LAPORAN INDIVIDU PRAKTEK PENGALAMAN LAPANGAN (PPL) PERIODE 11 AGUSTUS - 11 SEPTEMBER 2015 SMP NEGERI 1 PAKEM

Praktik Pengalaman Lapangan (PPL) merupakan strategi untuk melengkapi kompetensi mahasiswa sebagai calon tenaga pendidik. PPL bertujuan untuk memberikan pengalaman kepada mahasiswa baik yang berkaitan dengan proses pembelajaran maupun kegiatan adminitrasi pendidikan dalam rangka melatih dan mengembangkan kompetensi keguruan atau kependidikan. Melalui PPL mahasiswa dapat mendarmabaktikan ilmu akademisnya di lapangan dan juga dapat belajar dari lapangan. PPL juga berfungsi sebagai salah satu cara melatih mental mahasiswa didepan dan diluar kelas. Selain itu, PPL dapat menambah pengalaman dan wawasan dalam proses KBM, agar nantinya mahasiswa mempunyai bekal untuk terjun kedalam dunia pendidikan sebagai tenaga pendidik. Praktek Pengalaman Lapangan telah dilaksanakan di SMP Negeri 1 Pakem mulai tangga l1 Agustus hingga 11 September 2015. Kegiatan yang telah dilaksanakan meliputi praktek mengajar, pembuatan RPP, dan pembuatan media pembelajaran serta kegiatan lainnya yang diselenggarakan di sekolah. Praktek mengajar dimulai dari tanggal 20 Agustus 2015 sampai tanggal 10 September 2015. Kegiatan praktik mengajar dilaksanakan setiap hari Senin (Jam ke-5 dan 6) di kelas VII D dan Rabu (Jam ke-1 dan 2) di kelas VII D mengajar pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial dengan materi “Memahami Lingkungan Kehidupan Manusia” (Mendiskripsikan Kehidupan pada Masa Pra-Aksara di Indonesia). Pengajaran dilakukan dengan cara Mengajar Terbimbing. Berdasarkan hasil pelaksanaan, program PPL dapat berjalan lancar meskipun ada sedikit hambatan dalam pelaksanaannya. Namun demikian hambatan tersebut dapat teratasi berkat hubungan dengan guru pembimbing dan pihak sekolah. Namun, hal ini secara umum tidak mempengaruhi kinerja praktikan dalam melaksanakan programnya. Kelancaran pelaksanaan program PPL UNY 2015 ini tidak lepas dari adanya kerjasama yang baik antara pihak mahasiswa, guru, karyawan dan siswa SMP Negeri 1 Pakem

Rigor and reproducibility of cancer medicine evidence

The burden of cancer in the United States and abroad is comprised of significant morbidity, mortality, and psychological or financial harms. There remains a concern that the influence of published research is not maximized because of bias, lack of reproducibility, and suboptimal transparency. This dissertation comprises 10 investigations of such shortcomings. As a result of these 10 studies we first found that oncology journal policies on reporting guidelines and trial registration could be improved to strengthen the transparency in published research. We found that key improvements to oncology interventions in trials could facilitate better translation of published results to daily clinical practice. An investigation of financial relationships between oncologist-authors of influential trials and pharmaceutical drug firms uncovered pervasive, large, often undisclosed conflicts of interest. In a cohort of published trials, we found that oncologist authors misrepresented or distorted their findings to highlight favorable findings, even if this meant downplaying patient-centered endpoint results. We evaluated the potential harm from the publication of interim trial reports before patient-centered endpoints have accrued the necessary events to be fully powered. We reviewed a broad cohort of drug advertisements and found that drug firms omitted endpoints that were unfavorable, potentially compromising the integrity of the drug's advertised efficacy. We found that noninferiority trials, which are increasingly important in oncology research, were poorly designed and used statistical practices which may compromise their robustness. We turned to systematic reviews, finding that one's ability to reproduce the results of oncology meta-analyses was compromised by incomplete reporting of basic patient data. We found a significant risk of bias in systematic reviews cited by prominent cancer practice guidelines were at risk of bias. We investigated prominent cancer practice guidelines and found that patient values and preferences were undervalued. Altogether, the results of these ten studies indicate that oncology research requires a number of major and minor improvements to maximize its ability to work fully for the patient's benefit

Potential effects of financial conflicts of interest of speakers at the Pulmonary/Allergy Drug Advisory meetings

Rationale: The Pulmonary-Allergy Drugs Advisory Committee (PADAC) evaluates the safety and efficacy of new drugs used in the treatment of pulmonary, allergic, and immunologic diseases. Previous studies have shown, however, that positive recommendations from advisory committees are associated with drug approval by the FDA in up to 79% of cases.Objective: To investigate the relationship between FCOI among public speakers and their recommendations for the drug under review at PADAC meetings and to determine whether the number of speakers and the number of speakers with FOCI were related to PADAC voting patterns.Methods: We included the testimonies of all public speakers at the PADAC meetings from November 2009 to May 2019 using verbatim transcripts deposited on the FDA website. We used a pilot tested Google form to perform blinded, independent data extraction for each speaker. An ordered logistic regression was performed with each speaker's overall statement about the drug — negative, positive or neutral — serving as the dependent variable. Independent variables included whether the speaker was taking the drug in question, whether the speaker had the disorder treated by the drug, and whether the speaker disclosed a FCOI. Stata 15.1 was used for all analyses.Results: From 16 PADAC meetings, we extracted data for 128 speakers. From all meetings included in our sample, 38% (49/128) disclosed a FCOI. Our ordered logistic regression model found that speakers who disclosed a FCOI were significantly more likely to give a positive testimony than those who did not (OR = 5.13, 95% CI = 1.83—14.37, P < 0.001) and that speakers who had the disorder for which the drug was taken were significantly more likely to provide positive testimony than speakers who did not have the disorder (OR=5.49, 95% CI = 1.84 — 14.37, P < .01).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that public speakers who have FCOI are more likely to recommend drugs for approval, at least within the context of PADAC. However, these findings combined with others show a consistent effect. Greater efforts are needed to understand the effects of public speakers on voting behaviors. Changes to the current guidance on FDA FCOI disclosure are needed, and the future role of public speakers should be questioned

END(S) of vaping: A search query review of e-cigarettes

Background: As of December 2019, 52 electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) related deaths and over 2,400 related cases of lung damage have been confirmed in the US; the CDC refers to this pathology as EVALI—e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury. The primary endpoint of this investigation is to provide insight into the public consciousness and to shape future studies and policies on this rapidly evolving topic by updating a 2015 study by John W. Ayers, Ph.D. et al.Methods: Internet search query data were located using Google Trends (https://trends.google.com/trends). We compared the terms "vape," "vaping," "e cig," and "e cigarette," as well as searches for alternative tobacco options such as "snus," "Chantix," and "nicotine-replacement therapies." Variations in state search rates were explored by comparing ENDS searches according to 10 state specific traits: the longitude of each state, tobacco excise tax rates, cigarette smoking rate, population density, lung cancer incidence rate, national tobacco control program funding and the percentage of available funding used by the state, smoke-free air grades from the American Lung Association, crude ENDS prevalence, and the anti-smoking norms as reported by Ayers et al. All analyses were conducted using Stata 15.1 (STATA Corp., College Station, TX).Results: Total ENDS searches increased 88% over the past 5 years. We found that ENDS was searched with greater frequency than other popular smoking alternatives. Significant geographic findings for 2019 include a lower annual relative search rate for all ENDS on either coast of the United States with a higher relative search rate in the center of the country. Trends from 2015 - 2019 for different ENDS search phrases meant to represent different intentions (buying, health, and cessation) behind ENDS searches were compared and the phrase buy vape was searched the most out of this set. Over the last 5 years, both YouTube and Google Shopping saw total ENDS searches rise from 2015 to 2018 only for both to fall in 2019.Conclusion: Total ENDS searches in the United States increased dramatically over the last 5 years compared to the decade prior, peaking the week of September 8, 2019. Earlier that week, a warning was sent by the CDC of the potential link between ENDS and severe lung illnesses after more than 25 states had reported possible cases of lung illnesses associated with use of ENDS products. ENDS searches by state have become more concentrated in the last 5 years, reversing the trend of the early 2010's observed by Ayers et al. This trend could be, in part, due to states passing laws to curb the use of ENDS. The public definitively prefers using vaping terms over e-cigarette terms in a phenomenon similar to that of high fructose corn syrup versus sugar. It would be wise to frame policy discussions and public education campaigns using vaping terms as well as e-cigarette terms, and encourage states to enact policies associated with lower ENDS usage

Do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs provide a protective effect on developing Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis

This is a protocol of a systematic review

Correlation between normalized difference vegetation index and malaria in a subtropical rain forest undergoing rapid anthropogenic alteration

Time-series of coarse-resolution greenness values derived through remote sensing have been used as a surrogate environmental variable to help monitor and predict occurrences of a number of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases, including malaria. Often, relationships between a remotely-sensed index of greenness, e.g. the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and disease occurrence are established using temporal correlation analysis. However, the strength of these correlations can vary depending on type and change of land cover during the period of record as well as inter-annual variations in the climate drivers (precipitation, temperature) that control the NDVI values. In this paper, the correlation between a long (260 months) time-series of monthly disease case rates and NDVI values derived from the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) data set were analysed for two departments (administrative units) located in the Atlantic Forest biome of eastern Paraguay. Each of these departments has undergone extensive deforestation during the period of record and our analysis considers the effect on correlation of active versus quiescent periods of case occurrence against a background of changing land cover. Our results show that time-series data, smoothed using the Fourier Transform tool, showed the best correlation. A moving window analysis suggests that four years is the optimum time frame for correlating these values, and the strength of correlation depends on whether it is an active or a quiescent period. Finally, a spatial analysis of our data shows that areas where land cover has changed, particularly from forest to non-forest, are well correlated with malaria case rates

Comparison of adverse event reporting between adolescent and young adults and older adults with cancer enrolled in Phase II/III clinical trials

Background: Momentum to improve cancer outcomes in adolescents and young adults (AYAs, diagnosed between 15-39 years of age) has been growing in recent years. However, there remains to be significant barriers to understanding differences in treatment response in AYAs compared with younger and older patients. Currently, it is unknown the extent to which AYA adverse event data is reported separately in oncology clinical trials that enroll AYAs and older adults. For this reason, this study investigates not only the reporting of disaggregated AYA clinical trial data in published oncology trials, but also the differences in treatment-related adverse events experienced by AYAs.Methods: In our cross sectional analysis, we performed a comprehensive search using PubMed (which includes Medline) to identify all clinical trials that met eligibility criteria published from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021. Two independent investigators title and abstract screened, full-text screened, and extracted data from the final study sample using Google Forms. In addition to obtaining demographic data for each included trial, a further assessment was made to see if the trial distinguished outcomes between AYAs and older adults. Microsoft Excel was used for summary data and measures of central tendency. No further statistical analyses were planned.Results: A total of 572 Phase II and Phase III cancer trials evaluating anti-cancer agent(s) or radiation interventions in either breast, colorectal, Hodgkin’slymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, or melanoma met the inclusion criteria. Of these included trials, zero (0/572, 0.00%) disaggregated adverse event AYA clinical trial data.Conclusion: There remains a substantial gap in understanding the adverse event profile regarding anticancer agent(s) or radiation interventions in the AYA population with either breast, colorectal, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, or melanoma. We recommend future clinical trials evaluate and disaggregate AYA adverse event clinical trial data from other age groups to assess the differences in treatment-related adverse events in AYAs and to improve guidelines and treatment protocols for AYA patients with cancer

Reducing bias and improving transparency in medical research: A critical overview of the problems, progress so far and suggested next steps

In recent years there has been increasing awareness of problems that have undermined trust in medical research. This review outlines some of the most important issues including research culture, reporting biases, and statistical and methodological issues. It examines measures that have been instituted to address these problems and explores the success and limitations of these measures. The paper concludes by proposing three achievable actions which could be implemented to deliver significantly improved transparency and mitigation of bias. These measures are as follows: (1) mandatory registration of interests by those involved in research; (2) that journals support the ‘registered reports’ publication format; and (3) that comprehensive study documentation for all publicly funded research be made available on a World Health Organization research repository. We suggest that achieving such measures requires a broad-based campaign which mobilises public opinion. We invite readers to feedback on the proposed actions and to join us in calling for their implementation

Vegetation phenology and habitat discrimination : impacts for E.multilocularis transmission host modelling

Echinococcus multilocularis (Em), a parasitic tapeworm, is responsible for a significant burden of human disease across continental Asia. Here, we use a time-series of MODIS 16-day 250 m Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) satellite data to quantify the seasonal vegetation dynamics across a study area in Serxu County, Sichuan Province, China, in relation to the presence of the Em intermediate host Ochotona curzoniae (plateau pika) and Ochotona cansus (Gansu pika) (here merged to Ochotona spp.). A series of derived phenological metrics are analysed using the random forests statistical method to determine the relative importance of seasonal vegetation characteristics. Results indicate negative relationships between Ochotona spp. presence and EVI showing a preference for low-biomass habitats. However, EVI values during green-up and senescence periods are also shown to be important, potentially resulting from improved detectability of low-biomass grassland habitats at these times. Improved detection of Ochotona spp. preferred habitats via time-series EVI imagery offers better understanding of the distributions of this Em host, and the potential for monitoring the changes in Ochotona spp. optimal habitat distributions resulting from landscape change. This could aid the identification of villages at increased risk of infection, enabling preventive strategies to be adopted

The PRISMA 2020 statement : An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies. The structure and presentation of the items have been modified to facilitate implementation. In this article, we present the PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist, an expanded checklist that details reporting recommendations for each item, the PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist, and the revised flow diagrams for original and updated reviews