Surgical Management of Recurrent Rectal Prolapse in a Domestic Kitten (Felis catus) – Case report

A case of recurrent rectal prolapse in a domestic 3 months old kitten was presented to the Referral Veterinary Polyclinic, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, with the complaint of protruded tubular pink mass through the anus along with mild signs of mucosal necrosis since last 5 days. Reduction and retention of the prolapsed mass by conventional purse-string suture technique was attempted earlier on 2 occasions by the attending veterinarian with no good results. Hence, the case was referred for second opinion and treatment. Surgical reduction was done under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia and the animal recovered uneventfully in 7 days

Developmental Spelling Analysis and Word Study: An Alternative to Traditional Spelling Programs

The purpose of this study was to investigate the benefits of a developmental spelling program utilizing word study as the primary mode of spelling instruction versus a homogeneously based traditional spelling program. Twenty-eight first grade students were administered a developmental spelling inventory to determine their stage of orthographic development. The stages were Preliterate Stage, Early Letter Name stage, Letter Name stage, or Within Word Pattern Stage. Fourteen students in the control group received spelling instruction in a whole group setting from their classroom teacher. A traditional spelling program including weekly spelling lists was utilized. A word study based program focusing on each student\u27s developmental level was utilized with the experimental group. These students were placed in homogenous word study groups of three to five students according to their determined level. All students met three times per week for a three-month period. A pretest and post-test of the developmental spelling analysis was used to identify quantitative data of student progress after the three-month treatment. Out of 14 students in the experimental group, nine improved by one level while three improved by two levels. Two students showed no growth over the period. In the experimental group, 86% of students showed growth, In the control group nine students out of 14 showed an increase of one level of developmental function while five showed no growth over the three-month period. Overall, 64% of the students in the control group showed growth

Deoxycholic acid induces the overexpression of intestinal mucin, MUC2, via NF-kB signaling pathway in human esophageal adenocarcinoma cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mucin alterations are a common feature of esophageal neoplasia, and alterations in MUC2 mucin have been associated with tumor progression in the esophagus. Bile acids have been linked to esophageal adenocarcinoma and mucin secretion, but their effects on mucin gene expression in human esophageal adenocarcinoma cells is unknown.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Human esophageal adenocarcinoma cells were treated 18 hours with 50–300 μM deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, or taurocholic acid. MUC2 transcription was assayed using a MUC2 promoter reporter luciferase construct and MUC2 protein was assayed by Western blot analysis. Transcription Nuclear factor-κB activity was measured using a Nuclear factor-κB reporter construct and confirmed by Western blot analysis for Nuclear factor-κB p65.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>MUC2 transcription and MUC2 protein expression were increased four to five fold by bile acids in a time and dose-dependent manner with no effect on cell viability. Nuclear factor-κB activity was also increased. Treatment with the putative chemopreventive agent aspirin, which decreased Nuclear factor-κB activity, also decreased MUC2 transcription. Nuclear factor-κB p65 siRNA decreased MUC2 transcription, confirming the significance of Nuclear factor-κB in MUC2 induction by deoxycholic acid. Calphostin C, a specific inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), greatly decreased bile acid induced MUC2 transcription and Nuclear factor-κB activity, whereas inhibitors of MAP kinase had no effect.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Deoxycholic acid induced MUC2 overexpression in human esophageal adenocarcinoma cells by activation of Nuclear factor-κB transcription through a process involving PKC-dependent but not PKA, independent of activation of MAP kinase.</p

Mucin pattern reflects the origin of the adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus: a retrospective clinical and laboratorial study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mucin immunoexpression in adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett's esophagus (BE) may indicate the carcinogenesis pathway. The aim of this study was to evaluate resected specimens of adenocarcinoma in BE for the pattern of mucins and to correlate to the histologic classification.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Specimens were retrospectively collected from thirteen patients who underwent esophageal resection due to adenocarcinoma in BE. Sections were scored for the grade of intestinal metaplasia. The tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry for MUC2 and MUC5AC antibodies.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Eleven patients were men. The mean age was 61 years old (varied from 40 to 75 years old). The tumor size had a mean of 4.7 ± 2.3 cm, and the extension of BE had a mean of 7.7 ± 1.5 cm. Specialized epithelium with intestinal metaplasia was present in all adjacent mucosas. Immunohistochemistry for MUC2 showed immunoreactivity in goblet cells, while MUC5AC was extensively expressed in the columnar gastric cells, localizing to the surface epithelium and extending to a variable degree into the glandular structures in BE. Tumors were classified according to the mucins in gastric type in 7/13 (MUC5AC positive) and intestinal type in 4/13 (MUC2 positive). Two tumors did not express MUC2 or MUC5AC proteins. The pattern of mucin predominantly expressed in the adjacent epithelium was associated to the mucin expression profile in the tumors, p = 0.047.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Barrett's esophagus adenocarcinoma shows either gastric or intestinal type pattern of mucin expression. The two types of tumors developed in Barrett's esophagus may reflect the original cell type involved in the malignant transformation.</p

Effects of Vegetated Field Borders on Arthropods in Cotton Fields in Eastern North Carolina

The influence, if any, of 5m wide, feral, herbaceous field borders on pest and beneficial arthropods in commercial cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.) (Malvales: Malvaceae), fields was measured through a variety of sampling techniques over three years. In each year, 5 fields with managed, feral vegetation borders and five fields without such borders were examined. Sampling was stratified from the field border or edge in each field in an attempt to elucidate any edge effects that might have occurred. Early season thrips populations appeared to be unaffected by the presence of a border. Pitfall sampling disclosed no differences in ground-dwelling predaceous arthropods but did detect increased populations of crickets around fields with borders. Cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations were too low during the study to adequately assess border effects. Heliothines, Heliothis virescens (F.) and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), egg numbers and damage rates were largely unaffected by the presence or absence of a border, although in one instance egg numbers were significantly lower in fields with borders. Overall, foliage-dwelling predaceous arthropods were somewhat more abundant in fields with borders than in fields without borders. Tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Miridae) were significantly more abundant in fields with borders, but stink bugs, Acrosternum hilare (Say), and Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) numbers appeared to be largely unaffected by border treatment. Few taxa clearly exhibited distributional edge effects relative to the presence or absence of border vegetation. Field borders like those examined in this study likely will have little impact on insect pest management in cotton under current insect management regimens

Roman polygyny

Marriage in Rome was monogamous; mating was polygynous. Powerful men in the Roman empire, as in other empires, probably had sex with more women. To make that case I look, first, at the Latin sources. Tacitus, Suetonius, and Cassius Dio suggest that Roman emperors, like other emperors, were promiscuous; that they had privileged access to other men's women; and that they sometimes had women procured for them. I look next at the modern studies. Literary, legal, and inscriptional data suggest that Roman men kept as many slaves as they could afford--often hundreds and sometimes thousands; that many of those slaves were women; and that slave women were often bought as breeders. They also suggest that masters, who had unrestricted sexual access to their slaves, were often the fathers. Some slave women's children were brought up with, and in the style of, legitimate children; they were freed young; and they were given wealth, position, and paternal affection.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/29873/1/0000222.pd

Initiation of Vinyl Polymerisation by Means of Diazonium Slats.

The reaction between diazonium salts and hypophosphorous acid, reported in the literature as a free radical reaction, has been used to initiate the polymerisation of acrylonitrile. A 5-fold excess of hypophosphorous acid, as compared with the diazonium salt, was found suitable, and the diazonium salts were usually present at 2% of the molar concentration of the acrylonitrile. Oxidizing agents in some cases accelerate polymerisation, and copper sulphate, the effect of which was examined in detail, is particularly efficient in this respect at very low concentrations. Representative polymers were analysed, and found to contain permanently bound phosphorus. A comparison of the number average molecular weights derived therefrom with viscometric molecular weights indicates that there is one atom of phosphorus for each molecule of polymer. The effect of different diazonium salts has been examined in some detail. Nucleophilic substituents on the benzene ring reduce the efficiency of polymerisation, which is accelerated by electro-philic substituents. The system diazonium salt-sodium bisulphite has been found to act as a redox system leading to the polymerisation of acrylonitrile