De l'analyse des contraintes à la conception d'un système d'évaluation des performances d'un périmètre collectif irrigué : Fatnassa Nord, Kébili, Tunisie

International audienceCette communication expose la méthode suivie pour mettre en place un système d'évaluation des performances d'un périmètre collectif irrigué, appliquée à une oasis au sud tunisien. Après avoir proposé une restructuration des déterminants de dysfonctionnement et des variables identifiées en relation avec le fonctionnement actuel du périmètre irrigué, on y expose la procédure d'acquisition des données. Le diagramme de classes distingue quatre ensembles de classes relatives aux exploitations agricoles, aux systèmes de culture, aux contraintes du milieu physique et aux irrigations. Les variables ont été renseignées et validées sur la base de mesures, d'observations de terrain, d'enquêtes et d'exploitation des données disponibles (plans parcellaires, rôle et feuilles du suivi journalier du tour d'eau). L'exploitation préliminaire des données montre, en premier lieu, un dysfonctionnement systématique du tour d'eau au cours de l'année agricole 2006-2007 où sa fréquence en saison estivale reste entre 70 et 30 jours pour les trois antennes d'irrigation. Les principaux déterminants de ces dysfonctionnements sont premièrement la surface irriguée qui est 1,12 fois supérieure à la surface officielle sur la base de laquelle est calculée la durée théorique du tour d'eau ; et deuxièmement la durée d'irrigation à la parcelle où la durée théorique fixée à 10 h/ha a été respectée pour seulement 12,84 % des parcelles élémentaires irriguées sur l'oasis. L'étude montre, ensuite, que la performance des palmeraies, exprimée en rendement du palmier dattier, présente une grande diversité et que le rendement total en dattes reste inférieur à 3 t/ha pour 40,88 % des parcelles irriguées et que seulement 34,28 % des parcelles ont un rendement supérieur à 10 t/ha. La base de données sera exploitée pour analyser et évaluer les déterminants de la performance des irrigations et des dysfonctionnements du tour d'eau, d'une part, et les déterminants de la performance des systèmes de cultures oasiens, d'autre part, tout en élaborant des indicateurs de performance du fonctionnement du périmètre oasien

Diagnostic et analyse du fonctionnement d'un périmètre oasien. Cas de l'oasis de Fatnassa Nord, Kébili, sud tunisien

International audienceLes performances de l'oasis de Fatnassa sont sous la dépendance d'un ensemble de contraintes physiques et de dysfonctionnements liés aux pratiques et comportements individuels face à la gestion collective de l'aménagement. Ces contraintes et dysfonctionnements ont été abordés sous l'angle de leur perception par les agriculteurs. Le fonctionnement du périmètre a ensuite été décrit sous la forme d'un arbre des problèmes permettant de synthétiser les principales causes et les principaux effets de ces contraintes sur les performances des systèmes de culture. Malgré les investissements réalisés pour l'accroissement des capacités et la modernisation du système d'irrigation, l'allongement de la durée de retour du tour d'eau limite les possibilités d'intensification et les performances des systèmes de culture basés sur le palmier dattier. Ces dysfonctionnements sont essentiellement la conséquence de pratiques inadaptées des agriculteurs, caractérisées par : une extension continue des superficies irriguées à la périphérie de l'oasis, la mauvaise qualité de l'entretien des parcelles et de la conduite des irrigations résultant d'une implication limitée de propriétaires non résidents ou pluriactifs, et parfois l'allongement délibéré de la durée et de la dose d'irrigation en réaction aux contraintes imposées par le tour d'eau. Les effets de la dégradation de la qualité des terres ou des dysfonctionnements du système de drainage et de l'engorgement sont aussi facilement perçus par les agriculteurs qui tentent de s'y adapter par la pratique d'amendements sabloorganiques associés au travail du sol. La température élevée de l'eau d'irrigation - en partie géothermale - provoque la mortalité de certains jeunes palmiers et la disparition progressive de la strate arbustive. A l'inverse, les effets d'une salinité partout présente et depuis longtemps ne sont pas directement appréhendés, notamment en raison de la tolérance du palmier dattier. Les effets éventuels de la salinité apparaissent masqués par les autres contraintes avec lesquels elle interagit, en accentuant l'effet du stress hydrique pendant la période estivale, en favorisant la dégradation des sols, et en aggravant l'engorgement par des irrigations abondantes pendant la période hivernale

Macro-and Micro-Expressions Facial Datasets: A Survey

Automatic facial expression recognition is essential for many potential applications. Thus, having a clear overview on existing datasets that have been investigated within the framework of face expression recognition is of paramount importance in designing and evaluating effective solutions, notably for neural networks-based training. In this survey, we provide a review of more than eighty facial expression datasets, while taking into account both macro-and micro-expressions. The proposed study is mostly focused on spontaneous and in-the-wild datasets, given the common trend in the research is that of considering contexts where expressions are shown in a spontaneous way and in a real context. We have also provided instances of potential applications of the investigated datasets, while putting into evidence their pros and cons. The proposed survey can help researchers to have a better understanding of the characteristics of the existing datasets, thus facilitating the choice of the data that best suits the particular context of their application

Effects of copper mineralogy and methanobactin on cell growth and sMMO activity in <i>Methylosinus trichosporium</i> OB3b

Controls on in situ methanotroph activity are not well understood. One potentially important parameter is copper (Cu) because it is the metal-centre of particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO), the most active enzyme for oxidizing methane to methanol. Further, Cu-to-cell ratios influence the relative expression of pMMO versus the alternate soluble MMO (sMMO) in some species. However, most methanotroph studies only have assessed readily soluble forms of Cu (e.g. CuCl₂) and there is a dearth of Cu-related activity data for Cu sources more common in the environment. Here we quantified sMMO activity (as a practical indicator of Cu availability) and growth kinetics in <i>Methylosinus trichosporium</i> OB3b, an organism that expresses both pMMO and sMMO, when grown on Cu-minerals with differing dissolution equilibria to assess how mineral type and methanobactin (mb) might influence in situ methanotroph activity. Mb is a molecule produced by <i>M. trichosporium</i> OB3b that has a high affinity for Cu, reduces Cu toxicity, and may influence Cu availability in terrestrial systems. CuCO₃.Cu(OH)₂ and CuO were chosen for study based on modelling data, reflecting more and less soluble minerals, respectively, and were found to affect <i>M. trichosporium</i> OB3b activity differently. Cells grew without growth lag and with active pMMO on CuCO₃.Cu(OH)₂, regardless of the amount of mineral supplied (<500 μmoles Cu-total l^&minus;1). The organism also grew well on CuO; however, significant sMMO activity was retained up to 50 μmoles Cu-total l^&minus;1, although sMMO activity was suppressed by supplemental mb and-or direct cell-mineral contact. Mb addition increased growth rates (<i>p</i> < 0.05) with both minerals. Results show mb broadly stimulates growth, but Cu mineralogy and mb dictate whether sMMO or pMMO is active in the cells. This explains why sMMO activity has been seen in soils with high Cu and also has implications for predicting dominant MMO activity in terrestrial bioremediation applications

A four-helix bundle stores copper for methane oxidation

Methane-oxidising bacteria (methanotrophs) require large quantities of copper for the membrane-bound (particulate) methane monooxygenase (pMMO). Certain methanotrophs are also able to switch to using the iron-containing soluble MMO (sMMO) to catalyse methane oxidation, with this switchover regulated by copper. MMOs are Nature’s primary biological mechanism for suppressing atmospheric levels of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Furthermore, methanotrophs and MMOs have enormous potential in bioremediation and for biotransformations producing bulk and fine chemicals, and in bioenergy, particularly considering increased methane availability from renewable sources and hydraulic fracturing of shale rock. We have discovered and characterised a novel copper storage protein (Csp1) from the methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b that is exported from the cytosol, and stores copper for pMMO. Csp1 is a tetramer of 4-helix bundles with each monomer binding up to 13 Cu(I) ions in a previously unseen manner via mainly Cys residues that point into the core of the bundle. Csp1 is the first example of a protein that stores a metal within an established protein-folding motif. This work provides a detailed insight into how methanotrophs accumulate copper for the oxidation of methane. Understanding this process is essential if the wide-ranging biotechnological applications of methanotrophs are to be realised. Cytosolic homologues of Csp1 are present in diverse bacteria thus challenging the dogma that such organisms do not use copper in this location

Polymorphisms of −174G>C and −572G>C in the Interleukin 6 (IL-6) Gene and Coronary Heart Disease Risk: A Meta-Analysis of 27 Research Studies

OBJECTIVE: Elevated serum IL-6 level is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). The -174 G>C and -572 G>C polymorphisms in the IL-6 gene have previously been shown to modulate IL-6 levels. But the association between the -174 G>C and -572 G>C polymorphisms and the risk of CHD is still unclear. A meta-analysis of all eligible studies was carried out to clarify the role of IL-6 gene polymorphisms in CHD. METHODS AND RESULTS: PubMed, EMBASE, Vip, CNKI and CBM-disc were searched for eligible articles in English and Chinese that were published before October 2010. 27 studies involving 11580 patients with CHD and 17103 controls were included. A meta-analysis was performed for the included articles using the RevMan 5.0 and Stata 10.0 softwares. Overall, the -174 C allele was not significantly associated with CHD risk (ORs = 1.04, 95%CI = 0.98 to 1.10) when compared with the -174 G allele in the additive model, and meta-analysis under other genetic models (dominant, recessive, CC versus GG, and GC versus GG) also did not reveal any significant association. On the contrary, the -572 C allele was associated with a decreased risk of CHD when compared with the -572 G allele (ORs = 0.79, 95%CI = 0.68 to 0.93). Furthermore, analyses under the recessive model (ORs = 0.69, 95% = 0.59 to 0.80) and the allele contrast model (genotype of CC versus GG, ORs = 0.49, 95% = 0.35 to 0.70) yielded similar results. However, statistical significance was not found when the meta-analysis was restricted to studies focusing on European populations, studies with large sample size, and cohort studies by using subgroup analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The -174 G>C polymorphism in the IL-6 gene is not significantly associated with increased risks of CHD. However, The -572 G>C polymorphism may contribute to CHD development. Future investigations with better study design and large number of subjects are needed

Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy: the SICE (Societ\ue0 Italiana di Chirurgia Endoscopica e Nuove Tecnologie) network prospective trial on 1225 cases comparing intra corporeal versus extra corporeal ileo-colic side-to-side anastomosis

Background: While laparoscopic approach for right hemicolectomy (LRH) is considered appropriate for the surgical treatment of both malignant and benign diseases of right colon, there is still debate about how to perform the ileo-colic anastomosis. The ColonDxItalianGroup (CoDIG) was designed as a cohort, observational, prospective, multi-center national study with the aims of evaluating the surgeons\u2019 attitude regarding the intracorporeal (ICA) or extra-corporeal (ECA) anastomotic technique and the related surgical outcomes. Methods: One hundred and twenty-five Surgical Units experienced in colorectal and advanced laparoscopic surgery were invited and 85 of them joined the study. Each center was asked not to change its surgical habits. Data about demographic characteristics, surgical technique and postoperative outcomes were collected through the official SICE website database. One thousand two hundred and twenty-five patients were enrolled between March 2018 and September 2018. Results: ICA was performed in 70.4% of cases, ECA in 29.6%. Isoperistaltic anastomosis was completed in 85.6%, stapled in 87.9%. Hand-sewn enterotomy closure was adopted in 86%. Postoperative complications were reported in 35.4% for ICA and 50.7% for ECA; no significant difference was found according to patients\u2019 characteristics and technologies used. Median hospital stay was significantly shorter for ICA (7.3 vs. 9 POD). Postoperative pain in patients not prescribed opioids was significantly lower in ICA group. Conclusions: In our survey, a side-to-side isoperistaltic stapled ICA with hand-sewn enterotomy closure is the most frequently adopted technique to perform ileo-colic anastomosis after any indications for elective LRH. According to literature, our study confirmed better short-term outcomes for ICA, with reduction of hospital stay and postoperative pain. Trial registration: Clinical trial (Identifier: NCT03934151)

Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy: a SICE (Società Italiana di Chirurgia Endoscopica e Nuove tecnologie) network prospective study on the approach to right colon lymphadenectomy in Italy: is there a standard?—CoDIG 2 (ColonDx Italian Group)

Background: Colon cancer is a disease with a worldwide spread. Surgery is the best option for the treatment of advanced colon cancer, but some aspects are still debated, such as the extent of lymphadenectomy. In Japanese guidelines, the gold standard was D3 dissection to remove the central lymph nodes (203, 213, and 223), but in 2009, Hoenberger et al. introduced the concept of complete mesocolic excision, in which surgical dissection follows the embryological planes to remove the mesentery entirely to prevent leakage of cancer cells and collect more lymph nodes. Our study describes how lymphadenectomy is currently performed in major Italian centers with an unclear indication on the type of lymphadenectomy that should be performed during right hemicolectomy (RH). Methods: CoDIG 2 is an observational multicenter national study that involves 76 Italian general surgery wards highly specialized in colorectal surgery. Each center was asked not to modify their usual surgical and clinical practices. The aim of the study was to assess the preference of Italian surgeons on the type of lymphadenectomy to perform during RH and the rise of any new trends or modifications in habits compared to the findings of the CoDIG 1 study conducted 4&nbsp;years ago. Results: A total of 788 patients were enrolled. The most commonly used surgical technique was laparoscopic (82.1%) with intracorporeal (73.4%), side-to-side (98.7%), or isoperistaltic (96.0%) anastomosis. The lymph nodes at the origin of the vessels were harvested in an inferior number of cases (203, 213, and 223: 42.4%, 31.1%, and 20.3%, respectively). A comparison between CoDIG 1 and CoDIG 2 showed a stable trend in surgical techniques and complications, with an increase in the robotic approach (7.7% vs. 12.3%). Conclusions: This analysis shows how lymphadenectomy is performed in Italy to achieve oncological outcomes in RH, although the technique to achieve a higher lymph node count has not yet been standardized. Trial registration (ClinicalTrials.gov) ID: NCT05943951