAI TAMBAH (PERIODE 2003 - 2008).

This Study offers an application of PSAK No. 59 Method and Value Added Method in measuring the performance of the syariah general banking sector. It explores the health and the value added of the syariah general banking sector. PSAK No. 59 method analysis is used as a proxy the banking health, in this research consist of: KPMM as represent of Capital: KAP as represent of Asset: NOM, ROA, and ROE as represent of Earning, and STM and STMP os represent of Liquidity. Value Added method analysis is used as a proxy the banking value added, in this research consist of NOM, ROA and ROE. Financial data are drawn from Published Financial Statement of Syariah General Banking for research period 2003-2008. In this way, the purposed model offers an empirical (comparative descriptive) reference set for comparing the syariah general banking performance with use PSAK No. 59 and Value Added Method. Both of two method, shown value added method have big ratio than rasio in PSAK No. 59, assumption several ratio in both as used in the same breath, that are NOM, ROE and ROA. The different ratio cause of different concept from each method. Beside that Syariah General Banking performance have indirect influence from the global economic crisis but stronger than convensional bank

Upaya meningkatkan prestasi belajar PPKN melalui model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe students team achievement division (STAD)

This classroom action research aims to improve student achievement by applying the Students Achievement Division (STAD) type of cooperative learning model. The subjects of this study were 36 students of class XI MIPA6 SMA Negeri 1 Sukawati in the odd semester of the 2019/2020 academic year. While the object of research is the learning achievement of PPKn. The data collection methods used were observation and learning achievement tests, which were then analyzed using descriptive methods for both qualitative and quantitative data. The criteria for the success of action research are determined based on the average value of learning achievement classically at least equivalent to the KKM score of 75. The results showed the learning process by applying the STAD type cooperative learning model can improve student achievement. This is evident from the completeness of student learning in Cycle I amounted to 86.11% and an average of 73.61 increased in Cycle II completeness of 94.44% and an average of 78.47%. The conclusion from this research is that the type of STAD cooperative learning model can improve student achievement. Penelitian tindakan kelas ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa dengan penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Students Achievement Division (STAD). Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI MIPA6 SMA Negeri 1 Sukawati semester ganjil tahun pelajaran 2019/2020 yang berjumlah 36 orang. Sedangkan objek penelitian adalah prestasi belajar PPKn. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi dan tes prestasi belajar yang selanjutnya dianalisis dengan metode deskriptif baik untuk data kualitatif maupun untuk data kuantitatif. Kriteria keberhasilan penelitian tindakan ditetapkan berdasarkan nilai rata-rata prestasi belajar secara klasikal minimal setara dengan nilai KKM sebesar 75. Hasil penelitian menunjukan proses pembelajaran dengan penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa. Ini terbukti dari ketuntasan belajar siswa pada Siklus I sebesar 86,11% dan rata rata 73,61 meningkat pada Siklus II ketuntasan sebesar 94,44% dan rata rata 78,47%. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa

Qualitative comparison of the perceptions of victims and school authorities on early adolescent female bullying

This qualitative study compared the perceptions of self-identified victims and school authority figures in regards to adolescent relational aggression among female middle school students. Six significant aspects of this issue were explored, including causal conditions; contextual factors; definitions and descriptions of relationally aggressive interactions; intervening conditions, such as recognition of the victims and their decision to report; intervention and prevention strategies within the school setting; and the negative consequences of relational aggression upon the victims. The data were developed into a grounded theory with the purpose of discovering effective aspects of anti-bullying intervention and prevention programs in U.S. schools. Findings included obstacles in reporting, ways victims preferred to be approached by educators, and foundational aspects of intervention based on student and educator experiences with bullying, including victim empowerment. The implications for schools in applying these findings were described, including a significant shift from a punishment-based approach to a learning-based approach in resolving peer bullying situations

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELEJARAN DISCOVERI LEARNING MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran discovery learning menggunakan pendekatan saintifik terhadap hasil belajar siswa materi getaran dan gelombang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode eksperimen. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 5 Gorontalo, Provinsi Gorontalo. Pengambilan sampel secara random yang menjadi sampel penelitian adalah kelas VIII A (Kelas Eksperimen) dan Kelas VIII B (Kelas Kontrol) berjumblah 30 orang untuk masing-masing kelas, desain penelitian yang digunakan dimana peneliti menentukan pengambilan secara random sampel penelitian yaitu Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Kelas eksperimen menggunakan metode eksperimen, kelas kontrol menggunakan metode ceramah. hipotesis dalam penelitian ini berdasarkan uji hipotesisi menggunakan uji t  dua sampel independen, diperoleh nilai thitung 17, 93 dan nilai ttabel 2,001 dengan taraf signifikan 5%. Nilai thtiung dan ttabel memberikan  Proporsi menjadi nilai   dimana kriteria yang digunakan , sehingga disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran descovery learning dapat menigkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Kata Kunci:Discoveri Learning, Saintifik, Hasil BelajarPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran discovery learning menggunakan pendekatan saintifik terhadap hasil belajar siswa materi getaran dan gelombang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode eksperimen. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 5 Gorontalo, Provinsi Gorontalo. Pengambilan sampel secara random yang menjadi sampel penelitian adalah kelas VIII A (Kelas Eksperimen) dan Kelas VIII B (Kelas Kontrol) berjumblah 30 orang untuk masing-masing kelas, desain penelitian yang digunakan dimana peneliti menentukan pengambilan secara random sampel penelitian yaitu Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Kelas eksperimen menggunakan metode eksperimen, kelas kontrol menggunakan metode ceramah. hipotesis dalam penelitian ini berdasarkan uji hipotesisi menggunakan uji t  dua sampel independen, diperoleh nilai thitung 17, 93 dan nilai ttabel 2,001 dengan taraf signifikan 5%. Nilai thtiung dan ttabel memberikan  Proporsi menjadi nilai   dimana kriteria yang digunakan , sehingga disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran descovery learning dapat menigkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Kata Kunci :Discoveri Learning, Saintifik, Hasil Belaja

Pengaruh Implementasi Model Pembelajaran Kontekstual Berbasis Asesmen Kinerja Terhadap Prestasi Belajar IPS Siswa Kelas VIII Di SMP Negeri 2 Nusa Penida Ditinjau Dari Minat Belajar ( Studi Eksperimen Pada Siswa Kelas VIII Di SMP N 2 Nusa Penida)

Oleh I Ketut Wirta ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh interaksi penerapan model pembelajaran dan minat belajar terhadap prestasi belajar IPS. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SMP Negeri 2 Nusa Penida dengan menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan desain factorial 2x2. Variabel dalam penelitian ini adalah model pembelajaran kontekstual berbasis asesmen kinerja dan model pembelajaran konvensional sebagai variabel bebas, prestasi belajar IPS sebagai variabel terikat. Minat belajar berperan sebagai variabel moderator. Instrumen minat belajar digunakan untuk mengukur minat belajar siswa dan tes prestasi belajar IPS digunakan untuk mengukur prestasi belajar IPS siswa. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 88 orang siswa kelas VIII yang diambil menggunakan teknik random sampling yang menghasilkan empat kelas sampel: dua kelas sebagai kelas eksperimen dan dua kelas sebagai kelas kontrol yang ditentukan dengan cara diundi. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan rancangan Post-tes Only Control Group Design. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa: (1) secara umum, prestasi belajar IPS siswa yang mengikuti model pembelajaran kontekstual berbasis assesmen kinerja lebih tinggi daripada siswa yang mengikuti model pembelajaran konvensional (FAHitung = 7,007, p<0,05); (2) untuk siswa yang memiliki minat belajar tinggi, prestasi belajar IPS siswa yang mengikuti model pembelajaran kontektual berbasis asesmen kinerja lebih tinggi daripada siswa yang mengikuti model pembelajaran konvensional (Qhitung = 8,071, p<0,05); (3) untuk siswa yang memiliki minat belajar rendah, prestasi belajar IPS siswa yang mengikuti model pembelajaran konvensional lebih tinggi daripada siswa yang mengikuti model pembelajaran kontekstual berbasis asesmen kinerja (QHitung = 3,494, p<0,05); dan (4) terdapat pengaruh interaksi yang signifikan antara penerapan model pembelajaran dan minat belajar siswa terhadap prestasi belajar IPS (FABHitung = 37,631, p<0,05). Atas dasar temuan di atas, disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran dan minat belajar mempunyai pengaruh terhadap prestasi belajar IPS pada siswa SMP Negeri 2 Nusa Penida. Kata kunci: model pembelajaran kontekstual, minat belajar, dan prestasi belajar IPS The Influence of Performance Assessment-Based Contextual Learning Model Observed from the Learning Interest in SMP Negeri 2 Nusa Penida (Experimental Study on the Students of SMP Negeri 2 Nusa Penida) by I Ketut Wirta ABSTRACT This research is intended to intestigate the interacting influence between learning model implementation along with the learning interest towards students achievements in learning Social science education (IPS). The research was held in SMP Negeri 2 Nusa Penida by applying experiment method with 2x2 factorial design. Variables in this research are: performance assessment-based contextual learning model and conventional learning model as independent variables, IPS Learning achievement as dependent variable, while learning interest acts as moderator variable. Data on learning interest were collected learning interest measures, and tests were used to measure students'IPS learning achievements. The research samples were 88 students of class VIII which were taken by using random sampling technique which finally produce 4 sample classes in which 2 classes as experiment groups and 2 classes as control groups. The research design used Post-Test Only Control Group Design. The research result shows that : 1) in general, IPS learning achievement between the students joining performance assessment-based contextual learning model is higher than those joining conventional learning model (F = 7.007, p<0.05), 2) for the students having high learning interest, the IPS learning achievements of the students joining performance assessment-based contextual learning model is higher than those joining conventional learning model (Q = 8.071, p<0.05), 3) for the students having low learning interest, IPS learning achievement between the students joining conventional leraning model is higher than those who join performance assessment-based contextual learning model (Q = 3.494, p<0.05), 4) there is a significant interacting influence between the implementation of learning model and learning interest of the students towards IPS learning achievement (F = 37.631, p<0.05). Based on the above finding, it can be concluded that learning model and learning interest have influence towards the students' IPS learning achievement, in SMP Negeri 2 Nusa Penida

Trade Must Go On. The Tar Trade, Nordic Rivalry, and Cross-Imperial Commercial Diplomacy, 1675–79

The Scanian War fought between Sweden and Denmark (1675–1679) is an example of an armed conflict, which uncovers the clash between the commercial and political interests. This article analyses the dispute between the political allies, the Danish Crown and the Dutch States General considering the trade with Sweden. The Danish naval officials had captured and confiscated the cargoes of seven Dutch tar vessels, heading to Amsterdam from present-day Finland in 1677, which resulted in a major political dispute between Denmark and the Dutch Republic. By drawing upon the methodology of new diplomatic history, the article analyses the negotiations between the diplomatic actors involved in the disputes relating to the confiscation of the ships, all of whom represented the various powers involved in the Baltic export trade.Peer reviewe

ENGARUH KUALITAS AUDIT TERHADAP TAX AVOIDANCE PADA PERUSAHAAN SEKTOR PERBANKAN YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI PERIODE 2016-2018

This study aims to determine how the effect of audit quality on Tax Avoidance in banking sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) by using control variables (Company Size and Leverage). This type of research used in this research is descriptive quantitative. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive statistical analysis, classical assumption test and multiple regression analysis. The sampling technique in this study used purposive sampling and obtained 27 banking companies with an observation period of 3 (three) years in order to obtain 81 sample units in this study. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that Audit Quality has a significant negative effect on Tax Avoidance. This means that the higher the audit quality, the lower the tax avoidance