Taktikanalyse im Nachwuchsfußball mit Hilfe systematischer Videoaufbereitung

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie lag darin, festzustellen, ob es möglich ist, innerhalb einer Trainingsperiode von 10 Wochen taktische Mängel, welche im Vorfeld der Untersuchung identifiziert wurden, im Nachwuchsfußball zu verbessern. Zu diesem Zweck sind vor diesem Trainingsprozess zwei Videos einer Fußballnachwuchsmannschaft angefertigt worden. Im Anschluss an die Videoaufzeichnung sind anhand einer Beobachtung, taktische Defizite festgestellt worden, welche dann innerhalb der Trainingsperiode bearbeitet worden sind. Nach Ablauf dieser 10 Wochen sind auf der Grundlage einer Entwicklungsdiagnostik abermals zwei Videos aufgenommen worden. Nach Abschluss der Videoaufnahmen sind von den vier Spielen (zwei vor bzw. zwei nach dem Trainingsprozess) alle Szenen herausgeschnitten worden, welche mit den identifizierten taktischen Mängeln in Zusammenhang stehen. Aus diesen gesammelten Videoszenen sind dann, für die in einem nächsten Schritt durchgeführte Expertenanalyse für jeden der taktischen Mängel, jeweils 10 Videoszenen vor bzw. 10 Videoszenen nach dem Trainingsprozess zufällig ausgewählt worden. Im Anschluss daran haben sechs Fußballexperten die ausgewählten Videoszenen beobachtet und anhand eines Auswertungsbogens, auf der Grundlage eines vierstufigen Systems (Gut, Eher Gut, Eher Schlecht, Schlecht) bewertet. Die Auswertung der aus der Expertenbefragung erhobenen Daten erfolgte mit dem Wilcoxon Test im Programm SPSS 14 ®. Aufgrund einer Signifikanz von 0,553, konnte festgestellt werden, dass es zu keiner Trainingsbedingten Verbesserung der taktischen Defizite gekommen ist. Das heißt, die H0 „Es gibt keinen Unterschied im taktischen Verhalten vor bzw. nach dem Trainingsprozess“ wird beibehalten und die H1 „Es gibt einen Unterschied im taktischen Verhalten vor bzw. nach dem Trainingsprozess“ darf nicht angenommen werden.Noticing the aim of the study on hand lay in it, whether it is possible to improve tactical defects within a training period from 10 weeks in the young football which were identified prior to the examination. To this end two videos of a football young team have been made before this training process. Following the video recording observation, tactical deficits which then have been processed within the training period have been established with one. After expiry of these 10 weeks two videos have been taken on the basis of a development diagnostics once again. After conclusion of the video recordings all scenes which is in connection with the identified tactical defects been cut out of the four games. From these collected video scenes 10 video scenes each then have in front of or been 10 video scenes selected after the training process by chance for the expert analysis for each of the tactical defects carried out in a next step. Following this, six football experts have watched the select video scenes and with an evaluation sheet, on the basis of a four-step system (good, rather good, rather bad, and bad) judged. The evaluation of the data imposed from the expert interview was carried out with the Wilcoxon test in the programme SPSS 14 ®. Due to a significance of 0,553 it could be noticed that it has not come to any training conditional improvement in the tactical deficits. This is said "it does not provide any difference in the tactical behaviour before or after the training process" and the H1 will keep "it provides a difference in the tactical behaviour before or after the training process", the H0, you may not assume

Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair after frozen elephant trunk procedure†

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the feasibility and the outcomes of second-stage thoracoabdominal (TA) repair after previous frozen elephant trunk (FET) implantation. METHODS Between 2005 and 2013, 41 patients underwent open TA aortic repair in our institution. Of these, 9 patients (78% male) underwent second-stage TA repair after previous FET implantation. Feasibility and outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS The mean interval between FET implantation and second-stage TA repair was 423 days (19-1979 days). Indications for second-stage TA repair were progression in aortic diameter of atherosclerotic aneurysms in the downstream segments in 6 patients, diameter progression in post-dissection aneurysms in 2 patients and giant cell aortitis with aneurysm formation in another patient. There were no in-hospital deaths. The median intensive care unit stay was 3.5 days (range: 1-12 days) and median hospital stay was 22 days (range: 14-132 days). We did not observe symptomatic spinal cord ischaemia or stroke. One patient (11%) developed acute renal failure requiring haemodialysis. CONCLUSION Second-stage TA aortic repair after previous frozen elephant implantation is a feasible and effective treatment modality for patients with various pathologies of downstream aortic segments. This approach adds additional value to the conventional elephant trunk technique by providing an excellent landing zone not only for additional stent graft procedures but also for subsequent open TA repai

The Persistent Sodium Current Blocker Riluzole Is Antiarrhythmic and Anti-Ischaemic in a Pig Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background The potential of the cardiac persistent sodium current as a target for protection of the myocardium from ischaemia and reperfusion injury is gaining increasing interest. We have investigated the anti-ischaemic and antiarrhythmic effects of riluzole, a selective INaP blocker, in an open chest pig model of infarction. Methods and Principal Findings The left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was ligated in 27 anesthetised pigs (landrace or large white, either sex, 20–35 kg) which had received riluzole (8 mg/kg IP; n = 6), lidocaine (2.5–12 mg/kg bolus plus 0.05–0.24 mg/kg/min; n = 11) or vehicle (n = 10) 50 min prior. Arrhythmias could be delineated into phase 1a (0 to 20 min), phase 1b (20 to 50 min) and phase 2 (from 50 min to termination at 180 min) and were classified as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) (spontaneously reverting within 15 s) or sustained VT or VF (ie. requiring cardioversion at 15 s). Riluzole reduced the average number of all arrhythmias in Phase 2 (PVCs from 484+/−119 to 32+/−13; non sustained arrhythmias from 8.9+/−4.4 to 0.7+/−0.5; sustained arrhythmias from 3.9+/−2.2 to 0.5+/−0.4); lidocaine reduced the average number of non-sustained and sustained arrhythmias (to 0.4+/−0.3 and 0.4+/−0.3 respectively) but not PVCs (to 390+/−234). Riluzole and lidocaine reduced the average number of sustained arrhythmias in phase 1b (from 1.8+/−0.4 to 0.17+/−0.13 (p<0.02) and to 0.55+/−0.26 (p = ns) respectively). Neither lidocaine or riluzole changed the ECG intervals: there was no statistical significance between groups at time zero (just before ligation) for any ECG measure. During the course of the 3 hour period of the ischaemia R-R, and P-R intervals shortened slightly in control and riluzole groups (not significantly different from each other) but not in the lidocaine group (significantly different from control). QRS and QTc did not change appreciably in any group Riluzole reduced the degree of histopathological tissue damage across the infarct zone considerably more than did lidocaine. Conclusions At the doses used, riluzole was at least as effective as lidocaine at reducing the number of episodes of ischaemic VT or VF in pigs, and much more effective at reducing the number of PVCs. We propose that this is related to the ability of riluzole to block cardiac persistent sodium currentSteven M. Weiss and David A. Sain

Synthese und Eigenschaften von Bor- und Übergangsmetallkomplexen mit Curcuminoidliganden

Curcumin ist ein natürlicher Farbstoff aus curcuma longa. Curcumin und seine Derivate haben wegen ihrer biologischen und photophysikalischen Eigenschaften in den letzten Jahren viel Aufmerksamkeit erregt. Die Komplexierung mittels Bortrifluorid bewirkt eine deutliche bathochrome Verschiebung der Absorptions- und Emissionsmaxima sowie eine Erhöhung der Quantenausbeuten. Mittels einer gegenüber der Literatur verbesserten Synthesestrategie konnten eine Reihe verschiedener Curcuminoid- BF2- Komplexe synthetisiert werden. Variiert wurden die Substituenten an den terminalen Arylringen sowie die Arylringe an sich. Es konnten mit elektronenziehenden und elektronenschiebenden Substituenten derivatisierte Systeme, poly- und heteroaromatische Systeme sowie ein organometallisches System synthetisiert werden. Im Folgenden wurde die Hydrolyse der BF2-Komplexe zur Freisetzung der eigentlichen Curcuminoide eingehend untersucht, eine effektive Synthesestrategie etabliert und ein entsprechender Mechanismus vorgeschlagen. Drei der erhaltenen Curcuminoide wurden zunächst deprotoniert und dann mit organometallischen Precursor- Komplexen von Ruthenium, Rhodium, Iridium und Palladium umgesetzt, um die entsprechenden Curcuminoid- Komplexe zu erhalten. Alle neuartigen Verbindungen wurden mittels ein- und mehrdimensionaler sowie Heterokern- NMR- Spektroskopie, Schmelzpunktanalyse, Massenspektrometrie, Elementaranalyse und UV/Vis- Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Die BF2- Komplexe wurden zusätzlich per Fluoreszenzspektroskopie untersucht und deren Fluoreszenzquantenausbeuten und -lebensdauern bestimmt. Einige Derivate konnten zusätzlich mittels Einkristall- Röntgendiffraktometrie charakterisiert werden. Das Bisferrocenylderivat wurde außerdem mittels Cyclovoltammetrie untersucht

Epigenetic Regulation of S100A9 and S100A12 Expression in Monocyte-Macrophage System in Hyperglycemic Conditions

The number of diabetic patients in Europe and world-wide is growing. Diabetes confers a 2-fold higher risk for vascular disease. Lack of insulin production (Type 1 diabetes, T1D) or lack of insulin responsiveness (Type 2 diabetes, T2D) causes systemic metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia (HG) which contribute to the pathology of diabetes. Monocytes and macrophages are key innate immune cells that control inflammatory reactions associated with diabetic vascular complications. Inflammatory programming of macrophages is regulated and maintained by epigenetic mechanisms, in particular histone modifications. The aim of our study was to identify the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the hyperglycemia-mediated macrophage activation. Using Affymetrix microarray profiling and RT-qPCR we identified that hyperglycemia increased the expression of S100A9 and S100A12 in primary human macrophages. Expression of S100A12 was sustained after glucose levels were normalized. Glucose augmented the response of macrophages to Toll-like receptor (TLR)-ligands Palmatic acid (PA) and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) i.e., pro-inflammatory stimulation. The abundance of activating histone Histone 3 Lysine 4 methylation marks (H3K4me1, H3K4me3) and general acetylation on histone 3 (AceH3) with the promoters of these genes was analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Hyperglycemia increased acetylation of histones bound to the promoters of S100A9 and S100A12 in M1 macrophages. In contrast, hyperglycemia caused a reduction in total H3 which correlated with the increased expression of both S100 genes. The inhibition of histone methyltransferases SET domain-containing protein (SET)7/9 and SET and MYND domain-containing protein (SMYD)3 showed that these specifically regulated S100A12 expression. We conclude that hyperglycemia upregulates expression of S100A9, S100A12 via epigenetic regulation and induces an activating histone code on the respective gene promoters in M1 macrophages. Mechanistically, this regulation relies on action of histone methyltransferases SMYD3 and SET7/9. The results define an important role for epigenetic regulation in macrophage mediated inflammation in diabetic conditions

Upgrade of a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope for electron-spin resonance

Electron spin resonance with a scanning tunneling microscope (ESR-STM) combines the high energy resolution of spin resonance spectroscopy with the atomic scale control and spatial resolution of STM. Here we describe the upgrade of a helium-3 STM with a 2D vector-field magnet (Bz = 8.0 T, Bx = 0.8 T) to an ESR-STM. The system is capable of delivering radio frequency (RF) power to the tunnel junction at frequencies up to 30 GHz. We demonstrate magnetic field-sweep ESR for the model system TiH/MgO/Ag(100) and find a magnetic moment of (1.004 ± 0.001) μB. Our upgrade enables to toggle between a DC mode, where the STM is operated with the regular control electronics, and an ultrafast-pulsed mode that uses an arbitrary waveform generator for pump-probe spectroscopy or reading of spin-states. Both modes allow for simultaneous radiofrequency excitation, which we add via a resistive pick-off tee to the bias voltage path. The RF cabling from room temperature to the 350 mK stage has an average attenuation of 18 dB between 5 and 25 GHz. The cable segment between the 350 mK stage and the STM tip presently attenuates an additional 34+5−3 dB from 10 to 26 GHz and 38+3−2 dB between 20 and 30 GHz. We discuss our transmission losses and indicate ways to reduce this attenuation. We finally demonstrate how to synchronize the arrival times of RF and DC pulses coming from different paths to the STM junction, a prerequisite for future pulsed ESR experiments

Silica nanoparticles are less toxic to human lung cells when deposited at the air-liquid interface compared to conventional submerged exposure

Background: Investigations on adverse biological effects of nanoparticles (NPs) in the lung by in vitro studies are usually performed under submerged conditions where NPs are suspended in cell culture media. However, the behaviour of nanoparticles such as agglomeration and sedimentation in such complex suspensions is difficult to control and hence the deposited cellular dose often remains unknown. Moreover, the cellular responses to NPs under submerged culture conditions might differ from those observed at physiological settings at the air–liquid interface.Results: In order to avoid problems because of an altered behaviour of the nanoparticles in cell culture medium and to mimic a more realistic situation relevant for inhalation, human A549 lung epithelial cells were exposed to aerosols at the air–liquid interphase (ALI) by using the ALI deposition apparatus (ALIDA). The application of an electrostatic field allowed for particle deposition efficiencies that were higher by a factor of more than 20 compared to the unmodified VITROCELL deposition system. We studied two different amorphous silica nanoparticles (particles produced by flame synthesis and particles produced in suspension by the Stöber method). Aerosols with well-defined particle sizes and concentrations were generated by using a commercial electrospray generator or an atomizer. Only the electrospray method allowed for the generation of an aerosol containing monodisperse NPs. However, the deposited mass and surface dose of the particles was too low to induce cellular responses. Therefore, we generated the aerosol with an atomizer which supplied agglomerates and thus allowed a particle deposition with a three orders of magnitude higher mass and of surface doses on lung cells that induced significant biological effects. The deposited dose was estimated and independently validated by measurements using either transmission electron microscopy or, in case of labelled NPs, by fluorescence analyses. Surprisingly, cells exposed at the ALI were less sensitive to silica NPs as evidenced by reduced cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses.Conclusion: Amorphous silica NPs induced qualitatively similar cellular responses under submerged conditions and at the ALI. However, submerged exposure to NPs triggers stronger effects at much lower cellular doses. Hence, more studies are warranted to decipher whether cells at the ALI are in general less vulnerable to NPs or specific NPs show different activities dependent on the exposure method

Decreased hippocampal cell proliferation in mice with experimental antiphospholipid syndrome

The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, which may trigger vascular thrombosis with consecutive infarcts. However, cognitive dysfunctions representing one of the most commonest neuropsychiatric symptoms are frequently present despite the absence of any ischemic brain lesions. Data on the structural and functional basis of the neuropsychiatric symptoms are sparse. To examine the effect of APS on hippocampal neurogenesis and on white matter, we induced experimental APS (eAPS) in adult female Balb/C mice by immunization with β2-glycoprotein 1. To investigate cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus granular cell layer (DG GCL), eAPS and control mice (n = 5, each) were injected with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) once a day for 10 subsequent days. Sixteen weeks after immunization, eAPS resulted in a significant reduction of BrdU-positive cells in the DG GCL compared to control animals. However, double staining with doublecortin and NeuN revealed a largely preserved neurogenesis. Ultrastructural analysis of corpus callosum (CC) axons in eAPS (n = 6) and control mice (n = 7) revealed no significant changes in CC axon diameter or g-ratio. In conclusion, decreased cellular proliferation in the hippocampus of eAPS mice indicates a limited regenerative potential and may represent one neuropathological substrate of cognitive changes in APS while evidence for alterations of white matter integrity is lacking. Keywords Antiphospholipid syndrome Corpus callosum g-ratio BrdU Neurogenesi