Etude des mécanismes moléculaires de chimiorésistance du mélanome malin aux vinca-alcaloïdes et aux inhibiteurs de kinases par une approche transcriptomique

Malignant melanoma (MM), one of the most intrinsically resistant cancers to anticancer agents and presenting a strong ability to develop acquired resistance, remains a therapeutic challenge. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in MM chemoresistance should provide therapeutic targets or guide therapeutic choice for improved efficiency. This thesis has focused on the identification of new molecular determinants of MM acquired resistance to (i) vinca alkaloids (VAs, conventional chemotherapy), and to (ii) MAP kinases inhibitors (MAPKi, targeted therapy). In the first study, MM cell lines resistant to VAs (CAL1R-VAs) were established (continuous exposure, 12 months, of CAL.1-wt parental line to the VCR, VDS or VRB: CAL1R-VCR, CAL1R- VDS and CAL1R-VRB respectively). Comparison of expression patterns led to distinguish two groups of cell lines (CAL1R-VCR and CAL1R-VDS; CAL1R-VRB and CAL.1-wt), suggesting a differential resistance of MM to VAs: one the one hand to VCR and VDS, on the other hand to VRB only. The analysis of transcriptome data by a process involving successively three methods - RMA (Robust Multi-array Average), RDAM (Rank Difference Analysis of Microarrays) and MGSA (model-based gene set analysis) – allowed the identification of functions altered during the resistant cell line selection, and therefore potentially involved in resistance mechanisms of these cell lines. In vitro functional analyzes confirmed the involvement of the lysosomes and of the response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (unfolded protein response, UPR) in the differential resistance of CAL1 cells to VAs. Thus, an under-expression of cathepsins B and L (bioinformatics), and a reduction of the acidic compartment volume (in vitro) were specifically observed in the first cell group (CAL1R-VCR and CAL1R-VDS), suggesting a reduced sensitivity of these lines to the lysosomal pathway of apoptosis. Furthermore, UPR inhibition using tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) induced a differential sensitization of all the CAL1 lines to VAs, suggesting the involvement of this pathway in the primary and acquired differential resistance to VAs. Moreover, TUDCA-inhibition of UPR induced sensitization another MM cell line, MDA-MB-435, to VCR and VDS but not to VRB. Thus, a UPR up-regulation could to be a significant mechanism of differential resistance of MM to VAs. This mechanism could involve autophagy, whose flow was significantly increased in the first group of lines. The same transcriptome analysis strategy was applied to study (ii) the molecular mechanisms of MM acquired resistance to MAPKi. MM cell lines resistant to the three major MAPKi were established by continuous exposure of the parental A375-wt line, carrying the activating mutation BRAF V600E, to vemurafenib (VMF, BRAF inhibitor), dabrafenib (DBF, BRAF inhibitor), or trametinib (TMT, MEK inhibitor): A375R-VMF, A375R-DBF and A375R-TMT, respectively. Comparison of transcriptomic profiles showed separate expression profiles, suggesting that the molecular mechanisms responsible for resistance to VMF, DBF or TMT were different. These mechanisms cannot therefore be common to the targeted pathway (MAPK) or to the molecular target (BRAF or MEK). The identification of the altered cellular functions will provide a rationale for mechanistic studies of new determinants of MM resistance to MAPKi.Le mélanome malin (MM) métastatique, un des cancers les plus intrinsèquement résistants aux agents anti-cancéreux et présentant une forte capacité à développer des résistances acquises, constitue un défi thérapeutique. La meilleure compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans cette chimiorésistance permettrait d'identifier des cibles thérapeutiques ou de guider le choix du traitement pour une meilleure efficacité. Les travaux réalisés durant cette thèse se sont focalisés sur l'identification de nouveaux déterminants moléculaires de la résistance acquise du MM vis-à-vis (i) des vinca-alcaloïdes (VAs, chimiothérapie classique), (ii) des inhibiteurs de MAP kinases (iMAPK, thérapie ciblée). Pour la première étude, un modèle de lignées cellulaires de MM résistantes aux VAs (CAL1R-VAs) a été établi (exposition continue, 12 mois, de la lignée parentale CAL1-wt à la VCR, la VDS ou la VRB : CAL1R-VCR, CAL1R-VDS et CAL1R-VRB respectivement). La comparaison des profils d'expression a permis de distinguer deux groupes de lignées cellulaires (CAL1R-VCR et CAL1R-VDS ; CAL1R-VRB et CAL1-wt), suggérant une résistance différentielle du MM aux VAs : d'une part à la VCR et à la VDS, d'autre part à la VRB. L'analyse des données transcriptomiques par une démarche associant successivement trois méthodes - RMA (Robust Multi-array Average), RDAM (Rank Difference Analysis of Microarrays) et MGSA (model-based gene set analysis) – a permis d'identifier des fonctions cellulaires altérées lors de la sélection des lignées CAL1R-VAs, et donc potentiellement à l'origine de la résistance de ces lignées. Des analyses fonctionnelles in vitro ont permis de confirmer l'implication des lysosomes et de la réponse au stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) dans la résistance différentielle des cellules CAL1 aux VAs. Ainsi, une sous-expression des cathepsines B et L (bioinformatique) et une réduction du volume du compartiment acide (in vitro) ont été observées spécifiquement dans le premier groupe de lignées (CAL1R-VCR et CAL1R-VDS), suggérant une sensibilité réduite de ces lignées à la voie lysosomale de l'apoptose. Par ailleurs, l'inhibition de la voie de réponse au stress du RE par l'acide tauroursodésoxycholique (TUDCA) a induit une sensibilisation différentielle de l'ensemble des lignées CAL1 aux VAs, suggérant l'implication de cette voie dans la résistance différentielle primaire et acquise aux VAs. De plus, l'inhibition de la réponse au stress du RE a induit une sensibilisation d'une autre lignée cellulaire de MM, MDA-MB-435, à la VCR et à la VDS mais pas à la VRB. Ainsi, la voie de réponse au stress du RE semble impliquée dans la résistance différentielle du MM aux VAs. Ce mécanisme pourrait mettre en jeu l'autophagie, dont le flux était significativement augmenté dans le premier groupe de lignées. La même démarche d'analyse transcriptomique a été appliquée pour l'étude des mécanismes moléculaires de résistance acquise du MM aux iMAPK. Des lignées cellulaires de MM résistantes aux trois iMAPK majeurs ont été établies par exposition continue de la lignée parentale A375-wt, portant la mutation activatrice BRAF V600E, au vémurafenib (VMF, inhibiteur de BRAF), dabrafenib (DBF, inhibiteur de BRAF), et trametinib (TMT, inhibiteur de MEK): A375R-VMF, A375R-DBF et A375R-TMT respectivement. La comparaison des profils transcriptomiques n'a pas permis de regrouper les lignées résistantes entre elles, suggérant que les mécanismes de résistance au VMF, au DBF ou au TMT sont différents. Ces mécanismes ne seraient donc communs ni à la voie ciblée (MAPK), ni à la cible moléculaire (BRAF ou MEK). L'identification des fonctions cellulaires altérées procurera un rationnel pour l'étude mécanistique de nouveaux déterminants de la résistance du MM aux iMAPK

1st INEXO Symposium: Alternative models in vitro, ex ovo and organisms: From research to applications in pathologies and aging

International audience123 gation and subsequent differentiation into complex tissue-like structures with reproducible ratios of neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The generated neurons elicit spontaneous calcium transients and stimuli-induced neurotransmitter release. Whole-cell current-and-voltage clamp recordings show polarized neurons and voltage-dependent ion currents. Differentiated glial cells present astrocytic functions. Moreover, expression of genes involved in synaptic and ion transport machinery and the accumulation of neural proteoglycans suggests that this 3D differentiation strategy mimics the neural tissue microenvironment better than other differentiation methods. These models have applications as tools for preclinical assessment and in disease modelling. In the next session on reconstituted tissues and 3D bioprint-ing, Dr Christian Pellevoisin (Episkin Academy, Lyon, France) spoke about reconstructed skin, which is a powerful and highly versatile technology already used at all stages of cosmetic product development (toxicology, UV sensitivity, skin allergy, skin aging, skin microbiome, etc). The ability to reproduce several functions of human skin in vitro broadens the scope for industrial applications. He demonstrated that it is now possible to predict positive or negative effects of cosmetics early in their development process using in vitro skin models instead of animal testing. Reconstructed human skin is also used for screening and assessing the efficacy of new active ingredients, deciphering their mechanism of action, and optimizing the composition of formulations

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Molecular study of melanoma chemoresistance to vinca-alkaloids and MAP Kinase inhibitors

Le mélanome malin (MM) métastatique, un des cancers les plus intrinsèquement résistants aux agents anti-cancéreux et présentant une forte capacité à développer des résistances acquises, constitue un défi thérapeutique. La meilleure compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans cette chimiorésistance permettrait d'identifier des cibles thérapeutiques ou de guider le choix du traitement pour une meilleure efficacité. Les travaux réalisés durant cette thèse se sont focalisés sur l'identification de nouveaux déterminants moléculaires de la résistance acquise du MM vis-à-vis (i) des vinca-alcaloïdes (VAs, chimiothérapie classique), (ii) des inhibiteurs de MAP kinases (iMAPK, thérapie ciblée). Pour la première étude, un modèle de lignées cellulaires de MM résistantes aux VAs (CAL1R-VAs) a été établi (exposition continue, 12 mois, de la lignée parentale CAL1-wt à la VCR, la VDS ou la VRB : CAL1R-VCR, CAL1R-VDS et CAL1R-VRB respectivement). La comparaison des profils d'expression a permis de distinguer deux groupes de lignées cellulaires (CAL1R-VCR et CAL1R-VDS ; CAL1R-VRB et CAL1-wt), suggérant une résistance différentielle du MM aux VAs : d'une part à la VCR et à la VDS, d'autre part à la VRB. L'analyse des données transcriptomiques par une démarche associant successivement trois méthodes - RMA (Robust Multi-array Average), RDAM (Rank Difference Analysis of Microarrays) et MGSA (model-based gene set analysis) – a permis d'identifier des fonctions cellulaires altérées lors de la sélection des lignées CAL1R-VAs, et donc potentiellement à l'origine de la résistance de ces lignées. Des analyses fonctionnelles in vitro ont permis de confirmer l'implication des lysosomes et de la réponse au stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) dans la résistance différentielle des cellules CAL1 aux VAs. Ainsi, une sous-expression des cathepsines B et L (bioinformatique) et une réduction du volume du compartiment acide (in vitro) ont été observées spécifiquement dans le premier groupe de lignées (CAL1R-VCR et CAL1R-VDS), suggérant une sensibilité réduite de ces lignées à la voie lysosomale de l'apoptose. Par ailleurs, l'inhibition de la voie de réponse au stress du RE par l'acide tauroursodésoxycholique (TUDCA) a induit une sensibilisation différentielle de l'ensemble des lignées CAL1 aux VAs, suggérant l'implication de cette voie dans la résistance différentielle primaire et acquise aux VAs. De plus, l'inhibition de la réponse au stress du RE a induit une sensibilisation d'une autre lignée cellulaire de MM, MDA-MB-435, à la VCR et à la VDS mais pas à la VRB. Ainsi, la voie de réponse au stress du RE semble impliquée dans la résistance différentielle du MM aux VAs. Ce mécanisme pourrait mettre en jeu l'autophagie, dont le flux était significativement augmenté dans le premier groupe de lignées. La même démarche d'analyse transcriptomique a été appliquée pour l'étude des mécanismes moléculaires de résistance acquise du MM aux iMAPK. Des lignées cellulaires de MM résistantes aux trois iMAPK majeurs ont été établies par exposition continue de la lignée parentale A375-wt, portant la mutation activatrice BRAF V600E, au vémurafenib (VMF, inhibiteur de BRAF), dabrafenib (DBF, inhibiteur de BRAF), et trametinib (TMT, inhibiteur de MEK): A375R-VMF, A375R-DBF et A375R-TMT respectivement. La comparaison des profils transcriptomiques n'a pas permis de regrouper les lignées résistantes entre elles, suggérant que les mécanismes de résistance au VMF, au DBF ou au TMT sont différents. Ces mécanismes ne seraient donc communs ni à la voie ciblée (MAPK), ni à la cible moléculaire (BRAF ou MEK). L'identification des fonctions cellulaires altérées procurera un rationnel pour l'étude mécanistique de nouveaux déterminants de la résistance du MM aux iMAPK.Malignant melanoma (MM), one of the most intrinsically resistant cancers to anticancer agents and presenting a strong ability to develop acquired resistance, remains a therapeutic challenge. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in MM chemoresistance should provide therapeutic targets or guide therapeutic choice for improved efficiency. This thesis has focused on the identification of new molecular determinants of MM acquired resistance to (i) vinca alkaloids (VAs, conventional chemotherapy), and to (ii) MAP kinases inhibitors (MAPKi, targeted therapy). In the first study, MM cell lines resistant to VAs (CAL1R-VAs) were established (continuous exposure, 12 months, of CAL.1-wt parental line to the VCR, VDS or VRB: CAL1R-VCR, CAL1R- VDS and CAL1R-VRB respectively). Comparison of expression patterns led to distinguish two groups of cell lines (CAL1R-VCR and CAL1R-VDS; CAL1R-VRB and CAL.1-wt), suggesting a differential resistance of MM to VAs: one the one hand to VCR and VDS, on the other hand to VRB only. The analysis of transcriptome data by a process involving successively three methods - RMA (Robust Multi-array Average), RDAM (Rank Difference Analysis of Microarrays) and MGSA (model-based gene set analysis) – allowed the identification of functions altered during the resistant cell line selection, and therefore potentially involved in resistance mechanisms of these cell lines. In vitro functional analyzes confirmed the involvement of the lysosomes and of the response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (unfolded protein response, UPR) in the differential resistance of CAL1 cells to VAs. Thus, an under-expression of cathepsins B and L (bioinformatics), and a reduction of the acidic compartment volume (in vitro) were specifically observed in the first cell group (CAL1R-VCR and CAL1R-VDS), suggesting a reduced sensitivity of these lines to the lysosomal pathway of apoptosis. Furthermore, UPR inhibition using tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) induced a differential sensitization of all the CAL1 lines to VAs, suggesting the involvement of this pathway in the primary and acquired differential resistance to VAs. Moreover, TUDCA-inhibition of UPR induced sensitization another MM cell line, MDA-MB-435, to VCR and VDS but not to VRB. Thus, a UPR up-regulation could to be a significant mechanism of differential resistance of MM to VAs. This mechanism could involve autophagy, whose flow was significantly increased in the first group of lines. The same transcriptome analysis strategy was applied to study (ii) the molecular mechanisms of MM acquired resistance to MAPKi. MM cell lines resistant to the three major MAPKi were established by continuous exposure of the parental A375-wt line, carrying the activating mutation BRAF V600E, to vemurafenib (VMF, BRAF inhibitor), dabrafenib (DBF, BRAF inhibitor), or trametinib (TMT, MEK inhibitor): A375R-VMF, A375R-DBF and A375R-TMT, respectively. Comparison of transcriptomic profiles showed separate expression profiles, suggesting that the molecular mechanisms responsible for resistance to VMF, DBF or TMT were different. These mechanisms cannot therefore be common to the targeted pathway (MAPK) or to the molecular target (BRAF or MEK). The identification of the altered cellular functions will provide a rationale for mechanistic studies of new determinants of MM resistance to MAPKi

Imidazopyridine-fused [1,3]diazepinones: modulations of positions 2 to 4 and their impacts on the anti-melanoma activity

A series of 19 novel pyrido-imidazodiazepinones, with modulations of positions 2, 3 and 4 of the diazepine ring were synthesised and screened for their in vitro cytotoxic activities against two melanoma cell lines (A375 and MDA-MB-435) and for their potential toxicity against NIH-3T3 non-cancerous cells. Selected compounds were also evaluated on the NCI-60 cell line panel. The SAR study revealed that the molecular volume and the cLogP of compounds modified at position 2 were significantly correlated with the activity of these compounds on melanoma cell lines. Moreover, introduction of a heterocyclic group at position 2 or an azido-alkyl chain at position 4 led to compounds displaying a significantly different activity profile on the NCI-60 cell line panel, compared to phenyl-substituted compounds at position 2 of the diazepinone. This study provides us crucial information for the development of new derivatives active against melanoma

Vegetable Oil-based Hybrid Submicron Particles Loaded with JMV5038: A Promising Formulation against Melanoma

International audienc

Sublingual Atropine Administration as a Tool to Decrease Salivary Glands’ PSMA-Ligand Uptake: A Preclinical Proof of Concept Study Using [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11

International audienceProstate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)-directed radionuclide therapy has gained an important role in the management of advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer. Although extremely promising, the prolongation in survival and amelioration of disease-related symptoms must be balanced against the direct toxicities of the treatment. Xerostomia is amongst the most common and debilitating of these, particularly when using an alpha emitter. It is therefore of main importance to develop new preventive strategies. This preclinical study has evaluated the effect of α-adrenergic and anticholinergic drugs on [99mTc]TcO4− Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography (SPECT/CT) and [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 Positron Emission Tomography (PET/CT). Methods: The effects of phenylephrine, scopolamine, atropine, and ipratropium on salivary glands uptake were evaluated in non-tumor-bearing mice by [99mTc]TcO4− microSPECT/CT. The most efficient identified strategy was evaluated in non-tumor-bearing and xenografted mice by [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT. Results: Scopolamine and atropine showed a significant decrease in the parotid glands’ uptake on SPECT/CT whereas phenylephrine and ipratropium failed. Atropine premedication (sublingual route), which was the most effective strategy, also showed a drastic decrease of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 salivary glands’ uptake in both non-tumor-bearing mice (−51.6% for the parotids, p < 0.0001) and human prostate adenocarcinoma xenografted mice (−26.8% for the parotids, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Premedication with a local administration of atropine could represent a simple, safe, and efficient approach for reducing salivary glands’ uptake

Données sédimentologiques

National audienc

Données sédimentologiques

National audienc

Contexte général : données physiographiques

International audienc