25 research outputs found
Does device matter? Impacts of food-specific inhibition training on food choice, liking and approach bias when delivered by smartphone or computer.
Food-specific inhibition training (FSIT) requires users to inhibit responses to energy-dense (ED) food stimuli within a reaction time game. FSIT reduces choice and liking of ED foods. Research with the public shows larger effects when FSIT is delivered by computer versus smartphone. This pre-registered study is the first to compare computer-FSIT versus smartphone-FSIT in a controlled setting. Three-hundred-and-thirty-one adults were randomised to computer-FSIT, smartphone-FSIT or non-food control training (computer-delivered). In session 1, participants completed baseline measures of impulsive food choice, food approach bias (approach/avoid implicit association test), and food liking ratings, before completing eight minutes of FSIT/control training. In session 2, participants repeated the same training task, followed by the same measures of food choice, approach bias and liking. We hypothesised that FSIT groups would show healthier food choices, lower ED food liking, and reduced ED food approach bias at post-training compared to control. We expected no statistically significant differences between the two FSIT groups. Post-exclusions, data for 259 participants was analysed. Contrary to predictions, there was no evidence of significant group differences on any of the outcome measures. Baseline measures suggest participants already showed high approach to healthy foods, which may explain these null results
Exploring African lion (Panthera leo) behavioural phenotypes: individual differences and correlations between sociality, boldness and behaviour
Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19
IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19.
Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022).
INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes.
RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes.
TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570
Aspects of the Structural Evolution and Magmatism in Western New Schwabenland, Antarctica
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A bioinspired omniphobic surface coating on medical devices prevents thrombosis and biofouling
Thrombosis and biofouling of extracorporeal circuits and indwelling medical devices cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. We describe a bioinspired coating that repels blood from virtually any material by covalently tethering a molecular layer of perfluorocarbon, which holds a thin liquid film of medical-grade perfluorocarbon on the substrate surface, mimicking the liquid layer certain plants use to prevent adhesion. This coating prevents fibrin attachment, reduces platelet adhesion and activation, suppresses biofilm formation, and is stable under blood flow in vitro. Surface-coated medical-grade tubing and catheters, assembled into arteriovenous shunts and implanted in living pigs, remain patent for at least 8 hours without anticoagulation. This coating technology offers the potential to significantly reduce anticoagulation in patients while preventing thrombotic occlusion and biofouling of medical devices.Engineering and Applied Science