La notación prosódica del español: una revisión del Sp-ToBI

El principal objetivo de este artículo es presentar una nueva propuesta de etiquetaje prosódico del español mediante el modelo métrico-autosegmental de análisis entonativo, Sp_ToBI (Spanish ToBI). Para esta versión de Sp_ToBI nos hemos basado en 1) trabajos tradicionales sobre la entonación del español, 2) una revisión de artículos anteriores sobre el Sp_ToBI y 3) un análisis sistemático de las variedades de español peninsular de Madrid y Sevilla y de la variedad de Ciudad de México. Las unidades fonológicas que constituyen esta versión del Sp_ToBI son las siguientes. El sistema cuenta con dos acentos tonales monotonales (L* y H*) y cuatro acentos tonales bitonales (L*+H, L+H*, L+>H* y H+L*). Los tonos altos H pueden presentar escalonamiento ascendente o descendente. En cuanto a tonos de frontera destacamos tres tonos monotonales (L%, H%, M%), tres tonos bitonales (LH%, HL% y HH%) y un tono tritonal (LHL%). En línea con estudios anteriores descartamos la presencia de tonos de frase. Las novedades de esta propuesta en relación con la primera versión del Sp_ToBI son básicamente tres: 1) la presencia de L* como acento tonal, 2) el triple contraste de acentos tonales ascendentes (L*+H, L+H* y L+>H*) y 3) la existencia de tonos de frontera bitonales y tritonales.The aim of this paper is to present a new proposal of prosodic transcription for Spanish intonation within the autosegmental-metrical framework, Sp_ToBI (Spanish ToBI). This proposal has been based on 1) traditional descriptions of Spanish intonation, 2) a revision of previous works on Sp_ToBI, and 3) a systematic analysis of the Madrid, Sevilla, and Mexico City accents. The phonological units that we propose in this version of Sp_ToBI are the following ones. The system has two monotonal pitch accents (L* and H*) and four bitonal pitch accents (L*+H, L+H*, L+>H* and H+L*). The H tones can be produced with upstep or downstep. As far as boundary tones are concerned, Spanish has three monotonal tones (L%, H%, M%), three bitonal tones (LH%, HL% y HH%) and a tritonal tone (LHL%). In line with previous studies, no phrase accents are found in Spanish intonation. This version of Sp_ToBI includes three new aspects with respect to the former model: 1) the existance of an L* pitch accent, 2) the three-way contrast of rising accents (L*+H, L+H* and L+>H*) and 3) the presence of bitonal and tritonal boundary tones.El principal objetivo de este artículo es presentar una nueva propuesta de etiquetaje prosódico del español mediante el modelo métrico-autosegmental de análisis entonativo, Sp_ToBI (Spanish ToBI). Para esta versión de Sp_ToBI nos hemos basado en 1) trabajos tradicionales sobre la entonación del español, 2) una revisión de artículos anteriores sobre el Sp_ToBI y 3) un análisis sistemático de las variedades de español peninsular de Madrid y Sevilla y de la variedad de Ciudad de México. Las unidades fonológicas que constituyen esta versión del Sp_ToBI son las siguientes. El sistema cuenta con dos acentos tonales monotonales (L* y H*) y cuatro acentos tonales bitonales (L*+H, L+H*, L+>H* y H+L*). Los tonos altos H pueden presentar escalonamiento ascendente o descendente. En cuanto a tonos de frontera destacamos tres tonos monotonales (L%, H%, M%), tres tonos bitonales (LH%, HL% y HH%) y un tono tritonal (LHL%). En línea con estudios anteriores descartamos la presencia de tonos de frase. Las novedades de esta propuesta en relación con la primera versión del Sp_ToBI son básicamente tres: 1) la presencia de L* como acento tonal, 2) el triple contraste de acentos tonales ascendentes (L*+H, L+H* y L+>H*) y 3) la existencia de tonos de frontera bitonales y tritonales

Seguimiento de una red de parcelas de experimentación en masa coetánea de Pinus halepensis Mill. en el MUP V154 La Hunde y La Palomera en el TM de Ayora (Valencia)

[ES] En el 2009 se estableció una red de 15 parcelas permanentes en una masa coetánea de Pinus halepensis Mill. en el MUP V154 “La Hunde y La Palomera” de Ayora (Valencia) con el fin de evaluar diferentes técnicas de gestión silvícola en esta especie. Se trata de un fustal de 60 años procedente de repoblación en el que se llevaron a cabo tratamientos de clara por lo bajo débil, clara baja fuerte, huroneo diamétrico y transformación a irregular. Cada tratamiento constó de tres repeticiones y, además, se fijaron tres parcelas testigo. El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de analizar el efecto que estos primeros tratamientos y dos perturbaciones posteriores por viento y nieve (en 2010 y 2017) han tenido sobre el desarrollo de la masa estudiada. Para cada tratamiento, se han analizado las principales variables dasométricas y el nivel de regeneración y de cobertura de matorral. Se han vuelto a aplicar las cortas siguiendo la misma metodología, a fin de consolidar conclusiones en los próximos 10-20 años. Tras el análisis de los daños por los temporales, se ha concluido que las primeras intervenciones han mejorado la estabilidad del total de la masa, si bien las intervenciones más intensas comportan mayores riesgos de derribos en los años inmediatamente posteriores. Respecto a las características dasométricas, las diferencias entre los tratamientos de clara baja débil y fuerte se han demostrado marginales, y se ha observado que, a mayor intensidad de corta, mayor crecimiento corriente en diámetro medio. Además, se han detectado indicios de un sacrificio de producción en el tratamiento de huroneo, que no se produce en el tratamiento de irregular. Por otra parte, el tratamiento de huroneo es el que ha presentado mejores resultados en cuanto a regeneración, seguido del de transformación a irregular, que también cuenta con una importante presencia de Ulex parviflorus Pourr. Finalmente, ante la imposibilidad de replantear nuevas parcelas sobre el terreno y tras constatar la gran similitud entre los tratamientos de clara baja fuerte y débil, se ha optado por sustituir éste último por un tratamiento de cortas preparatorias, fijando el turno en 80 años. Con estas actuaciones se busca preparar la masa para iniciar unas cortas diseminatorias en la siguiente intervención. Los resultados obtenidos, tomados con cautela hasta que sean confirmados en los próximos 10-20 años, arrojan las primeras conclusiones útiles para la gestión de masas regulares de edad media de pino carrasco, ya sea manteniéndolas en estructuras regulares o transformándolas en irregulares.[EN] In order to evaluate different silvicultural alternatives for even-aged stands of Pinus halepensis Mill. a network of 15 permanent plots was stablished in MUP V154 “La Hunde y La Palomera” (Ayora, Valencia). The stand was planted 60 years ago. Additionally to witness plots, two different thinning intensities, as well as two selection felling treatments with the aim to convert this stands to unevenaged structures, were carried out. The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of these treatments and the damage caused by two storms (in 2010 and 2017) in terms of main stand characteristics, natural regeneration and shrub coverage. By following the same methodology, the different treatments have been carried out for the second time, in order to consolidate conclusions in the next 10-20 years. After analysing the wind and snow damages, results show a noticeable improvement in crop stability 10 years after the fellings, even though the greater intensities imply a higher risk of windthrows the years immediately after the interventions. In regard to stand characteristics, the differences between both thinning methods have turned out to be minimal, and an evidence of a loss of yield by volume has been detected in the selection cutting treatment. Also, it concludes that the greater the intensity of felling, the larger the current increment of square mean diameter. On the other hand, the selection cutting treatment has shown the highest percentage of regeneration, followed by the transformation to uneven-aged stand treatment. Finally, facing the difficulties in locating new plots in the study area and after confirming the strong similarity between both thinning intensities, the low thinning regime has been substituted by preparatory fellings treatment before shelterwood regeneration system is applied at a later stage and with a final rotation age of 80 years. The results of this research, with all precaution until they can be confirmed in 10-20 years, allow a set of first useful conclusions for the silviculture applied to middle-age even-aged stands of Pinus halepensis, either maintaining them as even-aged or transforming them into uneven-aged.[CA] L’any 2009 es va establir una xarxa de 15 parcel·les permanents en una massa coetània de Pinus halepensis Mill. en el MUP V154 “La Hunde i La Palomera” (Ayora, València) amb l’objectiu d’avaluar diferents tècniques de gestió selvícola en aquesta espècie. Es tracta d’un fustal de 60 anys procedent de repoblació en el que es van aplicar tractaments d’aclarida baixa dèbil, aclarida baixa forta, huroneig diamètric i transformació a irregular. Cada tractament constava de tres repeticions y, a més a més, es van establir 3 parcel·les control. El present treball té l’objectiu d’analitzar l’efecte que aquests primers tractaments i dos pertorbacions posteriors per vent i neu (2010 i 2017) han tingut sobre el desenvolupament de la massa estudiada. En cada tractament s’han analitzat les principals variables dasomètriques, el nivell de regeneració i la coberta de matoll. S’han tornat a aplicar les tallades seguint la mateixa metodologia per tal de consolidar conclusions en els pròxims 10-20 anys. Després d’analitzar els danys causats pels temporals, es conclou que les primeres intervencions han millorat l’estabilitat del total de la massa, si bé les intervencions més intenses impliquen majors riscos de caiguda d’arbres en els anys immediatament posteriors. En referència a les característiques dasomètriques, les diferencies entre els tractaments de clara baixa dèbil y forta s’han mostrat marginals, y s’ha observat que, a major intensitat de les intervencions, major creixement corrent en diàmetre mitjà. A més a més, s’han detectat indicis d’un sacrifici de producció en el tractament d’huroneig que no es produeixen en el tractament d’irregular. D’altra banda, pel que fa a la regeneració, el tractament d’huroneig es el que ha presentat els millors resultats, seguit de la transformació a irregular. En aquest últim cas, destaca l’elevada presencia de Ulex parviflorus Pourr. Finalment, davant la impossibilitat d’establir noves parcel·les sobre el terreny i després d’haver constatat la imperceptible diferència entre els tractaments d’aclarides baixes forta i dèbil, s’ha optat per substituir aquest últim per un tractament de tallades preparatòries, fixant el torn en 80 anys. Amb aquestes actuacions es busca preparar la massa per iniciar unes tallades de disseminació en la següent intervenció. Els resultats obtinguts, mantenint la cautela fins que siguen confirmats en els pròxims 10-20 anys, proporcionen les primeres conclusions útils per a la gestió de masses regulars de mitjana edat de pi blanc, tant si es mantenen en estructures regulars com si es transformen a irregulars.Samblás Vives, E. (2019). Seguimiento de una red de parcelas de experimentación en masa coetánea de Pinus halepensis Mill. en el MUP V154 La Hunde y La Palomera en el TM de Ayora (Valencia). http://hdl.handle.net/10251/124881TFG

Multiple struggles in fighting violence against women: implications among Romani women leaders in Spain

Background: Violence against women (VAW) is a central issue in gender studies and one that has united feminist activists from around the world. But this does not mean that this struggle is singular: indeed, one can say that there are many, diverse and sometimes even contradictory struggles occurring throughout the world. Objectives: To identify and analyze the different struggles faced by women from Roma organizations in Spain in relation to VAW and their work with affected women. Methods: Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted among women actively involved in Roma associations in different Spanish cities, in 2015. An inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze the empirical materials. Results: Our analysis resulted in three themes that captured different struggles that women from Roma organizations have faced: ‘between persistence and rupture of restrictive gender norms’, ‘invisibility and normalization of violence against women’ and ‘willingness and trust in daily work with women’. The activities related to VAW carried out by the interviewed women were more related to their personal initiatives and abilities than to strategies proposed by the organizations they work for. Conclusions: The results show the need to support the initiatives of Romani women and their own struggles related to identity. This is what makes them true promoters of social change and, more specifically, change related to gender relations both within and outside of their communities.The material and analysis of this study are part of a larger research project titled ‘Violence against women and the responses of primary health professionals in Spain’, financed by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Government of Spain, Carlos III Institute and Fondos FEDER (Ref.PI13/00874), directed by Professor Carmen Vives-Cases

Pronominal variation in Southeast Asian Englishes: the case of the second person plural form

This study is concerned with the pronominal system in Asian Englishes, namely Indian English, Singapore English, Hong-Kong English and the Philippines English. The object of study is the second person pronoun in the plural form, which, in Present-Day English, presents the canonical form you (ambiguous between the singular and the plural) and also new forms which have been added to the paradigm (Kortmann and Schneider 2004: 1142 ), and which are unambiguously plural, as is the case of you guys (e.g. What did you guys talk last Friday <ICE-PHI:S1A-088#49:1:B>) or you all (e.g. You all can leave now <ICE-HK:S1A-023#588:1:A>) among others. Thus, in this study I intend to analyze the factors that determine the selection of the alternative forms other than you and show how the gap in the paradigm for the second person plural person in PDE in Asian Englishes is being filled with these alternative forms

Immune System Remodelling by Prenatal Betamethasone : Effects on β-Cells and Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a multifactorial disease of unknown aetiology. Studies focusing on environment-related prenatal changes, which might have an influence on the development of T1D, are still missing. Drugs, such as betamethasone, are used during this critical period without exploring possible effects later in life. Betamethasone can interact with the development and function of the two main players in T1D, the immune system and the pancreatic β-cells. Short-term or persistent changes in any of these two players may influence the initiation of the autoimmune reaction against β-cells. In this review, we focus on the ability of betamethasone to induce alterations in the immune system, impairing the recognition of autoantigens. At the same time, betamethasone affects β-cell gene expression and apoptosis rate, reducing the danger signals that will attract unwanted attention from the immune system. These effects may synergise to hinder the autoimmune attack. In this review, we compile scattered evidence to provide a better understanding of the basic relationship between betamethasone and T1D, laying the foundation for future studies on human cohorts that will help to fully grasp the role of betamethasone in the development of T1D

Do we have friendly services to meet the needs of young women exposed to intimate partner violence in the Madrid region?

Introduction: Women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) do not tend to go very frequently to formal support services. The objective of this study is to identify barriers related to the accessibility, acceptability, equity, appropriateness and effectiveness of IPV services from the perspective of the professionals working in the IPV public services. Methods: A qualitative study was carried out in the Madrid region based on 13 semi-structured interviews of young women who had survived IPV as well as 17 interviews with professionals. A thematic content analysis was performed, guided by the dimensions proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for friendly services for young people. Results: From the perspective of the young women and professionals, barriers were identified for all the dimensions of the WHO's friendly services for young people: accessibility: lack of information and support from the social setting, scarce dissemination of the services, economic cost, non-adapted schedules, inadequate locations or lack of services in settings close to young people; acceptability: lack of protocols to guarantee confidentiality, lack of speed in the provision of services or their referral, unwelcoming environments or unsympathetic professional malpractice; equity: discriminatory professional attitudes towards groups with different social status and lack of protocols to ensure the care of these groups; appropriateness: unmet needs and lack of multidisciplinary teams; and effectiveness: shortage of time, resources, competent professionals, protocols and coordination. Conclusions: Strategies are needed to make the necessary changes to promote friendly services for the care of young people exposed to IPV. Additionally, it must be emphasized that resources are needed to raise awareness and disseminate IPV services, as well as to train professionals in this area. Patient or Public Contribution: This paper is based on professionals' perspectives of public IPV-related services of different areas such as Psychology, Social Work, Nursing, Psychiatry, Social Education and young women exposed to IPV. They either work in the public administration at the local, regional or state level or in NGOs in Spain.This study was funded by the Health Institute Carlos III (Ref. PI17CIII/00022)

La enseñanza de las Ciencias Naturales en Educación Infantil

Durante el desarrollo y, en su proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, el niño adquiere conocimientos significativos de aquello que le interesa. Es por ello que, es importante que el docente ofrezca al niño espacios y situaciones que le generen interés y en las que necesite observar, pensar, jugar, descubrir, explorar, investigar y comunicar.La enseñanza de las Ciencias Naturales desde edades temprana ayuda al niño a desarrollar sus habilidades de pensamiento, de razonamiento critico y reflexivo ante el entorno físico-natural que le rodea, le da herramientas para comprender las situaciones cotidianas de su vida.El presente trabajo pretende exponer la importancia de la enseñanza de las ciencias desde edades tempranas así como una propuesta didáctica sobre Ciencias Naturales para llevar a cabo en el aula de educación infantil.<br /

Oral Meloxicam Administration in Sows at Farrowing and Its Effects on Piglet Immunity Transfer and Growth

Many factors can lead to an inadequate development of piglets during their first days of life, including poor maternal behavior, which can be due to pain caused by farrowing, and reduced colostrum ingestion. This study investigates the action of meloxicam administered orally at farrowing on piglet weight gain and immunity transfer. Thirty-five multiparous sows were divided into two groups and treated with 0.4 mg/kg of oral meloxicam (oral meloxicam group; n = 18) or with a mock administration (control group; n = 17). A total of 382 piglets were individually weighed on the farrowing day (day 0), as well as on days +9 and +20. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and A (IgA) concentrations in piglet serum and in sow's saliva, colostrum and milk were measured. Additionally, Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Interferon gamma (IFN-⋎) in serum of piglets and in sow's milk or colostrum were studied. All samples were obtained on days +1, +9, and +20. Piglets from sows in the oral meloxicam group tended to grow faster from day +9 to day +20 than did piglets from control sows (p = 0.059), and this difference was also observed in piglets with low body weight (BW) at birth (p = 0.056). The oral meloxicam group sows tended to increase the colostrum levels of IgA and IgG, as compared with control sows on day +1 (p = 0.068 and p = 0.072, respectively). IgA levels in piglet serum from the oral meloxicam group were significantly higher than in the control group on day +1 and +9 (p = 0.019 and p = 0.011 respectively). Furthermore, IL-2 and IL-4 levels in the serum of piglets from sows in the oral meloxicam group tended to be higher than that in the control group on day +9 (p = 0.078 and 0.056, respectively). The administration of meloxicam orally at the beginning of farrowing in multiparous sows increased immunoglobin and cytokine concentrations in colostrum, improving both humoral and cellular immune response of piglets. Pre-weaning growth of piglets born with a low BW improved in the meloxicam-treated group

Validation of the Spanish Version of Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS)

Fundamentos: El Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS) es uno de los cuestionarios más completos en el contexto internacional para la valoración de la capacidad de respuesta frente a la violencia del compañero íntimo por los profesionales de Atención Primaria de Salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la fiabilidad, consistencia interna y validez de constructo de la versión española de este cuestionario. Métodos: Tras la traducción, retrotraducción y valoración de la validez de contenido del cuestionario, se distribuyeron en una muestra de 200 profesionales de medicina y enfermería de 15 centros de atención primaria de 4 Comunidades Autónomas en 2013 (Comunidad Valenciana, Castilla León, Murcia y Cantabria). Se calcularon los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach, los de correlación intraclase y rho de Spearman (test-retest). Resultados: la versión española del PREMIS incluyó 64 ítems. El coeficiente α de Cronbach fue superior a 0,7 o muy cercano a ese valor en la mayoría de los índices. Se obtuvo un coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0,87 y un coeficiente de Spearman de 0,67 que muestran una fiabilidad alta. Todas las correlaciones observadas para la escala de opiniones, la única tratada como estructura factorial en el cuestionario PREMIS, fueron superiores a 0,30. Conclusiones: el PREMIS en español obtuvo una buena validez interna, alta fiabilidad y capacidad predictiva de las prácticas auto-referidas por médicos(as) y enfermeros(as) frente a casos de violencia del compañero íntimo en centros de atención primaria.Background: At the international level PREMIS – “Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey”- is amongst the most comprehensive instruments to evaluate primary health care professionals’ readiness. The aim of this study is to assess the reliability, internal consistency and construct validity of the Spanish version of this questionnaire. Methods: After translation, back translation and assessment of content validity of the questionnaire, 200 questionnaires were distributed to medical doctors and nurses working in 15 primary health care centres located in 4 autonomous regions (Comunidad Valenciana, Castilla León, Murcia, Cantabria), in 2013. Cronbach’s alpha, intraclass correlation and rho Spearman coefficients were calculated. Results: the Spanish version of PREMIS encompasses 64 items. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was greater than or close to 0.7 in most of indices. Intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.87 and Spearman coefficient of 0.67 showed a high reliability. All correlations for the scale of Opinions, which is the only one that was considered factorial structure of the questionnaire PREMIS, were higher than 0.30. Conclusions: the Spanish version of PREMIS obtained good internal validity, high reliability and predictive self-reported capacity of medical practitioners and nurses in Intimate Partner Violence cases in PHC centers.Este estudio forma parte del proyecto de investigación Violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja y respuestas de los profesionales de atención primaria de salud de España, financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad y el Instituto Carlos III (PI13/00874) para el periodo 2014-2016. También recibió el apoyo económico de COFAS (COFUND action within the Marie Curie Action People, in the Seventh Framework program and the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research/FAS-Forskningsradet för arbetsliv och socialvetenskap)

Photolysis of HCOOH over Rh deposited on pure and N-modified TiO2: production of pure H2

BACKGROUND: At the international level PREMIS -"Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey"- is amongst the most comprehensive instruments to evaluate primary health care professionals' readiness. The aim of this study is to assess the reliability, internal consistency and construct validity of the Spanish version of this questionnaire. METHODS: After translation, back translation and assessment of content validity of the questionnaire, 200 questionnaires were distributed to medical doctors and nurses working in 15 primary health care centres located in 4 autonomous regions (Comunidad Valenciana, Castilla León, Murcia, Cantabria), in 2013. Cronbach's alpha, intraclass correlation and rho Spearman coefficients were calculated. RESULTS: the Spanish version of PREMIS encompasses 64 items. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was greater than or close to 0.7 in most of indices. Intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.87 and Spearman coefficient of 0.67 showed a high reliability. All correlations for the scale of Opinions, which is the only one that was considered factorial structure of the questionnaire PREMIS, were higher than 0.30. CONCLUSIONS: the Spanish version of PREMIS obtained good internal validity, high reliability and predictive self-reported capacity of medical practitioners and nurses in Intimate Partner Violence cases in PHC centers