109 research outputs found
Workshop on Observations of Recent Comets (1990)
Potential interpretations are presented for observations of four comets: Brorsen-Metcalf (1989o), Okazaki-Levy-Rudenko (1989r), Aarseth-Brewington (1989a1), and Austin (1989o1). The relationship of minor species with each other and possible parents as well as with dust are being pursued in a number of investigations. Of particular interest are the abundance ratios of CH4 to CO and NH3 to N2. The need for closer collaboration betwen observing teams and modelers is examined. The need for dust size distribution as a function of cometocentric distance to be analyzed in closer collaboration between observers and modelers is discussed
Illegale MĂ€rkte: Stand der sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung
Anders als legale MĂ€rkte sind illegale MĂ€rkte in der marktsoziologischen Forschung bislang kaum beachtet worden. Hier knĂŒpft das Working Paper an: Es gibt einen Ăberblick ĂŒber die wissenschaftliche Literatur zu illegalen MĂ€rkten mit dem Ziel, ihre Erforschung voranzutreiben. Auf der Basis einer eigenen Klassifikation werden die Ergebnisse kriminologischer, soziologischer, politikwissenschaftlicher, anthropologischer, wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher und weiterer Studien zu einzelnen illegalen MĂ€rkten vorgestellt. Davon ausgehend werden ihre strukturellen, organisatorischen und prozessualen Merkmale aus einer wirtschaftssoziologischen Perspektive zusammengefasst. Der Bericht schlĂ€gt Themenbereiche fĂŒr eine zukĂŒnftige Erforschung illegaler MĂ€rkte vor, deren Ergebnisse auch zum allgemeinen VerstĂ€ndnis von MĂ€rkten beitragen sollen.This research report gives an overview of the academic literature on illegal markets. Compared to legal markets, the sociology of markets has largely neglected illegal markets and the report therefore encourages their investigation. Results are presented from studies in criminology, sociology, political science, anthropology, economics, and other disciplines and a typology of illegal markets is developed. The literature review is used as a basis to summarize, from an economic sociological perspective, the characteristics of illegal markets with regard to market structure, organization, and processes. The report suggests areas of future research whose results would add to the general understanding of markets.Vorwort 1 Entstehung und Arten illegaler MĂ€rkte 1.1 Arten illegaler MĂ€rkte 1.1.1 Ăberblick 1.1.2 Typ-I-MĂ€rkte 1.1.3 Typ-II-MĂ€rkte 1.1.4 Typ-III-MĂ€rkte 1.1.5 Typ-IV-MĂ€rkte 1.1.6 Typ-V-MĂ€rkte 1.2 Entstehung und Beziehung zu legalen MĂ€rkten 1.2.1 Bedingungen fĂŒr die Entstehung illegaler MĂ€rkte 1.2.2 VerhĂ€ltnis zu legalen MĂ€rkten 1.2.3 ĂbergĂ€nge zwischen legalen und illegalen MĂ€rkten 2 Die MĂ€rkte im Einzelnen 2.1 Typ-I-MĂ€rkte 2.1.1 Drogen 2.1.2 Sklaverei und Menschenhandel 2.1.3 Kinder-, Gewalt- und Tierpornografie 2.1.4 Prostitution einschlieĂlich Kinderprostitution 2.1.5 Schleusung 2.2 Typ-II-MĂ€rkte: Diebesgut 2.2.1 Diebesgut im Allgemeinen 2.2.2 Autohehlerei 2.2.3 Kunst 2.3 Typ-III-MĂ€rkte: FĂ€lschungen 2.3.1 FĂ€lschungen im Allgemeinen 2.3.2 Medikamente 2.4 Typ-IV-MĂ€rkte 2.4.1 Organe 2.4.2 Ersatzmutterschaft 2.4.3 Adoptionen 2.4.4 Persönliche Daten 2.5 Typ-V-MĂ€rkte 2.5.1 Waffen 2.5.2 Zigaretten 2.5.3 Edelsteine 2.5.4 Holz 2.5.5 GeschĂŒtzte Arten 2.5.6 GlĂŒcksspiel 2.5.7 Sicherheit 3 Ergebnisse des LiteraturĂŒberblicks: Merkmale illegaler MĂ€rkte 3.1 Auswirkungen der IllegalitĂ€t auf wirtschaftliches Handeln 3.1.1 Verfolgungsdruck 3.1.2 Fehlende Wirksamkeit von VertrĂ€gen 3.1.3 Mangelndes Vertrauen 3.1.4 Mangelnde Finanzierung 3.1.5 Wert des gehandelten Gutes 3.2 Strukturmerkmale von illegalen MĂ€rkten 3.2.1 Organisation in Netzwerkstrukturen 3.2.2 Intransparenz 3.2.3 Fehlende Wettbewerbsregulierung 3.3 Mechanismen fĂŒr wirtschaftliches Handeln auf illegalen MĂ€rkten 3.3.1 Reputation 3.3.2 Wiederholte Beziehungen 3.3.3 Soziale Bindung 3.3.4 Gewalt 3.4 Auswirkungen illegaler MĂ€rkte 3.4.1 Wirtschaftliche Folgen 3.4.2 Gesellschaftliche Folgen 3.5 Ausblick 4 Anhang: SchĂ€tzungen zum Umfang verschiedener illegaler MĂ€rkte Literatu
High-frequency subsurface and bulk dynamics of liquid indium
We have performed bulk and surface-sensitive inelastic x-ray scattering experiments on liquid indium with 3 meV energy resolution. The experimental data are well reproduced within a generalized hydrodynamic model including structural and microscopic relaxation processes. We find a longitudinal viscosity of 22 mPa s in the near-surface region compared to 7.4 mPa s in the bulk. The origin of the increase is associated with a slowing down of the collective dynamics in a subsurface region of 4.6 nm. © 2007 The American Physical Society
Crystal Growth with Oxygen Partial Pressure of the BaCuSi2O6 and Ba1-xSrxCuSi2O6 Spin Dimer Compounds
BaCuSi2O6 is a quasi-two-dimensional spin dimer system and a model material for studying Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of magnons in high magnetic fields. The new Bai(1-x)Sr(x)CuSi(2)O(6) mixed system, which can be grown with x <= 0.3, and BaCuSi2O6, both grown by using a crystal growth method with enhanced oxygen partial pressure, have the same tetragonal structure (I4(1)/acd) at room temperature. The mixed system shows no structural phase transition so that the tetragonal structure is stable down to low temperatures. The oxygen partial pressure acts as a control parameter for the growth process. A detailed understanding of the crystal structure depending on the oxygen content will enable the study of the spin dynamics of field-induced order states in this model magnetic compound of high current interest with only one type of dimer layers, which shows the same distance between the Cu atoms, in the structure
Fibrinogen storage disease without hypofibrinogenemia associated with estrogen therapy
BACKGROUND: Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies within hepatocytes may have different etiologies, including the Endoplasmic Reticulum Storage Diseases (ERSDs). ERSD is a pathological condition characterized by abnormal accumulation of proteins destined for secretion in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes; it may be congenital (primary) or acquired (secondary). Fibrinogen storage disease is a form of ERSD. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of fibrinogen storage disease secondary to estrogen replacement therapy. Its causal relationship to the drug is shown by histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies of paired liver biopsies obtained during and after the drug therapy. CONCLUSION: The liver biopsies of patients with idiopathic liver enzyme abnormalities should be carefully evaluated for cytoplasmic inclusion bodies and, although rare, fibrinogen deposits
Herschel/HIFI observations of interstellar OH+ and H2O+ towards W49N: a probe of diffuse clouds with a small molecular fraction
We report the detection of absorption by interstellar hydroxyl cations and
water cations, along the sight-line to the bright continuum source W49N. We
have used Herschel's HIFI instrument, in dual beam switch mode, to observe the
972 GHz N = 1 - 0 transition of OH+ and the 1115 GHz 1(11) - 0(00) transition
of ortho-H2O+. The resultant spectra show absorption by ortho-H2O+, and strong
absorption by OH+, in foreground material at velocities in the range 0 to 70
km/s with respect to the local standard of rest. The inferred OH+/H2O+
abundance ratio ranges from ~ 3 to ~ 15, implying that the observed OH+ arises
in clouds of small molecular fraction, in the 2 - 8% range. This conclusion is
confirmed by the distribution of OH+ and H2O+ in Doppler velocity space, which
is similar to that of atomic hydrogen, as observed by means of 21 cm absorption
measurements, and dissimilar from that typical of other molecular tracers. The
observed OH+/H abundance ratio of a few E-8 suggests a cosmic ray ionization
rate for atomic hydrogen of (0.6 - 2.4) E-16 s-1, in good agreement with
estimates inferred previously for diffuse clouds in the Galactic disk from
observations of interstellar H3+ and other species.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A Letter
Detection of interstellar oxidaniumyl: abundant H2O+ towards the star-forming regions DR21, Sgr B2, and NGC6334
We identify a prominent absorption feature at 1115 GHz, detected in first
HIFI spectra towards high-mass star-forming regions, and interpret its
astrophysical origin. The characteristic hyperfine pattern of the H2O+
ground-state rotational transition, and the lack of other known low-energy
transitions in this frequency range, identifies the feature as H2O+ absorption
against the dust continuum background and allows us to derive the velocity
profile of the absorbing gas. By comparing this velocity profile with velocity
profiles of other tracers in the DR21 star-forming region, we constrain the
frequency of the transition and the conditions for its formation. In DR21, the
velocity distribution of H2O+ matches that of the [CII] line at 158\mu\m and of
OH cm-wave absorption, both stemming from the hot and dense clump surfaces
facing the HII-region and dynamically affected by the blister outflow. Diffuse
foreground gas dominates the absorption towards Sgr B2. The integrated
intensity of the absorption line allows us to derive lower limits to the H2O+
column density of 7.2e12 cm^-2 in NGC 6334, 2.3e13 cm^-2 in DR21, and 1.1e15
cm^-2 in Sgr B2.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&
Energy Policy at Crossroad: potentials for sustainable energy transition in the Middle East and North African region
Countries of the Middle East and North African (MENA) region such as Morocco, Jordan and Tunisia, are facing challenges which require systems analysis. These challenges are connected with the growing energy demand and the need to diversify energy supply while addressing targets of climate change mitigation and energy security policies. At the same time the countries of the MENA region are also facing challenges of socio-economic development, such as the need in creation of jobs and multiplier effects for national economies as well as of further technological development and political transformation.
Deployment of new and upgrading of existing electricity infrastructure, including generation, transmission and distribution systems, is an important prerequisite for sustainable development and economic growth. Energy policy solutions are needed for further upgrading of electricity system, which should be cost efficient, should support multiple development objectives and be based on compromise solutions involving a variety of views as well as perceptions of risks and benefits of various technologies from different stakeholdersâ groups. The goal of this research was to explore economic, social, political and environmental effects on national and local levels of different electricity pathways for the period of up to the year 2050 in three countries of the MENA region. The methodology of this research was based on integrated and interdisciplinary approach while applying various methods of stakeholdersâ dialogue such as multi criteria decision analysis, participatory modeling and others
Modulation of cancer cell growth and progression by Caveolin-1 in the tumor microenvironment
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a major structural component of cell membrane caveolae, is involved in a variety of intracellular signaling pathways as well as transmembrane transport. Cav-1, as a scaffolding protein, modulates signal transduction associated with cell cycle progression, cellular senescence, cell proliferation and death, lipid homeostasis, etc. Cav-1 is also thought to regulate the expression or activity of oncoproteins, such as Src family kinases, H-Ras, protein kinase C, epidermal growth factor, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Because of its frequent overexpression or mutation in various tumor tissues and cancer cell lines, Cav-1 has been speculated to play a role as an oncoprotein in cancer development and progression. In contrast, Cav-1 may also function as a tumor suppressor, depending on the type of cancer cells and/or surrounding -stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment as well as the stage of tumors.
Application of femtosecond laser mass spectrometry to the analysis of volatile organic compounds
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