The feasibility of virtual reality for anatomic training during temporal bone dissection course

Funding Information: The study was funded by the Academy of Finland (AD Grant No. 333525), State Research Funding of the Kuopio University Hospital (TT Grant No. 5551865, AD Grant No. 5551853), The Finnish ORL-HNS Foundation (TT Grant No. 20210002 and No. 20220027), North Savo Regional Fund (TT Grant No. 65202121, AD Grant No. 65202054), Finnish Cultural Foundation (TT Grant No. 00211098), and The Finnish Society of Ear Surgery. Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2022 Timonen, Iso-Mustajärvi, Linder, Vrzakova, Sinkkonen, Luukkainen, Laitakari, Elomaa and Dietz.Introduction: In recent decades, the lack of educational resources for cadaveric dissections has complicated the hands-on otological surgical training of otorhinolaryngology residents due to the poor availability of cadaver temporal bones, facilities, and limited hours for practice. Since students must gain adequate and patient-safe surgical skills, novel training methods need to be considered. In this proof-of-concept study, a new virtual reality (VR) software is described; this was used during a national temporal bone dissection course where we investigated its feasibility for otological surgical training. Methods: A total of 11 otorhinolaryngology residents attended the annual 2-day hands-on temporal bone dissection course; they were divided into two groups with similar experience levels. Both groups received a lecture on temporal bone anatomy. A total of 22 cadaver temporal bones were harvested for the course; 11 of these bones were imaged by computed tomography. VR software designed for preoperative planning was then used to create 3D models of the imaged temporal bones. Prior to dissection training, the first group underwent a 30-min VR session, where they identified 24 surgically relevant anatomical landmarks on their individual temporal bone. The second group proceeded directly to dissection training. On the second day, the groups were switched. The feasibility of VR training was assessed with three different metrics: surgical performance evaluation using a modified Hopkins objective structured assessment of technical skill (OSATS), time for the surgical exposure of anatomical landmarks, and the user experience collected with a Likert scale questionnaire. Results: No differences were noted in the overall performance between the groups. However, participants with prior VR training had a lower mean time for surgical exposure of anatomical landmarks (antrum 22.09 vs. 27.64 min, p = 0.33; incus 60.00 vs. 76.00, p = 0.03; PSCC 71.83 vs. 88.50, p = 0.17) during dissection training. The participants considered VR beneficial for anatomy teaching, surgery planning, and training. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the feasibility of implementing VR training in a temporal bone dissection course. The VR training demonstrated that even short expert-guided VR sessions are beneficial, and VR training prior to the dissections has a positive effect on the time needed to perform surgical tasks while maintaining comparable performance scores.Peer reviewe

EMIP: The eye movements in programming dataset

A large dataset that contains the eye movements of N=216 programmers of different experience levels captured during two code comprehension tasks is presented. Data are grouped in terms of programming expertise (from none to high) and other demographic descriptors. Data were collected through an international collaborative effort that involved eleven research teams across eight countries on four continents. The same eye tracking apparatus and software was used for the data collection. The Eye Movements in Programming (EMIP) dataset is freely available for download. The varied metadata in the EMIP dataset provides fertile ground for the analysis of gaze behavior and may be used to make novel insights about code comprehension

Modelling Gaze Behaviour in Subtitle Processing

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Eye-Tracking Indicators of Workload in Surgery: A Systematic Review

Background Eye tracking is a powerful tool for unobtrusive and real time assessment of workload in clinical settings. Before the complex eye tracking derived surrogates can be proactively utilized to improve surgical safety, the indications, validity and reliability requires careful evaluation. Methods We conducted a systematic review of literature from 2010 to 2020 according to PRISMA guidelines. A search on PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of science, PsycInfo and Google scholar databases was conducted on July 2020. The following search query was used” ("eye tracking" OR "gaze tracking") AND (surgery OR surgical OR operative OR intraoperative) AND (workload OR stress)”. Short papers, no peer reviewed or papers in which eye-tracking methodology was not used to investigate workload or stress factors in surgery, were omitted. Results A total of 17 (N = 17) studies were identified eligible to this review. Most of the studies (n = 15) measured workload in simulated setting. Task difficulty and expertise were the most studied factors. Studies consistently showed surgeon’s eye movements such as pupil responses, gaze patterns, blinks were associated with the level of perceived workload. However, differences between measurements in operational room and simulated environments have been found. Conclusion Pupil responses, blink rate and gaze indices are valid indicators of workload. However, the effect of distractions and non-technical factors on workload is underrepresented aspect in the literature even though recognized as underlying factors in successful surgery

AdaM: Adapting Multi-User Interfaces for Collaborative Environments in Real-Time

| openaire: EC/H2020/637991/EU//COMPUTEDDeveloping cross-device multi-user interfaces (UIs) is a challenging problem. There are numerous ways in which content and interactivity can be distributed. However, good solutions must consider multiple users, their roles, their preferences and access rights, as well as device capabilities. Manual and rule-based solutions are tedious to create and do not scale to larger problems nor do they adapt to dynamic changes, such as users leaving or joining an activity. In this paper, we cast the problem of UI distribution as an assignment problem and propose to solve it using combinatorial optimization. We present a mixed integer programming formulation which allows real-time applications in dynamically changing collaborative settings. It optimizes the allocation of UI elements based on device capabilities, user roles, preferences, and access rights. We present a proof-of-concept designer-in-the-loop tool, allowing for quick solution exploration. Finally, we compare our approach to traditional paper prototyping in alab study.Peer reviewe

AdaM:adapting multi-user interfaces for collaborative environments in real-time

Developing cross-device multi-user interfaces (UIs) is a challenging problem. There are numerous ways in which content and interactivity can be distributed. However, good solutions must consider multiple users, their roles, their preferences and access rights, as well as device capabilities. Manual and rule-based solutions are tedious to create and do not scale to larger problems nor do they adapt to dynamic changes, such as users leaving or joining an activity. In this paper, we cast the problem of UI distribution as an assignment problem and propose to solve it using combinatorial optimization. We present a mixed integer programming formulation which allows realtime applications in dynamically changing collaborative settings. It optimizes the allocation of UI elements based on device capabilities, user roles, preferences, and access rights. We present a proof-of-concept designer-in-the-loop tool, allowing for quick solution exploration. Finally, we compare our approach to traditional paper prototyping in a lab study

Table3_The feasibility of virtual reality for anatomic training during temporal bone dissection course.DOCX

Introduction: In recent decades, the lack of educational resources for cadaveric dissections has complicated the hands-on otological surgical training of otorhinolaryngology residents due to the poor availability of cadaver temporal bones, facilities, and limited hours for practice. Since students must gain adequate and patient-safe surgical skills, novel training methods need to be considered. In this proof-of-concept study, a new virtual reality (VR) software is described; this was used during a national temporal bone dissection course where we investigated its feasibility for otological surgical training.Methods: A total of 11 otorhinolaryngology residents attended the annual 2-day hands-on temporal bone dissection course; they were divided into two groups with similar experience levels. Both groups received a lecture on temporal bone anatomy. A total of 22 cadaver temporal bones were harvested for the course; 11 of these bones were imaged by computed tomography. VR software designed for preoperative planning was then used to create 3D models of the imaged temporal bones. Prior to dissection training, the first group underwent a 30-min VR session, where they identified 24 surgically relevant anatomical landmarks on their individual temporal bone. The second group proceeded directly to dissection training. On the second day, the groups were switched. The feasibility of VR training was assessed with three different metrics: surgical performance evaluation using a modified Hopkins objective structured assessment of technical skill (OSATS), time for the surgical exposure of anatomical landmarks, and the user experience collected with a Likert scale questionnaire.Results: No differences were noted in the overall performance between the groups. However, participants with prior VR training had a lower mean time for surgical exposure of anatomical landmarks (antrum 22.09 vs. 27.64 min, p = 0.33; incus 60.00 vs. 76.00, p = 0.03; PSCC 71.83 vs. 88.50, p = 0.17) during dissection training. The participants considered VR beneficial for anatomy teaching, surgery planning, and training.Conclusion: This study demonstrated the feasibility of implementing VR training in a temporal bone dissection course. The VR training demonstrated that even short expert-guided VR sessions are beneficial, and VR training prior to the dissections has a positive effect on the time needed to perform surgical tasks while maintaining comparable performance scores.</p

Table4_The feasibility of virtual reality for anatomic training during temporal bone dissection course.DOCX

Introduction: In recent decades, the lack of educational resources for cadaveric dissections has complicated the hands-on otological surgical training of otorhinolaryngology residents due to the poor availability of cadaver temporal bones, facilities, and limited hours for practice. Since students must gain adequate and patient-safe surgical skills, novel training methods need to be considered. In this proof-of-concept study, a new virtual reality (VR) software is described; this was used during a national temporal bone dissection course where we investigated its feasibility for otological surgical training.Methods: A total of 11 otorhinolaryngology residents attended the annual 2-day hands-on temporal bone dissection course; they were divided into two groups with similar experience levels. Both groups received a lecture on temporal bone anatomy. A total of 22 cadaver temporal bones were harvested for the course; 11 of these bones were imaged by computed tomography. VR software designed for preoperative planning was then used to create 3D models of the imaged temporal bones. Prior to dissection training, the first group underwent a 30-min VR session, where they identified 24 surgically relevant anatomical landmarks on their individual temporal bone. The second group proceeded directly to dissection training. On the second day, the groups were switched. The feasibility of VR training was assessed with three different metrics: surgical performance evaluation using a modified Hopkins objective structured assessment of technical skill (OSATS), time for the surgical exposure of anatomical landmarks, and the user experience collected with a Likert scale questionnaire.Results: No differences were noted in the overall performance between the groups. However, participants with prior VR training had a lower mean time for surgical exposure of anatomical landmarks (antrum 22.09 vs. 27.64 min, p = 0.33; incus 60.00 vs. 76.00, p = 0.03; PSCC 71.83 vs. 88.50, p = 0.17) during dissection training. The participants considered VR beneficial for anatomy teaching, surgery planning, and training.Conclusion: This study demonstrated the feasibility of implementing VR training in a temporal bone dissection course. The VR training demonstrated that even short expert-guided VR sessions are beneficial, and VR training prior to the dissections has a positive effect on the time needed to perform surgical tasks while maintaining comparable performance scores.</p