The Production of Chloropicrin as Needed from Dry Mixtures of Picric Acid and Bleaching Powder

Chloropicrin or trichloromethane is a colorless liquid boiling at l 12°C and having a specific gravity of 1.69. It was first prepared by Stenhouse from picric acid and bleaching powder. Its first use was in chemical warfare by the Allied troops in 1918. It was prepared in large quantities at Edgewood Arsenal during the World War, by the method developed and patented by the senior author. Picric acid, hydrated lime, and water were mixed to form a calcium picrate suspension. This suspension together with a suspension of bleaching powder and water was run into a still. The chloropicrin was steam-distilled off

Summer 1970

The U.S. Nitrogen Industry by George C. Sweeney, Jr. (page 3) Learn the Oil Alphabet by Melvin E. Long (7) Weed Control with Repeated Applications of Tordon Herbicides by John W. Gibson (9) Plants Speed Formation of Soil by Brij L. Sawney (12) St. Augustine Decline (SAD) A Virus Disease of St. Augustine Grass by Norman L. McCoy, Robert W. Toler, and Jose Amador (15) The Problem of Responsibility for Recreation by Ronald F. Paige (19) Editorial (20) Massachusetts Fine Turf Conference (23) Dickinson Memorial Fund (23

Physicians Infrequently Adhere to Hepatitis Vaccination Guidelines for Chronic Liver Disease

Background and Goals:Hepatitis A (HAV) and hepatitis B (HBV) vaccination in patients with chronic liver disease is an accepted standard of care. We determined HAV and HBV vaccination rates in a tertiary care referral hepatology clinic and the impact of electronic health record (EHR)-based reminders on adherence to vaccination guidelines.Methods:We reviewed the records of 705 patients with chronic liver disease referred to our liver clinic in 2008 with at least two follow-up visits during the subsequent year. Demographics, referral source, etiology, and hepatitis serology were recorded. We determined whether eligible patients were offered vaccination and whether patients received vaccination. Barriers to vaccination were determined by a follow-up telephone interview.Results:HAV and HBV serologic testing prior to referral and at the liver clinic were performed in 14.5% and 17.7%; and 76.7% and 74% patients, respectively. Hepatologists recommended vaccination for HAV in 63% and for HBV in 59.7% of eligible patients. Patient demographics or disease etiology did not influence recommendation rates. Significant variability was observed in vaccination recommendation amongst individual providers (30-98.6%), which did not correlate with the number of patients seen by each physician. Vaccination recommendation rates were not different for Medicare patients with hepatitis C infection for whom a vaccination reminder was automatically generated by the EHR. Most patients who failed to get vaccination after recommendation offered no specific reason for noncompliance; insurance was a barrier in a minority.Conclusions:Hepatitis vaccination rates were suboptimal even in an academic, sub-speciality setting, with wide-variability in provider adherence to vaccination guidelines. © 2013 Thudi et al

Population genetics of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: clonality and diversity within and between foci

African trypanosomes are unusual among pathogenic protozoa in that they can undergo their complete morphological life cycle in the tsetse fly vector with mating as a non-obligatory part of this development. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, which infects humans and livestock in East and Southern Africa, has classically been described as a host-range variant of the non-human infective Trypanosoma brucei that occurs as stable clonal lineages. We have examined T. b. rhodesiense populations from East (Uganda) and Southern (Malawi) Africa using a panel of microsatellite markers, incorporating both spatial and temporal analyses. Our data demonstrate that Ugandan T. b. rhodesiense existed as clonal populations, with a small number of highly related genotypes and substantial linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci. However, these populations were not stable as the dominant genotypes changed and the genetic diversity also reduced over time. Thus these populations do not conform to one of the criteria for strict clonality, namely stability of predominant genotypes over time, and our results show that, in a period in the mid 1990s, the previously predominant genotypes were not detected but were replaced by a novel clonal population with limited genetic relationship to the original population present between 1970 and 1990. In contrast, the Malawi T. b. rhodesiense population demonstrated significantly greater diversity and evidence for frequent genetic exchange. Therefore, the population genetics of T. b. rhodesiense is more complex than previously described. This has important implications for the spread of the single copy T. b. rhodesiense gene that allows human infectivity, and therefore the epidemiology of the human disease, as well as suggesting that these parasites represent an important organism to study the influence of optional recombination upon population genetic dynamics

Turfgrass research report 1996

Preemergence herbicide efficacy on crabgrass-1996 / J. Street and R. Stewart --Postemergence herbicide efficacy on crabgrass -1996 / J. Street and R. Stewart -- General turfgrass broadleaf weed control evaluation / W. Pound -- Nonselective herbicide evaluation / W. Pound -- Postemergent yellow nutsedge evaluation / W. Pound and R. Stewart -- Preemergent broadleaf weed control / W. Pound -- Control of ant mounds in turfgrass-1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Control of hairy chinch bugs in turfgrass -1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Preventive and curative insecticide applications for control of hairy chinch bugs in turfgrass - 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Quick kill of black cutworm larvae in bentgrass - 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Control of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), and sod webworms (Pyralidae: Crambinae) in creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Hudson, with spinosad formulations, Columbus, Ohio, 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and M. Belcher -- Control of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), and sod webworms (Pyralidae: Crambinae) in creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Hudson, with observations on black turfgrass Ataenius adults, Ataenius spretulus (Haldeman), Columbus, Ohio, 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and M. Belcher -- Control of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), sod webworms (Pyralidae: Crambinae), and black turfgrass Ataenius adults, Ataenius spretulus (Haldeman), in creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Hudson, Columbus, Ohio, 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and M. Belcher -- Control of bluegrass billbug, Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal, larvae in lawn turf, Wooster, Ohio, 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and M. Belcher -- Efficacy of spinosad applied prior to oviposition for control of bluegrass billbug larvae in turfgrass - 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Efficacy of insecticides applied prior to oviposition for control of bluegrass billbug larvae in turfgrass - 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Application of insecticides to kill black turfgrass Ataenius adults prior to egg laying on golf course fairways-1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Preventive applications for control of Japanese beetle larvae in turfgrass - 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Influence of application date on the efficacy of insecticides applied for control of Japanese beetle larvae in turfgrass - 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Application of insecticides for preventive control of Japanese beetle larval populations in turfgrass - 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Application of Bacillus thuringiensis strain 'buibui' for control of white grubs in turfgrass -1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Curative control of masked chafer larvae in turfgrass -1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- A field test of RH-0345 2SC and 2.5G at 2.0 lb.ai/ acre and Merit 75WP at 0.3 lb. ai/ acre for control of black cutworm larvae on golf course greens / H. D. Niemczyk -- Dollar spot control study - 1996 / K. Danneberger, J. Rimelspach, M. Boehm, and J. Taylor -- quality ratings for various fungicide treatments on creeping bentgrass putting green turf / K. Danneberger, J. Rimelspach, M. Boehm, and J. Taylor -- Brown patch control study on creeping bentgrass turf - 1996 / K. Danneberger, J. Rimelspach, M. Boehm, and J. Taylor -- Brown patch control on tall fescue / K. Danneberger, J. Rimelspach, M. Boehm, and J. Taylor -- Yellow tuft study-1996 / K. Danneberger, J. Rimelspach, M. Boehm, and J. Taylor -- Creeping bentgrass melting-out study / K. Danneberger, J. Taylor, R. Golembiewski, G. Bell, J. Rimelspach, and M. Boehm -- Kentucky bluegrass melting-out study / K. Danneberger, J. Rimelspach, M. Boehm and J. Taylor -- Red thread control study on perennial ryegrass / J. Rimelspach, K. Danneberger, and M. Boehm -- Red thread control study on Kentucky bluegrass / J. Rimelspach, K. Danneberger and M. Boehm -- Evaluation of fungicides for the control of red thread in Kentucky bluegrass, 1996 / J. Rimelspach, M. Boehm, K. Danneberger and J. Taylor -- Evaluation of fungicides for the control of red thread in perennial ryegrass, 1996 / J. Rimelspach, M. Boehm, K. Danneberger and J. Taylor -- Pink snow mold control study-1995-1996 / J. Rimelspach and K. Danneberger -- Primo & Sentinel applications on Poa annua quality / K. Danneberger, J. Taylor, R. Golembiewski, and G. Bell -- Nitrogen source, rate, and timing effect on Kentucky bluegrass -1996 / J. R. Street and R. M. Stewart -- Natural organic source evaluation on a Kentucky bluegrass-perennial ryegrass mixture-1996 / J. R. Street and R. M. Stewart -- Polymer-coated urea source and rate effect on Kentucky bluegrass / J. R. Street and R. M. Stewart -- Polymer-coated urea and IBDU fertilizer performance on Kentucky bluegrass / J. R. Street and R. M. Stewart -- 1993 NTEP bentgrass (fairway/tee) cultivar evaluation / J. A. Taylor -- 1993 NTEP fineleaf fescue cultivar evaluation / J. Taylor -- 1994 NTEP perennial ryegrass cultivar evaluation / J. Taylor -- 1995 Kentucky bluegrass (medium/high input) cultivar evaluation / J. Taylor -- 1995 NTEP Kentucky bluegrass (low input) cultivar evaluation / J. Taylor -- Controlling annual bluegrass and rough bluegrass in creeping bentgrass fairways: a nutritional approach / G. E. Bell, E. Odorizzi and T. K. Danneberger -- "Primo" growth regulator evaluation on creeping bentgrass / W. Pound and R. Stewart -- Influence of dollar spot on a blend of two creeping bentgrass cultivars / R. C. Golembiewski, T. K. Danneberger and P. M. Sweeney -- Dollar spot severity as influenced by Primo, creeping bentgrass cultivars, and nitrogen fertility / R. C. Golembiewski and T. K. Danneberger -- Identification of bulk samples of perennial ryegrass cultivars with RAPD Markers / P. M. Sweeney and T. K. Danneberge

Turfgrass research report 1995

Postemergence herbicide efficacy on crabgrass / John R. Street and Renee M. Stewart -- Preemergence herbicide efficacy on crabgrass / John R. Street and Renee M. Stewart --Preemergent common chickweed weed control evaluation / William Pound -- Preemergent purple dead nettle weed control evaluation / William Pound -- General turfgrass broadleaf weed control evaluation / William Pound -- Finale/Roundup herbicide demonstration evaluation / William Pound -- Ground ivy control evaluation / William Pound -- Manage yellow nutsedge control evaluation / William Pound -- Alternative Turflon solvent tolerance evaluation / William Pound -- Wild violet control evaluation / William Pound --Leaf spot study, 1995 / Joe Rimelspach, Karl Danneberger and Jill Taylor -- Leaf spot control study - Galena, Ohio / Joe Rimelspach, Karl Danneberger and Jill Taylor -- Red thread control study, 1995 / Joe Rimelspach, Karl Danneberger -- Brown patch study, 1995 / Joe Rimelspach, Karl Danneberger, Joseph Vagnier and Jill Taylor -- Brown patch (Rhizoctonia solani) curative study / Joe Rimelspach, Karl Danneberger and Jill Taylor -- Preventive dollar spot (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa) control study, 1995 / Joe Rimelspach, Karl Danneberger, Joseph Vagnier and Jill Taylor -- Take-All control study / Joe Rimelspach and Karl Danneberger -- Yellow tuft study, 1995 / Joe Rimelspach, Karl Danneberger, Joseph Vagnier and Jill Taylor -- Summer patch control study / Rob Golembiewski, Joe Rimelspach and Karl Danneberger -- Sentinel and Daconil Ultrex gallonage study: influence on dollar spot control / Karl Danneberger and Jill Taylor -- Pink snow mold control study, 1994-1995 / Jill Taylor, Joe Rimelspach and Karl Danneberger -- Control of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), and sod webworms (Pyralidae: Crambinae) on short cut bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Hudson-1995 / David J. Shetlar, Harry D. Niemczyk and Kevin T. Power -- Control of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), and sod webworms (Pyralidae: Crambinae) on short cut bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Hudson using spinosad formulations -1995 / David J. Shetlar, Harry D. Niemczyk and Kevin T. Power -- Applications of insecticides for control of second generation hairy chinch bugs in turfgrass -1995 / David J. Shetlar, Harry D. Niemczyk and Kevin T. Power -- Preventive application of insecticides for control of black turfgrass Ataenius larvae on golf course fairways, 1995 / David J. Shetlar, Harry D. Niemczyk and Kevin T. Power -- Spring application of chemical and biological insecticides for control of overwintered white grubs in turfgrass, 1995 / David J. Shetlar, Harry D. Niemczyk and Kevin T. Power -- Influence of post-treatment irrigation on the efficacy of RH 0345 and Merit applied at the time of egg hatch for control of Japanese beetle larvae in turf, 1995 / David J. Shetlar, Harry D. Niemczyk and Kevin T. Power -- Application of various insecticides for preventive control of Japanese Beetle larvae in turfgrass, 1995 / David J. Shetlar, Harry D. Niemczyk and Kevin T. Power -- Chemical and biological insecticides applied for control of white grubs in turfgrass, 1995 / David J. Shetlar, Harry D. Niemczyk and Kevin T. Power -- Nitrogen source, rate, and timing effect on Kentucky bluegrass / John R. Street and Renee M. Stewart -- Natural organic source evaluation on a Kentucky bluegrass-perennial ryegrass mixture / John R. Street and Renee M. Stewart -- Nitrogen source, rate, and timing effect on Kentucky bluegrass / John R. Street and Renee M. Stewart -- Polymer-coated nitrogen source effect on Kentucky bluegrass / John R. Street and Renee M. Stewart -- 1993 NTEP bentgrass test (fairway/tee) / Jill A. Taylor -- 1993 NTEP fineleaf fescue test / Jill Taylor -- 1994 NTEP perennial ryegrass test / Jill Taylor -- 'Primo' growth regulator evaluation on creeping bentgrass / William Pound -- Bermudagrass management study / John Street and Jill Taylor -- Electrophoretic evaluation of esterase isozymes from turfgrass seed blends and mixtures / G. E. Bell, M. B. McDonald Jr. and T. K. Danneberger -- Computer Imaging of Electrophoretic Gels / G. E. Bell, M. B. McDonald Jr., T. K. Danneberger and S. K. St. Martin -- Evaluation of Kentucky bluegrass blends using isoelectric focusing and computer imaging / G. E. Bell, M. B. McDonald Jr. and T. K. Danneberger -- Identification of RAFLP markers in perennial ryegrass / Patricia M. Sweeney and Karl Danneberger -- RAPD analysis of dry turfgrass seed / Patricia Sweeney, Robert Golembiewski and Karl Danneberge

A Pair of Dopamine Neurons Target the D1-Like Dopamine Receptor DopR in the Central Complex to Promote Ethanol-Stimulated Locomotion in Drosophila

Dopamine is a mediator of the stimulant properties of drugs of abuse, including ethanol, in mammals and in the fruit fly Drosophila. The neural substrates for the stimulant actions of ethanol in flies are not known. We show that a subset of dopamine neurons and their targets, through the action of the D1-like dopamine receptor DopR, promote locomotor activation in response to acute ethanol exposure. A bilateral pair of dopaminergic neurons in the fly brain mediates the enhanced locomotor activity induced by ethanol exposure, and promotes locomotion when directly activated. These neurons project to the central complex ellipsoid body, a structure implicated in regulating motor behaviors. Ellipsoid body neurons are required for ethanol-induced locomotor activity and they express DopR. Elimination of DopR blunts the locomotor activating effects of ethanol, and this behavior can be restored by selective expression of DopR in the ellipsoid body. These data tie the activity of defined dopamine neurons to D1-like DopR-expressing neurons to form a neural circuit that governs acute responding to ethanol

Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis

Due to the well-defined role of β-alanine as a substrate of carnosine (a major contributor to H+ buffering during high-intensity exercise), β-alanine is fast becoming a popular ergogenic aid to sports performance. There have been several recent qualitative review articles published on the topic, and here we present a preliminary quantitative review of the literature through a meta-analysis. A comprehensive search of the literature was employed to identify all studies suitable for inclusion in the analysis; strict exclusion criteria were also applied. Fifteen published manuscripts were included in the analysis, which reported the results of 57 measures within 23 exercise tests, using 18 supplementation regimes and a total of 360 participants [174, β-alanine supplementation group (BA) and 186, placebo supplementation group (Pla)]. BA improved (P = 0.002) the outcome of exercise measures to a greater extent than Pla [median effect size (IQR): BA 0.374 (0.140–0.747), Pla 0.108 (−0.019 to 0.487)]. Some of that effect might be explained by the improvement (P = 0.013) in exercise capacity with BA compared to Pla; no improvement was seen for exercise performance (P = 0.204). In line with the purported mechanisms for an ergogenic effect of β-alanine supplementation, exercise lasting 60–240 s was improved (P = 0.001) in BA compared to Pla, as was exercise of >240 s (P = 0.046). In contrast, there was no benefit of β-alanine on exercise lasting <60 s (P = 0.312). The median effect of β-alanine supplementation is a 2.85% (−0.37 to 10.49%) improvement in the outcome of an exercise measure, when a median total of 179 g of β-alanine is supplemented

Optimal constraint-based decision tree induction from itemset lattices

International audienceIn this article we show that there is a strong connection between decision tree learning and local pattern mining. This connection allows us to solve the computationally hard problem of finding optimal decision trees in a wide range of applications by post-processing a set of patterns: we use local patterns to construct a global model. We exploit the connection between constraints in pattern mining and constraints in decision tree induction to develop a framework for categorizing decision tree mining constraints. This framework allows us to determine which model constraints can be pushed deeply into the pattern mining process, and allows us to improve the state-of-the-art of optimal decision tree induction

Radiation-Induced c-Jun Activation Depends on MEK1-ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway in Microglial Cells

Radiation-induced normal brain injury is associated with acute and/or chronic inflammatory responses, and has been a major concern in radiotherapy. Recent studies suggest that microglial activation is a potential contributor to chronic inflammatory responses following irradiation; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the response of microglia to radiation is poorly understood. c-Jun, a component of AP-1 transcription factors, potentially regulates neural cell death and neuroinflammation. We observed a rapid increase in phosphorylation of N-terminal c-Jun (on serine 63 and 73) and MAPK kinases ERK1/2, but not JNKs, in irradiated murine microglial BV2 cells. Radiation-induced c-Jun phosphorylation is dependent on the canonical MEK-ERK signaling pathway and required for both ERK1 and ERK2 function. ERK1/2 directly interact with c-Jun in vitro and in cells; meanwhile, the JNK binding domain on c-Jun is not required for its interaction with ERK kinases. Radiation-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) potentially contribute to c-Jun phosphorylation through activating the ERK pathway. Radiation stimulates c-Jun transcriptional activity and upregulates c-Jun-regulated proinflammatory genes, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and cyclooxygenase-2. Pharmacologic blockade of the ERK signaling pathway interferes with c-Jun activity and inhibits radiation-stimulated expression of c-Jun target genes. Overall, our study reveals that the MEK-ERK1/2 signaling pathway, but not the JNK pathway, contributes to the c-Jun-dependent microglial inflammatory response following irradiation