542 research outputs found
An Asymmetric Cone Model for Halo Coronal Mass Ejections
Due to projection effects, coronagraphic observations cannot uniquely
determine parameters relevant to the geoeffectiveness of CMEs, such as the true
propagation speed, width, or source location. The Cone Model for Coronal Mass
Ejections (CMEs) has been studied in this respect and it could be used to
obtain these parameters. There are evidences that some CMEs initiate from a
flux-rope topology. It seems that these CMEs should be elongated along the
flux-rope axis and the cross section of the cone base should be rather
elliptical than circular. In the present paper we applied an asymmetric cone
model to get the real space parameters of frontsided halo CMEs (HCMEs) recorded
by SOHO/LASCO coronagraphs in 2002. The cone model parameters are generated
through a fitting procedure to the projected speeds measured at different
position angles on the plane of the sky. We consider models with the apex of
the cone located at the center and surface of the Sun. The results are compared
to the standard symmetric cone model
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A Modeling Study Evaluating the Thermal-Hydrological Conditions In and Near Waste Emplacement Tunnels At Yucca Mountain
In heated tunnels such as those designated for emplacement of radioactive waste at the proposed geologic repository at Yucca Mountain, temperature gradients cause natural convection processes that may significantly influence the moisture conditions in the tunnels and in the surrounding fractured rock. Large-scale convection cells in the heated tunnels would provide an effective mechanism for turbulent mixing and axial transport of vapor generated from evaporation of pore water in the nearby formation. As a result, vapor would be transported from the elevated-temperature sections of the tunnels into cool end sections (where no waste is emplaced), would condense there, and subsequently drain into underlying rock units. To study these processes, we have developed a new simulation method that couples existing tools for simulating thermal-hydrological (TH) conditions in the fractured formation with a module that approximates turbulent natural convection in heated emplacement drifts. The new method simultaneously handles (1) the flow and energy transport processes in the fractured rock, (2) the flow and energy transport processes in the cavity, and (3) the heat and mass exchange at the rock-cavity interface. An application is presented studying the future TH conditions within and near a representative waste emplacement tunnel at Yucca Mountain. Particular focus is on the potential for condensation along the emplacement section, a possible result of heat output differences between individual waste packages
Solar Flares and Coronal Mass Ejections: A Statistically Determined Flare Flux-CME Mass Correlation
In an effort to examine the relationship between flare flux and corresponding
CME mass, we temporally and spatially correlate all X-ray flares and CMEs in
the LASCO and GOES archives from 1996 to 2006. We cross-reference 6,733 CMEs
having well-measured masses against 12,050 X-ray flares having position
information as determined from their optical counterparts. For a given flare,
we search in time for CMEs which occur 10-80 minutes afterward, and we further
require the flare and CME to occur within +/-45 degrees in position angle on
the solar disk. There are 826 CME/flare pairs which fit these criteria.
Comparing the flare fluxes with CME masses of these paired events, we find CME
mass increases with flare flux, following an approximately log-linear, broken
relationship: in the limit of lower flare fluxes, log(CME mass)~0.68*log(flare
flux), and in the limit of higher flare fluxes, log(CME mass)~0.33*log(flare
flux). We show that this broken power-law, and in particular the flatter slope
at higher flare fluxes, may be due to an observational bias against CMEs
associated with the most energetic flares: halo CMEs. Correcting for this bias
yields a single power-law relationship of the form log(CME mass)~0.70*log(flare
flux). This function describes the relationship between CME mass and flare flux
over at least 3 dex in flare flux, from ~10^-7 to 10^-4 W m^-2.Comment: 28 pages, 16 figures, accepted to Solar Physic
Searching for solar siblings in APOGEE and Gaia DR2 with N-body simulations
Computational astrophysic
Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori: a combined analysis of 12 case control studies nested within prospective cohorts
BACKGROUND: The magnitude of the association
between Helicobacter pylori and
incidence of gastric cancer is unclear. H
pylori infection and the circulating antibody
response can be lost with development
of cancer; thus retrospective studies
are subject to bias resulting from classifi-
cation of cases as H pylori negative when
they were infected in the past.
AIMS: To combine data from all case control
studies nested within prospective
cohorts to assess more reliably the relative
risk of gastric cancer associated with H
pylori infection.To investigate variation in
relative risk by age, sex, cancer type and
subsite, and interval between blood sampling
and cancer diagnosis.
METHODS: Studies were eligible if blood
samples for H pylori serology were collected
before diagnosis of gastric cancer in
cases. Identified published studies and two
unpublished studies were included. Individual
subject data were obtained for
each. Matched odds ratios (ORs) and 95%
confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated
for the association between H pylori
and gastric cancer.
RESULTS: Twelve studies with 1228 gastric
cancer cases were considered. The association
with H pylori was restricted to noncardia
cancers (OR 3.0; 95% CI 2.3–3.8)
and was stronger when blood samples for
H pylori serology were collected 10+ years
before cancer diagnosis (5.9; 3.4–10.3). H
pylori infection was not associated with an
altered overall risk of cardia cancer (1.0;
0.7–1.4).
CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that
5.9 is the best estimate of the relative risk
of non-cardia cancer associated with H
pylori infection and that H pylori does not
increase the risk of cardia cancer. They
also support the idea that when H pylori
status is assessed close to cancer diagnosis,
the magnitude of the non-cardia
association may be underestimated
Dynamics of Coronal Bright Points as seen by Sun Watcher using Active Pixel System detector and Image Processing (SWAP), Atmospheric Imaging Assembly AIA), and Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI)
The \textit{Sun Watcher using Active Pixel system detector and Image
Processing}(SWAP) on board the \textit{PRoject for OnBoard Autonomy\todash 2}
(PROBA\todash 2) spacecraft provides images of the solar corona in EUV channel
centered at 174 \AA. These data, together with \textit{Atmospheric Imaging
Assembly} (AIA) and the \textit{Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager} (HMI) on
board \textit{Solar Dynamics Observatory} (SDO), are used to study the dynamics
of coronal bright points. The evolution of the magnetic polarities and
associated changes in morphology are studied using magnetograms and
multi-wavelength imaging. The morphology of the bright points seen in
low-resolution SWAP images and high-resolution AIA images show different
structures, whereas the intensity variations with time show similar trends in
both SWAP 174 and AIA 171 channels. We observe that bright points are seen in
EUV channels corresponding to a magnetic-flux of the order of Mx. We
find that there exists a good correlation between total emission from the
bright point in several UV\todash EUV channels and total unsigned photospheric
magnetic flux above certain thresholds. The bright points also show periodic
brightenings and we have attempted to find the oscillation periods in bright
points and their connection to magnetic flux changes. The observed periods are
generally long (10\todash 25 minutes) and there is an indication that the
intensity oscillations may be generated by repeated magnetic reconnection
Magnetic Flux of EUV Arcade and Dimming Regions as a Relevant Parameter for Early Diagnostics of Solar Eruptions - Sources of Non-Recurrent Geomagnetic Storms and Forbush Decreases
This study aims at the early diagnostics of geoeffectiveness of coronal mass
ejections (CMEs) from quantitative parameters of the accompanying EUV dimming
and arcade events. We study events of the 23th solar cycle, in which major
non-recurrent geomagnetic storms (GMS) with Dst <-100 nT are sufficiently
reliably identified with their solar sources in the central part of the disk.
Using the SOHO/EIT 195 A images and MDI magnetograms, we select significant
dimming and arcade areas and calculate summarized unsigned magnetic fluxes in
these regions at the photospheric level. The high relevance of this eruption
parameter is displayed by its pronounced correlation with the Forbush decrease
(FD) magnitude, which, unlike GMSs, does not depend on the sign of the Bz
component but is determined by global characteristics of ICMEs. Correlations
with the same magnetic flux in the solar source region are found for the GMS
intensity (at the first step, without taking into account factors determining
the Bz component near the Earth), as well as for the temporal intervals between
the solar eruptions and the GMS onset and peak times. The larger the magnetic
flux, the stronger the FD and GMS intensities are and the shorter the ICME
transit time is. The revealed correlations indicate that the main quantitative
characteristics of major non-recurrent space weather disturbances are largely
determined by measurable parameters of solar eruptions, in particular, by the
magnetic flux in dimming areas and arcades, and can be tentatively estimated in
advance with a lead time from 1 to 4 days. For GMS intensity, the revealed
dependencies allow one to estimate a possible value, which can be expected if
the Bz component is negative.Comment: 27 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in Solar Physic
Optimised mixing and flow resistance during shear flow over a rib roughened boundary
A series of numerical investigations has been performed to study the effect of lower boundary roughness on turbulent flow in a two-dimensional channel. The roughness spacing to height ratio, w/k, has been investigated over the range 0.12 to 402 by varying the horizontal rib spacing. The square roughness elements each have a cross-sectional area of (0.05 H)2, where H is the full channel height. The Reynolds number, Reτ is fixed based on the value of the imposed pressure gradient, dp/dx, and is in the range 6.3 × 103 − 4.5 × 104. A Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) based turbulence modelling approach is adopted using a commercial CFD code, ANSYS-CFX 14.0. Measurements of eddy viscosity and friction factor have been made over this range to establish the optimum spacings to produce maximum turbulence enhancement, mixing and resistance to flow. These occur when w/k is approximately 7. It is found that this value is only weakly dependent on Reynolds number, and the decay rate of turbulence enhancement as a function of w/k ratio beyond this optimum spacing is slow. The implications for heat transfer design optimisation and particle transport are considered
Evaluation of turbulent dissipation rate retrievals from Doppler Cloud Radar
Turbulent dissipation rate retrievals from cloud radar Doppler velocity measurements are evaluated using independent, in situ observations in Arctic stratocumulus clouds. In situ validation data sets of dissipation rate are derived using sonic anemometer measurements from a tethered balloon and high frequency pressure variation observations from a research aircraft, both flown in proximity to stationary, ground-based radars. Modest biases are found among the data sets in particularly low- or high-turbulence regimes, but in general the radar-retrieved values correspond well with the in situ measurements. Root mean square differences are typically a factor of 4-6 relative to any given magnitude of dissipation rate. These differences are no larger than those found when comparing dissipation rates computed from tetheredballoon and meteorological tower-mounted sonic anemometer measurements made at spatial distances of a few hundred meters. Temporal lag analyses suggest that approximately half of the observed differences are due to spatial sampling considerations, such that the anticipated radar-based retrieval uncertainty is on the order of a factor of 2-3. Moreover, radar retrievals are clearly able to capture the vertical dissipation rate structure observed by the in situ sensors, while offering substantially more information on the time variability of turbulence profiles. Together these evaluations indicate that radar-based retrievals can, at a minimum, be used to determine the vertical structure of turbulence in Arctic stratocumulus clouds
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