A Semantic Basis for Proof Queries and Transformations

We extend the query language PrQL, designed for inspecting machine representations of proofs, to also allow transformation of proofs. PrQL natively supports hiproofs which express proof structure using hierarchically nested labelled trees, which we claim is a natural way of taming the complexity of huge proofs. Query-driven transformations enable manipulation of this structure, in particular, to transform proofs produced by interactive theorem provers into forms that assist their understanding, or that could be consumed by other tools. In this paper we motivate and define basic transformation operations, using an abstract denotational semantics of hiproofs and queries. This extends our previous semantics for queries based on syntactic tree representations.We define update operations that add and remove sub-proofs, and manipulate the hierarchy to group and ungroup nodes. We show tha

The Position of Decedent’s Sibling in Inheritance Based on Compilation of Islamic Law

The position of decedent’s brother in Compilation of Islamic law regulates in article 181 and article 182, which are arranged the proportion of the maternal brother and sibling brother together inherit with paternal sibling. Compilation of Islamic law which formed in President Instruction still need many interpretation in its existence and substance, in which regulation should have given complete and sufficient regulation, and it will avoid the existence of verdict disparity by religion court judge. The type of this research is normative research; there are five approaches to use, which are: philosophical approach, conceptual approach, statute approach, case approach and historical approach. Based on this fact, the substance of Compilation of Islamic law is not as complete as in Fiqh, so that this condition will lead to related problems to analyze: The existence of legal vacuum that regulates the position of decedent sibling who inherit together with decedent’s sibling , paternal and maternal sibling in Compilation of Islamic lawDifference of existence in decedent sibling that inherit together with decedent’s sibling brother, paternal and maternal sibling in Compilation of Islamic lawThe existence of vague condition of related regulation related with decedent sibling that inherit together with decedent’s sibling brother, paternal and maternal sibling in Compilation of Islamic law Keywords: decedent’s sibling their position in inheritanc

High-throughput linkage analysis of Mutator insertion sites in maize

Insertional mutagenesis is a cornerstone of functional genomics. High-copy transposable element systems such as Mutator (Mu) in maize (Zea mays) afford the advantage of high forward mutation rates but pose a challenge for identifying the particular element responsible for a given mutation. Several large mutant collections have been generated in Mu-active genetic stocks, but current methods limit the ability to rapidly identify the causal Mu insertions. Here we present a method to rapidly assay Mu insertions that are genetically linked to a mutation of interest. The method combines elements of MuTAIL (thermal asymmetrically interlaced) and amplification of insertion mutagenized sites (AIMS) protocols and is applicable to the analysis of single mutants or to high-throughput analyses of mutant collections. Briefly, genomic DNA is digested with a restriction enzyme and adapters are ligated. Polymerase chain reaction is performed with TAIL cycling parameters, using a fluorescently labeled Mu primer, which results in the preferential amplification and labeling of Mu-containing genomic fragments. Products from a segregating line are analyzed on a capillary sequencer. To recover a fragment of interest, PCR products are cloned and sequenced. Sequences with lengths matching the size of a band that co-segregates with the mutant phenotype represent candidate linked insertion sites, which are then confirmed by PCR. We demonstrate the utility of the method by identifying Mu insertion sites linked to seed-lethal mutations with a preliminary success rate of nearly 50%

PEMAHAMAN KONSEP PENGOPERASIAN PENJUMLAHAN DAN PENGURANGAN BILANGAN BULAT MENGGUNAKAN MODEL KOOPERATIF TIPE NUMBERED HEADS TOGETHER PADA SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pengoperasian penjumlahan dan pengurangan bilangan bulat pada peserta didik kelas IV SDN Karangasem 1, Laweyan Surakarta tahun ajaran 2016/2017 dengan menggunakan model kooperatif tipe Numbered Heads Together (NHT).Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) yang dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus. Setiap siklus terdiri dari 2 pertemuan yang melalui 4 tahapan yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi, dan refleksi. Subjek dari penelitan ini adalah guru dan peserta didik kelas IV SDN Karangasem 1, Laweyan Surakarta tahun ajaran 2016/2017 yang berjumlah 40 peserta didik. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara, tes, observasi dan kajian dokumen selama pembelajaran. sedangkan uji validitas data menggunakan validitas isi. Teknis analisis data menggunakan model interaktif yang terdiri dari: pengumpulan data, reduksi data, sajian data, penarikan kesimpulan.. Simpulan dari penelitain ini adalah model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Numbered Heads Together (NHT)  dapat meningkatkan kemampuan pemahaman konnsep pengoperasian penjumlahan dan pengurangan bilangan bulat pada peserta didik  kelas IV SDN Karangasem 1, Laweyan Surakarta tahun ajaran 2016/201

The lithospheric-to-lower-mantle carbon cycle recorded in superdeep diamonds

The transport of carbon into Earth’s mantle is a critical pathway in Earth’s carbon cycle, affecting both the climate and the redox conditions of the surface and mantle. The largest unconstrained variables in this cycle are the depths to which carbon in sediments and altered oceanic crust can be subducted and the relative contributions of these reservoirs to the sequestration of carbon in the deep mantle1. Mineral inclusions in sublithospheric, or ‘superdeep’, diamonds (derived from depths greater than 250 kilometres) can be used to constrain these variables. Here we present oxygen isotope measurements of mineral inclusions within diamonds from Kankan, Guinea that are derived from depths extending from the lithosphere to the lower mantle (greater than 660 kilometres). These data, combined with the carbon and nitrogen isotope contents of the diamonds, indicate that carbonated igneous oceanic crust, not sediment, is the primary carbon-bearing reservoir in slabs subducted to deep-lithospheric and transition-zone depths (less than 660 kilometres). Within this depth regime, sublithospheric inclusions are distinctly enriched in 18O relative to eclogitic lithospheric inclusions derived from crustal protoliths. The increased 18O content of these sublithospheric inclusions results from their crystallization from melts of carbonate-rich subducted oceanic crust. In contrast, lower-mantle mineral inclusions and their host diamonds (deeper than 660 kilometres) have a narrow range of isotopic values that are typical of mantle that has experienced little or no crustal interaction. Because carbon is hosted in metals, rather than in diamond, in the reduced, volatile-poor lower mantle2, carbon must be mobilized and concentrated to form lower-mantle diamonds. Our data support a model in which the hydration of the uppermost lower mantle by subducted oceanic lithosphere destabilizes carbon-bearing metals to form diamond, without disturbing the ambient-mantle stable-isotope signatures. This transition from carbonate slab melting in the transition zone to slab dehydration in the lower mantle supports a lower-mantle barrier for carbon subduction

Efficacy of a silver colloidal gel against selected oral bacteria in vitro [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]

Background: It is necessary to develop new strategies to protect against bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus salivarius, which contribute to tooth decay and plaque formation. Our current study investigated the efficacy of a colloidal silver gel in inhibiting biofilm formation by these principal oral bacteria, in vitro. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a colloidal silver gel formulation for inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation (Ag-gel) by the principal bacteria that cause plaque formation and tooth decay. Methods: The effect of Ag-gel on viability of S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius was assessed by quantifying their colony forming units (CFU) in presence or absence of the test gel. The effect of this formulation on biofilm-forming ability of these bacteria was studied through scanning electron microscopy. Results: Using the CFU assays, over 6 logs of inhibition (100%) were found for S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius for the Ag-gel-treated bacteria when compared with the control gel. In addition, the Ag-gel also inhibited biofilm formation by these three bacteria mixed together. These results were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Conclusions: The Ag-gel was effective in preventing biofilm formation by S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius. This Ag-gel should be tested for the ability to block plaque formation in the mouth, through its use as a tooth paste

Measurement of the Branching Fraction for B- --> D0 K*-

We present a measurement of the branching fraction for the decay B- --> D0 K*- using a sample of approximately 86 million BBbar pairs collected by the BaBar detector from e+e- collisions near the Y(4S) resonance. The D0 is detected through its decays to K- pi+, K- pi+ pi0 and K- pi+ pi- pi+, and the K*- through its decay to K0S pi-. We measure the branching fraction to be B.F.(B- --> D0 K*-)= (6.3 +/- 0.7(stat.) +/- 0.5(syst.)) x 10^{-4}.Comment: 7 pages, 1 postscript figure, submitted to Phys. Rev. D (Rapid Communications