The Techniques of Accelerated English Language Learning in EFL Classroom

Käesoleva magistritöö eesmärgiks oli uurida kiirendatud õppemeetodi tehnikate kasutamist Eesti koolis. Täpsemalt, vaadelda kuivõrd tõhusad ja ainulaadsed need õpitehnikad on, ning seejärel viia läbi uurimus Pärnu Ühisgümnaasiumis põhikooli lõpuklasside põhjal. Antud uurimistöö läbiviimiseks püstitati järgnevad küsimused: 1) Kui tõhusaks osutuvad kiirendatud õppemeetodi tehnikad 9. klassides, kus õpitakse inglise keelt võõrkeelena (Pärnu Ühisgümnaasiumi näitel)? 2) Mis järeldusi saab kiirendatud õppemeetodi tehnikate kasutamisest teha (Pärnu Ühisgümnaasiumi 9. klasside näitel)

Transitional Justice and National Reconciliation in Burundi.

The Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi ( Arusha Agreement ) was signed in 2000 to bring an end to an ethnically motivated civil war and promote national reconciliation and transitional justice. Protocol I Article 4 of Arusha Agreement identified the political elite s struggle to accede to and/or remain in power as the root cause for the conflict. Burundi has managed to maintain its fragile peace over the last decade, yet processes towards national reconciliation and transitional justice have not been initiated. In addition, the ruling party s decision to adopt a controversial interpretation of the Constitution and nominate the current President for the third term in April 2015 is causing disturbances on the streets and forces the international community to witness how the political elite s wish to stay in power could drive the country into yet another civil war. In this interdisciplinary comparative legal analysis, I will answer the following research question: In the light of Burundi s political and socio-economic realities in 2015, what are the achievements and shortcomings in the implementation of the Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi signed in August 2000, and how can the process of national reconciliation be moved forward? Chapter 1 provides the necessary background information for Burundi. Chapter 2 gives a relevant literature overview. Chapter 3 entails a thorough analysis of Arusha Agreement and creates a baseline for actual implementation until April 2015. Chapter 4 provides recommendations for Burundi s national reconciliation, transitional justice and development in general. Chapter 5 concludes the thesis by answering the research question based on the findings throughout the document

Illustratsioonide hariduslikud eesmärgid ajalooõpikutes

http://www.ester.ee/record=b4690497*es

Translation initiation region sequence preferences in Escherichia coli

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The mRNA translation initiation region (TIR) comprises the initiator codon, Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence and translational enhancers. Probably the most abundant class of enhancers contains A/U-rich sequences. We have tested the influence of SD sequence length and the presence of enhancers on the efficiency of translation initiation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found that during bacterial growth at 37°C, a six-nucleotide SD (AGGAGG) is more efficient than shorter or longer sequences. The A/U-rich enhancer contributes strongly to the efficiency of initiation, having the greatest stimulatory effect in the exponential growth phase of the bacteria. The SD sequences and the A/U-rich enhancer stimulate translation co-operatively: strong SDs are stimulated by the enhancer much more than weak SDs. The bacterial growth rate does not have a major influence on the TIR selection pattern. On the other hand, temperature affects the TIR preference pattern: shorter SD sequences are preferred at lower growth temperatures. We also performed an <it>in silico </it>analysis of the TIRs in all <it>E. coli </it>mRNAs. The base pairing potential of the SD sequences does not correlate with the codon adaptation index, which is used as an estimate of gene expression level.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In <it>E. coli </it>the SD selection preferences are influenced by the growth temperature and not influenced by the growth rate. The A/U rich enhancers stimulate translation considerably by acting co-operatively with the SD sequences.</p

Deuda Soberana: Análisis del impacto de cambios en la calificación de riesgo crediticio en los Credit Default Swaps

Este trabajo investiga el impacto de cambios en las calificaciones de riesgo crediticio soberanas en el spread de los Credit Default Swaps (CDS) a nivel global entre 2012-2021. Demuestro que los cambios en las calificaciones proveen información valiosa al mercado, son económicamente relevantes y estadísticamente significativos en modelos de panel dinámicos, incluso al controlar por un conjunto de variables domésticas e internacionales, diferentes períodos de tiempo y clasificaciones de países. El modelo de datos de panel indica que una suba (baja) en la calificación de riesgo soberano reduce (incrementa) los CDS en entre 40 y 72 puntos base, en promedio, a nivel global entre 2012-2021. Las economías emergentes y de grado especulativo son las que aportan mayor variabilidad a este resultado, sobre todo durante el período 2017-2021. El vínculo entre estas variables se mantiene significativo incluso al incorporar de otros factores al momento del cambio de la calificación, como la perspectiva asociada o el nivel de calificación. Además, demuestro que los anuncios de cambios de perspectiva también tienen un impacto significativo en los CDS spreads; y que la magnitud del impacto es mayor cuanto menor sea la calificación al momento del cambio.Por motivos relacionados con los derechos de autor este documento solo puede ser consultado en la Biblioteca Di Tella. Para reservar una cita, o si sos el autor de esta tesis y querés autorizar su publicación en este repositorio, podés ponerte en contacto con [email protected]

Using the potential of the epos «Kalevala» to organize a theme park

The existing demand for glocalized consumer goods and services, as well as the emerging interest in the ethnic cultures of the Republic of Karelia, as one of the most attractive tourist destinations for domestic tourism in the Russian Federation, leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to introduce a new approach to the preservation and use of historical and cultural heritage. Not only tourist routes, but also new facilities, such as the Kalevala theme park, will contribute to attracting the tourist flow to the region. The paper proposes the idea of creating a historical theme park on the territory of the Republic of Karelia, based on the historical and cultural heritage of the Finno-Ugric peoples. The existing successful practices of historical parks in the world and Russian practice emphasize the relevance of implementing such an idea. This format of entertainment allows not only to fully learn about the cultural features of the territory, but also to immerse yourself in a unique mythological world that reflects the life experience and cosmological idea of the world of small northern peoples. The conceptual feature of this project is built around the cartoon representation of the plot of the Kalevala epic. This approach can positively affect the image component of the territory, increase its tourist attractiveness, which, in our opinion, will become one of the engines for promoting the region as a tourist destination.Существующий запрос на глокализационные потребительские товары и услуги, а также формирующийся интерес к этническим культурам Республики Карелия, как одного из привлекательнейших туристских направлений внутреннего туризма Российской Федерации, позволяет сделать вывод о необходимости внедрения нового подхода к сохранению и использованию историко-культурного наследия. Привлечению туристского потока в регион будут способствовать не только туристские маршруты, но и новые объекты, такие как тематический парк «Калевала». В работе предлагается идея создания исторического тематического парка на территории Республики Карелия, основанного на историко-культурном наследии финно-угорских народов. Существующие успешные практики исторических парков в мировой и российской практике подчеркивают актуальность реализации подобной идеи. Такой формат развлечения позволяет в полной мере не только узнать о культурных особенностях территории, но и погрузиться в уникальный мифологический мир, отражающий жизненный опыт и космологическое представление о мире малых северных народов. Концептуальная особенность данного проекта строится вокруг мультипликационного представления о сюжете эпоса «Калевала». Данный подход может положительно сказаться на имиджевой составляющей территории, увеличении ее туристической привлекательности, что, на наш взгляд, станет одним из двигателей продвижения региона как туристской дестинации

Reduced stability of mRNA secondary structure near the translation-initiation site in dsDNA viruses

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Recent studies have demonstrated a selection pressure for reduced mRNA secondary-structure stability near the start codon of coding sequences. This selection pressure can be observed in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, and is likely caused by the requirement of efficient translation initiation in cellular organism.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here, we surveyed the complete genomes of 650 dsDNA virus strains for signals of reduced stability of mRNA secondary structure near the start codon. Our analysis included viruses infecting eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and archaeic hosts. We found that many viruses showed evidence for reduced mRNA secondary-structure stability near the start codon. The effect was most pronounced in viruses infecting prokaryotes, but was also observed in viruses infecting eukaryotes and archaea. The reduction in stability generally increased with increasing genomic GC content. For bacteriophage, the reduction was correlated with a corresponding reduction of stability in the phage hosts.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We conclude that reduced stability of the mRNA secondary structure near the start codon is a common feature for dsDNA viruses, likely driven by the same selective pressures that cause it in cellular organisms.</p

Semisynthetic teicoplanin derivatives with dual antimicrobial activity against SARS-CoV-2 and multiresistant bacteria

Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 risk co-infection with Gram-positive bacteria, which severely affects their prognosis. Antimicrobial drugs with dual antiviral and antibacterial activity would be very useful in this setting. Although glycopeptide antibiotics are well-known as strong antibacterial drugs, some of them are also active against RNA viruses like SARS-CoV-2. It has been shown that the antiviral and antibacterial efficacy can be enhanced by synthetic modifications. We here report the synthesis and biological evaluation of seven derivatives of teicoplanin bearing hydrophobic or superbasic side chain. All but one teicoplanin derivatives were effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication in VeroE6 cells. One lipophilic and three perfluoroalkyl conjugates showed activity against SARS-CoV-2 in human Calu-3 cells and against HCoV-229E, an endemic human coronavirus, in HEL cells. Pseudovirus entry and enzyme inhibition assays established that the teicoplanin derivatives efficiently prevent the cathepsin-mediated endosomal entry of SARS-CoV-2, with some compounds inhibiting also the TMPRSS2-mediated surface entry route. The teicoplanin derivatives showed good to excellent activity against Gram-positive bacteria resistant to all approved glycopeptide antibiotics, due to their ability to dually bind to the bacterial membrane and cell-wall. To conclude, we identified three perfluoralkyl and one monoguanidine analog of teicoplanin as dual inhibitors of Gram-positive bacteria and SARS-CoV-2

Selection of Shine-Dalgarno sequences in plastids

Like bacterial genes, most plastid (chloroplast) genes are arranged in operons and transcribed as polycistronic mRNAs. Plastid protein biosynthesis occurs on bacterial-type 70S ribosomes and translation initiation of many (but not all) mRNAs is mediated by Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequences. To study the mechanisms of SD sequence recognition, we have analyzed translation initiation from mRNAs containing multiple SD sequences. Comparing translational efficiencies of identical transgenic mRNAs in Escherichia coli and plastids, we find surprising differences between the two systems. Most importantly, while internal SD sequences are efficiently recognized in E. coli, plastids exhibit a bias toward utilizing predominantly the 5′-most SD sequence. We propose that inefficient recognition of internal SD sequences provides the raison d'être for most plastid polycistronic transcripts undergoing post-transcriptional cleavage into monocistronic mRNAs