Plasticidad de la leche materna

Comunicación científica en formato ORAL, realizada en las III Jornadas Internacionales de Investigación, Ciencia y Universidad y las XII Jornadas de Investigación UMaza, en el Simposio: "INVESTIGACIÓN EN NUTRICIÓN: AVANCES CIENTÍFICOS ACTUALES", el mismo fue moderado por la Dra. EMILIA RAIMONDO, el Lic. PABLO MEZZATESTA, y la Lic. JÉSICA DÍAZ. Las jornadas se llevaron adelante desde 19 al 23 de octubre del 2020 en formato totalmente virtual bajo plataforma Zoom y fueron transmitidas por el canal YouTube de la UMaza y el Facebook del Área de Ciencia y Técnica UMaza (Somos Ciencia y Técnica UMaza)

Estado nutricional y consumo de frutas, verduras, legumbres, alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados en adultos de Santiago de Chile

Introducción: El sedentarismo y el consumo de alimentos no saludables se asocian con sobrepeso y obesidad en la población. El consumo de frutas, verduras y legumbres ha disminuido con el tiempo y gran parte de la población chilena no cumple con las recomendaciones de ingesta diaria. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el IMC de adultos chilenos y el consumo y frecuencia de diversos alimentos naturales, procesados y ultraprocesados. Metodología: Estudio transversal analítico en 516 sujetos entre 18 y 68 años. Se determinó el estado nutricional por medio de IMC. Para analizar el consumo de alimentos naturales y comida procesada se utilizó la encuesta sobre hábitos alimentarios. Los participantes firmaron un consentimiento informado. Los valores obtenidos fueron analizados con el programa estadístico SPSS®.  Los resultados obtenidos fueron analizados por medio de T-Student, Chi-cuadrado de Pearson, ANOVA de una vía y prueba exacta de Fisher, para así definir la asociación entre ellos. Resultados: El 0,8 % de los evaluados se clasificó como bajo peso; 42,2 % con estado nutricional normal; 42,8 % en sobrepeso y el 14,0 % con obesidad. El 37,8 % de los evaluados no consume frutas diariamente; el 22,9 % no consume verduras durante el día y 26,4 % no consume legumbres semanalmente. El 39,5 % de las personas toma al día 1 o más porciones de bebidas azucaradas y el 35,3 % consume frituras 1 o más veces por semana. Un mayor consumo de frutas (p=0,04), verduras (p=0,002) y legumbres (p=0,03) se asoció a un menor IMC. El consumo elevado de bebidas y jugos azucarados se asoció a un mayor IMC (p=0,002). Finalmente, se evidenció una asociación significativa entre el consumo de verduras al día, legumbres por semana y jugos azucarados respecto del estado nutricional (95% de confianza). Conclusiones: Se observó una frecuencia elevada de sobrepeso y obesidad acompañado de un bajo consumo de frutas, verduras y legumbres. Los adultos que tenían una ingesta mayor de alimentos naturales presentaron un menor IMC, a diferencia de aquellos que tenían una ingesta más elevada de bebidas azucaradas y alimentos ultraprocesados

Long Noncoding Mitochondrial RNAs (LncmtRNAs) as Targets for Cancer Therapy

Mitochondria are traditionally been viewed as the cell’s powerhouse, generating most of its ATP. However, besides this fundamental metabolic role, mitochondria are implicated in diverse other processes, including apoptosis, inflammation and metastasis. These functions are exerted in part by the growing class of long noncoding mitochondrial RNAs (lncmtRNAs). We found that normal human proliferating cells express a family of noncoding mitochondrial RNAs (ncmtRNAs), comprised of sense (SncmtRNA) and antisense (ASncmtRNA). However, tumor cells express only sense transcripts, suggesting that ASncmtRNA downregulation as a cancer new hallmark. The few ASncmtRNAs copies in tumor cells seem essential to tumor cell viability: knockdown of these transcripts with antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) causes massive apoptotic death of tumor cells, preceded by cell cycle arrest. Preclinical assays show that systemic administration of ASO delayed tumor growth in melanoma and renal cancer models and, caused total remission in subcutaneous renal cancer tumors. The same treatment, however, does not affect normal tissue, suggesting this approach for the development of an efficient and safe therapeutic strategy for several cancer types

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Meiotic behavior and H3K4m distribution in B chromosomes of Characidium gomesi (Characiformes, Crenuchidae)

Characidium gomesi Travasso, 1956 specimens from the Pardo River have up to four heterochromatic supernumerary chromosomes, derived from the sex chromosomes. To access the meiotic behavior and distribution of an active chromatin marker, males and females of C. gomesi with two or three B chromosomes were analyzed. Mitotic chromosomes were characterized using C-banding and FISH with B chromosome probes. Meiocytes were subjected to immunofluorescence-FISH assay using anti-SYCP3, anti-H3K4m, and B chromosomes probes. Molecular homology of supernumeraries was confirmed by FISH and by its bivalent conformation in individuals with two of these chromosomes. In individuals with three Bs, these elements formed a bivalent and a univalent. Supernumerary and sex chromosomes exhibited H3K4m signals during pachytene contrasting with their heterochromatic and asynaptic nature, which suggest a more structural role than functional of this histone modification. The implications of this result are discussed in light of the homology, meiotic nuclear organization, and meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chomatin

Intermittent Fasting and Reduction of Inflammatory Response in a Patient with Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease that affects the colon, generating a crisis period associated with diarrhea and ulcerations. Stress plays a pivotal role in modulating the inflammatory response and aggravating progression. Different studies have shown that fasting reduces inflammation markers, and intermittent fasting decreases inflammatory markers such as IL-2, IL-6, and RCP. Goal: To evaluate the impact of intermittent fasting on a patient diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. A female patient underwent intermittent fasting (10/14) for eight weeks. Clinical tests were performed for blood count, RCP, biochemical profile, glycemia, and T4/TSH levels. Fecal calprotectin was determined. Clinical exams were assessed before and after intermittent fasting. Inflammation markers, such as CRP and calprotectin, were significantly reduced after eight weeks of intermittent fasting. The patient reported feeling better and was seizure-free during the following months when she continued fasting intermittently. Intermittent fasting allowed for a reduction in inflammation markers

HPV-18 E2 protein downregulates antisense noncoding mitochondrial RNA-2, delaying replicative senescence of human keratinocytes

© Villota et al. Human and mouse cells display a differential expression pattern of a family of mitochondrial noncoding RNAs (ncmtRNAs), according to proliferative status. Normal proliferating and cancer cells express a sense ncmtRNA (SncmtRNA), which seems to be required for cell proliferation, and two antisense transcripts referred to as ASncmtRNA-1 and -2. Remarkably however, the ASncmtRNAs are downregulated in human and mouse cancer cells, including HeLa and SiHa cells, transformed with HPV-18 and HPV-16, respectively. HPV E2 protein is considered a tumor suppressor in the context of high-risk HPV-induced transformation and therefore, to explore the mechanisms involved in the downregulation of ASncmtRNAs during tumorigenesis, we studied human foreskin keratinocytes (HFK) transduced with lentiviral-encoded HPV-18 E2. Transduced cells displayed a significantly extended replicative lifespan of up to 23 population doublings, compared to 8 in control cells, together with downregulatio

In vivo knockdown of antisense non-coding mitochondrial RNAs by a lentiviral-encoded shRNA inhibits melanoma tumor growth and lung colonization

The family of non-coding mitochondrial RNAs (ncmtRNA) is differentially expressed according to proliferative status. Normal proliferating cells express sense (SncmtRNA) and antisense ncmtRNAs (ASncmtRNAs), whereas tumor cells express SncmtRNA and downregulate ASncmtRNAs. Knockdown of ASncmtRNAs with oligonucleotides induces apoptotic cell death of tumor cells, leaving normal cells unaffected, suggesting a potential application for developing a novel cancer therapy. In this study, we knocked down the ASncmtRNAs in melanoma cell lines with a lentiviral-encoded shRNA approach. Transduction with lentiviral constructs targeted to the ASncmtRNAs induced apoptosis in murine B16F10 and human A375 melanoma cells in vitro and significantly retarded B16F10 primary tumor growth in vivo. Moreover, the treatment drastically reduced the number of lung metastatic foci in a tail vein injection assay, compared to controls. These results provide additional proof of concept to the knockdown of ncmtRNAs for cancer therapy and validate lentiviral-shRNA vectors for gene therapy.Universidad Andres Bello DI11/11 Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica Fondecyt 1110845 Fondecyt 11150624 Fondecyt 1140345 Fondecyt 1160889 PFB1