The metabolic features of tumor-associated macrophages : opportunities for immunotherapy?

Funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.Besides transformed cells, the tumors are composed of various cell types that contribute to undesirable tumor progression. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant innate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Within the TME, TAMs exhibit high plasticity and undergo specific functional metabolic alterations according to the availability of tumor tissue oxygen and nutrients, thus further contributing to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Here, we review the main functional TAM metabolic patterns influenced by TME, including glycolysis, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism. Moreover, this review discusses antitumor immunotherapies that affect TAM functionality by inducing cell repolarizing and metabolic profiles towards an antitumoral phenotype. Also, new macrophage-based cell therapeutic technologies recently developed using chimeric antigen receptor bioengineering are exposed, which may overcome all solid tumor physical barriers impeding the current adoptive cell therapies and contribute to developing novel cancer immunotherapies.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

THE CONCEPT OF FRAGMENTATION: BETWEEN FORM AND FORMLESS

Drawing on the idea that abstraction of architectural design is repeatedly demonstrated by new concepts, and that the idea of the design contains a fragment of its internal laws, the paper raises the question of alteration of forms towards new time- space categories. In contrast to Euclidean geometry based on the continuity of geometric forms, fragmented forms draw upon deformations and variability, operating in the limit zones, for the design, zones of the greatest creativity and potentiality. A new understanding of reality shaped by digitization of all systems has created the basis for forms of self-organization, openness, contingency, and emergence. What we have before us is basically a new aesthetics that goes beyond the horizon of visible in a way that allows the whole world and all its parts to be seen in a completely new, immaterial way. This means that architectural forms appear in the visibility zones, together with the forms of their systemic dislocation

Practise beyond context : seeking for difference

Abstract Outside platform sets the framework for research into architectural practice by examining the conditions of contemporary context. The OUTSIDE project proposes the notion of otherness by rethinking the existing architectural concepts materialized in practice, while striving to structure new mechanisms for their interpretation. In this way, selected projects become elements for the interpretation of reality - a radical critique of modern society, the genesis of the multiple layers of perception or the experience of the impossible. One of the main intentions was to underline the capacity of a regional scene for producing architectural newness beyond the local framework of architectural education, regulations and structural patterns of the practice. The presented research argues that formal regulations and conditions of architectural practice are inversely proportional to the innovative approaches in architecture