Parametrien etsintä HEVC:n tehokkaalle moodivalinnalle

High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is the latest video coding standard. It halves the achieved bit rate compared with the previous standard, Advanced Video Coding (AVC). However, the bit rate decrease comes with 40% increase in encoding complexity. This is mainly due to larger number of block coding modes, including Symmetric motion partitions (SMPs), Asymmetric motion partitions (AMPs), and larger coding units of up to 64x64 pixels. These new features are mainly used for Inter prediction that accounts for 60-70% of the whole encoding time. For this reason, optimization of Inter prediction is the main topic in this Thesis. To tackle the Inter prediction complexity, a parametric exploration was chosen as the approach. The exploration was done by gradually shifting the focus from the most coarse optimization to the parameter fine tuning. The selected approach in this study required thousands of individual tests so an automated solution was needed. This led to the creation of a new software solution, TUT Task Manager. It is capable of automatically distributing the tasks of parametric exploration to any number of nodes available in the local network. In total, TUT Task Manager was used to run 4000 tests with a combined CPU time of 14 months. The results were used to create a set of recommended schemes for Inter mode selection. Overall, these new schemes are shown to provide 31-50% complexity saving against the default configuration of HM 11.0, with a minor bit rate increase of 0.2-1.3%. They also provide better RDC performance than the existing solutions. The tools and methods used in this work are so generic that they can be used to further optimize other parts of the video codec

Terveydenhuollon tietojärjestelmien käytettävyys

Terveydenhuollon tietojärjestelmiin liittyvät ongelmat ja käytettävyys ovat nousseet esiin sekä julkisissa keskusteluissa että akateemisissa tutkimuksissa. Keskusteluissa käytettävyyden käsite on saanut erilaisia painotuksia ja merkityksiä. Terveydenhuollon tietojärjestelmien tutkimusalueella käytettävyyden mielletään liittyvän läheisesti yksittäisten järjestelmien arviointiin. Tässä artikkelissa kuvataan käytettävyys laaja-alaisena kokonaisuutena ja avataan keskustelua siitä, miten käytettävyys voitaisiin operationalisoida terveydenhuollon tietojärjestelmä-suunnittelun yhteydessä. Laaja näkökulma käytettävyyteen huomioi käyttö-tilanteen ja siihen liittyvät osa-alueet kokonaisuutena. Käytettävyyssuunnittelun avulla järjestelmälähtöisestä kehittämisestä voidaan edetä kohti erilaisten käyttäjäryhmien tarpeita huomioivia ja vaihteleviin käyttötilanteisiin soveltuvia ratkaisuja. Käytettävyyden hahmottaminen laaja-alaisena kokonaisuutena auttaa paitsi tarttumaan nykyisiin ongelmakohtiin, myös ymmärtämään terveydenhuollon tietojärjestelmäkehityksessä tapahtuvia muutoksia

The Interplay of Work, Digital Health Usage, and the Perceived Effects of Digitalization on Physicians' Work : Network Analysis Approach

Background: In health care, the benefits of digitalization need to outweigh the risks, but there is limited knowledge about the factors affecting this balance in the work environment of physicians. To achieve the benefits of digitalization, a more comprehensive understanding of this complex phenomenon related to the digitalization of physicians' work is needed. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine physicians' perceptions of the effects of health care digitalization on their work and to analyze how these perceptions are associated with multiple factors related to work and digital health usage. Methods: A representative sample of 4630 (response rate 24.46%) Finnish physicians (2960/4617, 64.11% women) was used. Statements measuring the perceived effects of digitalization on work included the patients' active role, preventive work, interprofessional cooperation, decision support, access to patient information, and faster consultations. Network analysis of the perceived effects of digitalization and factors related to work and digital health usage was conducted using mixed graphical modeling. Adjusted and standardized regression coefficients are denoted by b. Centrality statistics were examined to evaluate the relative influence of each variable in terms of node strength. Results: Nearly half of physicians considered that digitalization has promoted an active role for patients in their own care (2104/4537, 46.37%) and easier access to patient information (1986/4551, 43.64%), but only 1 in 10 (445/4529, 9.82%) felt that the impact has been positive on consultation times with patients. Almost half of the respondents estimated that digitalization has neither increased nor decreased the possibilities for preventive work (2036/4506, 45.18%) and supportiveness of clinical decision support systems (1941/4458, 43.54%). When all variables were integrated into the network, the most influential variables were purpose of using health information systems, employment sector, and specialization status. However, the grade given to the electronic health record (EHR) system that was primarily used had the strongest direct links to faster consultations (b=0.32) and facilitated access to patient information (b=0.28). At least 6 months of use of the main EHR was associated with facilitated access to patient information (b=0.18). Conclusions: The results highlight the complex interdependence of multiple factors associated with the perceived effects of digitalization on physicians' work. It seems that a high-quality EHR system is critical for promoting smooth clinical practice. In addition, work-related factors may influence other factors that affect digital health success. These factors should be considered when developing and implementing new digital health technologies or services for physicians' work. The adoption of digital health is not just a technological project but a project that changes existing work practices.Peer reviewe

Long-term Results of Microvascular Lymph Node Transfer: Correlation of Preoperative Factors and Operation Outcome

Background: Our objective was to analyze whether a correlation could be observed between preoperative factors and microvascular lymph node transfer outcome after long-term follow-up.Methods: We included 67 patients in this retrospective case series. The incidence of cellulitis, the difference of arm circumference, the use of the compression garments both preoperatively and postoperatively, and subjective symptoms, such as pain, were analyzed. Volumetry and lymphoscintigraphy results were also analyzed in a subgroup of patients. We correlated preoperative factors with postoperative results.Results: After 70 +/- 17 months of follow-up, 42% of the patients were able to discontinue the use of compression garments. The subjective pain symptoms were reduced in 75% of the patients. The incidence of cellulitis was reduced from preoperative 0.20 +/- 0.55/y to postoperative 0.02 +/- 0.08/y. As a novel finding, the patients with preoperative cellulitis were more likely to continue the use of the compression garments.Conclusions: The surgery is beneficial to most studied lymphedema patients, although it is not the cure for all patients. The incidence of cellulitis was reduced, and further, the presence of preoperative cellulitis seems to affect the outcome of the operation.</p

68Ga-Citrate Positron Emission Tomography of Healthy Men: Whole-Body Biodistribution Kinetics and Radiation Dose Estimates

68Ga-citrate has one of the simplest chemical structures of all 68Ga-radiopharmaceuticals, and its clinical use is justified by the proven medical applications using its isotope-labeled compound 67Ga-citrate. To support broader application of 68Ga-citrate in medical diagnosis, further research is needed to gain clinical data from healthy volunteers. In this work, we studied the biodistribution of 68Ga-citrate and subsequent radiation exposure from it in healthy males. Methods: 68Ga-citrate was prepared with an acetone-based radiolabeling procedure compliant with Good Manufacturing Practices. Six healthy males (age 41 ± 12 years, mean ± SD) underwent sequential whole-body PET/CT scans after an injection of 204 ± 8 MBq of 68Ga-citrate. Serial arterialized venous blood samples were collected during PET imaging and the radioactivity concentration was measured with a gamma counter. Urinary voids were collected and measured. The Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) bladder-voiding model with a 3.5 hour voiding interval was used. A model using a 70 kg adult male and MIRD schema was used to estimate absorbed doses in target organs and effective doses. Calculations were performed using OLINDA/EXM 2.0 software. Results: Radioactivity clearance from the blood was slow, and relatively high radioactivity concentrations were observed over the whole of the 3 hour measuring period. Although radioactivity excretion via urine was rather slow (biological half-time, 69 ± 24 hours), the highest decay-corrected concentrations in urinary bladder contents were measured at 90 and 180 minute time points. Moderate concentrations were also seen in kidneys, liver, and spleen. The source organs showing the largest residence times were muscle, liver, lung, and heart contents. The heart wall received the highest absorbed dose of 0.077 ± 0.008 mSv/MBq. The mean effective dose (ICRP 103) was 0.021 ± 0.001 mSv/MBq. Conclusion: PET imaging with 68Ga-citrate is associated with modest radiation exposure. A 200 MBq injection of 68Ga-citrate results in an effective radiation dose of 4.2 mSv, which is in the same range as other 68Ga-labeled tracers. This suggests the feasibility of clinical studies using 68Ga-citrate imaging in humans and the possibility of performing multiple scans in the same subjects across the course of a year.</p

Phase 1 Lymfactin® Study: 24-month Efficacy and Safety Results of Combined Adenoviral VEGF-C and Lymph Node Transfer Treatment for Upper Extremity Lymphedema

BACKGROUNDLymphedema is a common problem after breast cancer treatment. Lymfactin® is a prolymphangiogenic growth factor vector inducing the expression of human vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C). It promotes growth and repair of lymphatic vessels.METHODSLymfactin® was combined with microvascular lymph node transfer surgery (VLNT) to study the safety and efficacy of the treatment in breast cancer-related upper limb lymphedema (BCRL) patients. This is a continuation study with a 3 year efficacy and 5 year safety follow-up.RESULTSFifteen patients were recruited in the study between June 2016 and February 2018. Three patients received a lower dose (1 × 1010 viral particles (vp)), and 12 patients received a higher dose (1 × 1011 vp) of Lymfactin®, respectively. In the higher dose group, the reduction of excess arm volume was on average 46% after the 12 month follow-up, and the transport index was improved in 7/12 patients. At baseline, removal of the compression garment for 7 days resulted in significant arm swelling (105.7±161.0 ml, p=0.0253). However, at 12 months, there was less and not significant swelling after removal of the garment (84.4±143.0 ml, p=0.0682). Lymphedema Quality of Life Inventory (LQOLI or LyQLI) questionnaire showed significant and sustained improvement of quality of life.CONCLUSIONSDuring 24 months' of follow-up, the results indicate that Lymfactin® is well tolerated. The most promising findings were a 46% reduction in excess arm volume and a nonsignificant volume increase after garment removal at 12 months, suggesting that there is potential for the reduction of lymphedema.</p

A molecular-based identification resource for the arthropods of Finland

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors. Molecular Ecology Resources published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.To associate specimens identified by molecular characters to other biological knowledge, we need reference sequences annotated by Linnaean taxonomy. In this study, we (1) report the creation of a comprehensive reference library of DNA barcodes for the arthropods of an entire country (Finland), (2) publish this library, and (3) deliver a new identification tool for insects and spiders, as based on this resource. The reference library contains mtDNA COI barcodes for 11,275 (43%) of 26,437 arthropod species known from Finland, including 10,811 (45%) of 23,956 insect species. To quantify the improvement in identification accuracy enabled by the current reference library, we ran 1000 Finnish insect and spider species through the Barcode of Life Data system (BOLD) identification engine. Of these, 91% were correctly assigned to a unique species when compared to the new reference library alone, 85% were correctly identified when compared to BOLD with the new material included, and 75% with the new material excluded. To capitalize on this resource, we used the new reference material to train a probabilistic taxonomic assignment tool, FinPROTAX, scoring high success. For the full-length barcode region, the accuracy of taxonomic assignments at the level of classes, orders, families, subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species reached 99.9%, 99.9%, 99.8%, 99.7%, 99.4%, 96.8%, and 88.5%, respectively. The FinBOL arthropod reference library and FinPROTAX are available through the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility (www.laji.fi) at https://laji.fi/en/theme/protax. Overall, the FinBOL investment represents a massive capacity-transfer from the taxonomic community of Finland to all sectors of society.Peer reviewe

Poliisin rikokset : Tutkimus suomalaisen poliisirikoksen kuvasta

The scientific base of this research has been established at a cross roads. It justifies the view according to which justice can be found outside of the judiciary - at grass roots level of law enforcement justice is moulded and crucial questions of the interests, rights and obligations of legal subjects are deliberated and settled. Justice can thus also be studied and interpreted in light of individual experiences of injustice. Furthermore, the research justifies the opinion that there is an uninterrupted opportunity for the test of the undecidable, which actively strives to reach a state in which change is possible. In other words, if justice is not at home and visiting somewhere else , there is an opportunity for justice to arrive . Broadening the scope of jurisprudence, without actually naming it sociology of law, is apparent in the research, among others, in its inclination towards sociology, cultural research and criminology. The research outlines the police habitat which, in addition to being a certain type of environment, a place or a state of mind in which activities are carried out, it is also a product of those same activities. The objective is additionally to describe how much power the police has acquired. The research reveals that the reasons for police misconduct are not simple, neither are they easily controllable. Furthermore, the police has an expanding opportunity for symbolic use of force , which implies a power to construct problems and solutions to such problems. The police is evolving into, if not already become, an expert in processing information. In view of police misconduct, this is a new source of danger as the possibilities for illegal or otherwise inappropriate use of information expand simultaneously. In an attempt to change policing it is necessary at the same time to change police culture and to reinforce its desirable aspects. Despite the dark nature of policing and the culture of policing there is always a possibility for better policing. This is based on the ever evolving culture of the afore mentioned. A change of culture requires the support provided by police officers responsible decision making. Identifying this moment of decision making is in effect an active search for the test of the undecidable which can be the foundation for a change of culture. The principle of conformity to law drives the decision making process towards this end. Change is ever easier if the decision is made by a significant other police officer. In other words, changing policing requires the support of specific important figures in a work community. Police misconduct manifests itself in the research material largely as mundane and bound to the scope of work of police officers. However, due to the amount and breadth of criticism towards information processing conducted by the police, critical police research should be focused more on crime investigation. An absence of traces of the economic dimension of corruption in the research material has been gratifying. There appears to be no connection between police work and the pursuit of financial gain in the research material. However, it must be kept in mind that this dimension of corruption is hidden i.e. unreported criminality and as such difficult to reveal. The police is hardly ever criticized for racist and sexist conduct nor for the use of covert coercive measures. This, however, should not be seen as grounds for oversimplified conclusions. The research has raised the dilemma of the oversight of the overseers. In light of the research material, questioning policing rests to the most part on the complainant and injured parties and on those who claim this status. Police officers seldom question their own conduct except for in matters relating to traffic. The same applies to other authorities and to bystanders (witnesses). Judging by the research material, it can be stated that both minor and serious cases are reported by police officers themselves. Furthermore, there is significance in the nature of the misconduct as well as in the status or standing in society of the person who has questioned the conduct and of the officer responsible for the conduct. Most importantly it is significant if another police officer has obstructed carrying out police duties or questioned the authority of the police. Also, it can be stated that the views of the police and of those questioning police conduct are far and apart. This interpretation is supported by the fact that there has not been a single instance in which a police officer would have been suspected of an attempt of a criminal offence. This situation has been interpreted in light of the findings of the Norwegian scholar Liv Finstad. It may simply be a question of differing lines of sight of the police, other authorities, bystanders and of injured parties. Each examines events from their own perspective. Questioning policing on a wider front would most probably not have the desired effect. On the contrary, it may high light certain aspect of police culture, namely solidarity and seclusion. Keeping in mind the afore mentioned meaning, the low visibility of policing can be understood in a wider context. It is not merely a question of the difficulties that senior police officer face in supervising police conduct, but also of police conduct perhaps being beyond the reach of an other wise all encompassing web of the guarantee of due process. The basis for investigations into police misconduct utilised in law drafting has been proven, at least to some extent, to be liquid. Whether an investigation is internal or external is perhaps no longer as relevant as one would assume. Each method of investigation faces specific obstacles especially when dealing with police misconduct. It is in these instances that overseeing the overseer is most challenging. Therefore, the aspect high lighted earlier in the research of the altruistic commitment to duty and of the strong moral fibre of police officers is pivotal. In the struggle to mould the Finnish police into a particularly efficient crime fighting organisation, change may be noticed in a lack of ethical sensitivity in police officers. Opening a pre-trial investigation is the first decision in the pre-trial process and as such an important one for those party to such a process. Consequently, the research focused on an analysis of the evidence as it relates to the development of the investigation at hand as well as on the scope of discretion vis-à-vis the statutory definition of the offence. In relation to the first mentioned, utilising mathematical models for practical decision making was discarded. In stead, the solution has been to recommend applying the evidentiary value method supplemented with the hypothesis method due to the inbuilt principle of caution i.e. the inapplicability of the rule of negation. This is unavoidable because in early stages of the investigation one has to operate with incomplete information. Hence, uncertainty is not transformed into support for the theme, nor its negation. This facilitates the search for alternative meanings for chains of events which in turn facilitates a more just solution. Discretion in relation to the statutory definition of the offence is especially challenging in police misconduct. The illegality and to the most part also guilt has been excluded from this discretion in order to give room for a just hearing of the criticism directed at the police. Furthermore, in ascertaining the grounds for a decision to open an investigation, when operating with incomplete information, it is not possible to determine questions of illegality or guilt, which is possible, to the most part, only with more complete evidence. The current method of investigation for police misconduct gives room for a danger of experiences of injustice both from the stand point of police officers and of those questioning police conduct. The afore mentioned method of investigation may be applied only when there is reason to suspect an offence and there are objective grounds to suspect a police officer of conducting such a criminal offence. In striving to maintain a low threshold for opening an investigation into misconduct, it is necessary to compromise the legal protection of police officers i.e. the threshold of presenting evidence in relation to police misconduct. Respectively, singling out a police officer may result in liability for reporting such police conduct. How should we evaluate the police? Numerous studies seem to support the understanding that policing has little to no impact on criminality on the whole and assessing the efficiency of policing is virtually impossible. This is considered to result from the fact that several factors impacting on criminality are beyond the reach of the police. Instead, there is ample indication that bad policing may i.a. jeopardise security and increase crime. It has been suggested that policing should be evaluated on the level of consideration, reliability, receptivity, capability, manners and on how just the police is. This is not contrary to ethical policing as described in the research. Internal legality control of the police should be arranged so as to facilitate producing as reliable and usable information on criticism targeting the police, on suspected criminal offences and misconduct as well as on investigations and consequences thereof as possible. Also claims for damages against the police and damages paid by the police should be recorded. The afore mentioned practice should be consistent and all encompassing and the collection of information should be systematic. Acquired information should be refined and analysed and the procedure should be included in result oriented management of the police or alternatively the reaction and conclusions based on such information should be arranged in some other efficient manner. Consequently, conclusions based on such information should not be limited to merely acknowledging the existence of an unwanted state of affairs. This would high light the responsibility of police chiefs. The police organisation should also consistently publicize information on the darker side of policing and on the remedies to such misconduct. On the other hand it may be considered that an active publicity may result in a loss in legitimacy of the police. However, in the long run this practise would undoubtedly indicate that the police is transparent and willing to be subject to scrutiny which in turn may result in a steady or even raised level of trust towards the police. The police should also be prepared for criticism towards the police being assessed by an external and (even more than currently) independent body. Globally development seems to be geared towards such a trend albeit this does not seem to be a more effective investigation method than any other. The web of oversight can be reinforced with concrete solutions (if required) i.a. by repeatedly measuring the ethical temperature e.g. in conjunction with a personnel barometer. Incorruptibility and integrity testing as well as other kinds of technical solutions are becoming commonplace. Integrity training throughout basic police training, and in a wider context than in mere individual training courses of modules, is also applied. It must be remembered that modern sophisticated investigation methods are available. Therefore, it is necessary to acknowledge the use of current know-how in criminal investigations also in relation to police misconduct. Mechanisms for the reporting of police misconduct can be developed and supported etc. It can be discerned from the above that there are ample methods for securing better policing. Some of them may function as desired at least with certain preconditions and in favourable circumstances. Success is possible even if at times and at in certain circumstances there may have been failures. Naturally, recruitment has an important function. However, in the end it should be remembered that the police and society cannot be separated. In other words, society has such a police as it deserves.Ei korppi toista silmään noki. Vai nokkiiko? Pitäisikö sen nokkia? Onko yhteiskunnalla sellainen poliisi kuin se ansaitsee? Poliisitoiminnan ja poliisikoulutuksen kehittäminen edellyttää poliisin kohdistettua kriittistä tutkimusta ja seurantaa. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaankin Suomessa vähän tutkittua aihetta poliisin tekemäksi väitettyjä ja epäiltyjä rikoksia. Suomalaisen poliisirikoksen kuvaa valotetaan noin 500 tapauksen avulla. Tarkastelun kohteena ovat myös oikeuden ja poliisin suhde, poliisitoiminnan erilaiset ulottuvuudet, poliisikulttuuri ja poliisirikoksen määritteleminen eri näkökulmista. Oikeustieteellisen tutkimuksen painopisteenä on kuitenkin poliisirikosten esitutkinta erityisesti suomalaisen tutkintajärjestelmän perusteiden ja esitutkinnan aloittamisen edellytysten osalta. Poliisirikoksen kuva näyttäytyy tutkimusaineiston valossa pääosin varsin arkipäiväisenä ja poliisin työnkuvan mukaisena. Kuitenkin poliisin informaation käsittelyyn kohdistetun arvostelun määrän ja laaja-alaisuuden vuoksi tulevaisuudessa kriittistä poliisitutkimusta tulisi suunnata yhä vahvemmin muun muassa rikostutkintaan. Tutkimusaineistossa ei näyttäisi olevan jälkiä korruption taloudellisesta ulottuvuudesta. Poliisin työllä ja taloudellisen edun tavoittelulla ei näyttäisi siten olevan tutkimusaineistossa yhteyttä. Samalla on kuitenkin muistettava, että kyseinen korruption ulottuvuus on vaikeasti paljastettavaa piilorikollisuutta. Poliisia ei juurikaan arvostella rasistisesta tai seksistisestä käyttäytymisestä eikä salaisten pakkokeinojen käytöstä. Tästäkään tiedosta ei voida vetää suoraviivaisia johtopäätöksiä, kuten tutkimuksesta tarkemmin ilmenee. Tutkimuksessa on herätetty kysymystä valvojien valvonnan vaikeudesta. Tutkimusaineiston valossa poliisitoiminnan kyseenalaistaminen on pääosin asianomistajien tai sellaiseksi ilmoittautuvien henkilöiden varassa. Poliisimiehet eivät liikenteeseen liittyviä asioita lukuun ottamatta kyseenalaista juurikaan omaa toimintaansa. Sama koskee myös muita viranomaisia ja sivullisia (todistajia). Tutkimusaineiston perusteella voidaan sanoa, että hyvin lievät ja vakavat tapaukset tulevat kuitenkin ilmoitetuksi poliisin toimesta. Myös arvosteltavan toiminnan luonne, kyseenalaistajan ja kyseenalaistettavan asema ja erityisesti onko poliisimies haitannut poliisin tehtävien hoitamista tai kyseenalaistanut poliisin auktoriteettia näyttäisivät olevan merkityksellisiä seikkoja. Poliisin ja poliisitoiminnan kyseenalaistajien näkemyksien voidaan myös sanoa olevan varsin kaukana toisistaan. Sillä, että poliisitoiminta kyseenalaistettaisiin laajemmalla rintamalla, ei kuitenkaan ole välttämättä toivottua vaikutusta, vaan se voi korostaa poliisikulttuurin piirteistä solidaarisuutta ja eristäytyneisyyttä. Lainvalmistelussa käytetyt poliisirikosten tutkintajärjestelmän perusteet osoittautuivat osittain pettäviksi. Kysymys sisä- tai ulkopuolisesta tutkinnasta ei olekaan ehkä niin keskeinen, kuin saattaisi olettaa, vaan jokainen tutkintamuoto kohtaa ongelmia erityisesti poliisirikoksissa. Juuri tällöin valvojien valvominen näyttäytyy vaikeana. Tämän vuoksi tutkimuksessa esiin nostettu poliisimiesten pyyteetön vastuullisuus ja vahva eettinen selkäranka muodostuvat tärkeiksi. Poliisirikosten tutkintajärjestelmä näyttäsi myös sisältävän nykymuodossaan vaaran lähteen epäoikeudenmukaisuuden kokemuksille sekä poliisimiesten että poliisitoiminnan kyseenalaistajien kannalta tarkasteltuna. Tutkintajärjestelmää voidaan soveltaa vain silloin, kun on syytä epäillä rikosta ja objektiivisia perusteita epäillä poliisimiestä rikoksentekijäksi. Haluttaessa pitää tutkittavaksiottamisen edellytykset matalana joudutaan tinkimään poliisimiesten oikeusturvasta. Vastaavasti rikoksesta epäillyn poliisimiehen yksilöiminen kyseenalaistajan taholta saattaa ilmoituksentekijän vaaraan joutua vastuuseen poliisitoiminnan arvostelusta. Miten meidän tulisi arvioida poliisia? Eri tutkimukset näyttävät tukevan käsitystä, että poliisin toimilla on vain vähän jos ollenkaan merkitystä rikollisuudelle kokonaisuudessaan ja poliisin tehokkuuden arvioiminen on likimain mahdotonta. Tämän on katsottu juontuvan siitä, että monet rikollisuuteen vaikuttavat tekijät ovat poliisin ulottumattomissa. Sen sijaan on viitteitä siitä, että "huono poliisitoiminta" voi vaarantaa muun muassa turvallisuutta ja lisätä rikollisuutta. On ehdotettu, että poliisitoimintaa arvioitaisiin huomaavaisuuden, luotettavuuden, vastaanottavuuden, pystyvyyden, käytöstapojen, oikeudenmukaisuuden perusteella. Tämä puolestaan ei ole ristiriidassa tutkimuksessa esitetyn eettisen poliisitoiminnan kanssa. Tutkimuksessa ehdotetaan, että poliisin laillisuusvalvonta poliisiorganisaation sisäisesti toteutettuna olisi järjestettävä siten, että sen avulla kyetään tuottamaan mahdollisimman luotettavaa, hyödynnettävissä olevaa informaatiota poliisiin kohdistetuista arvostelusta, rikosepäilyistä ja väärinkäytöksistä sekä niiden käsittelystä ja mahdollisista seuraamuksista. Myös poliisin poliisia kohtaan esitettyjä vahingonkorvausvaatimuksia ja maksettuja korvauksia tulisi seurata. Järjestelyn tulisi olla jatkuva ja kattava sekä informaation kerääminen systemaattista. Saatua informaatiota olisi jalostettava ja analysoitava sekä menettely tulisi sitoa poliisin tulosohjaukseen tai reagointi informaation perusteella tehtäviin johtopäätöksiin tulisi järjestää jollakin muulla tehokkaalla tavalla. Poliisiorganisaation tulisi myös saattaa julkisuuteen säännöllisesti tietoa poliisitoiminnan "pimeästä puolesta" ja havaittujen epäkohtien vuoksi suoritetuista toimenpiteistä. Voidaan tosin ajatella, että aktiivisesta julkistamisesta aiheutuisi poliisin legitimiteetin menetystä, mutta pidemmällä aikavälillä menettely osoittanee poliisin avoimuutta ja halua tulla kontrolloiduksi, mikä voi puolestaan johtaa poliisia kohtaan tunnettavan luottamuksen vahvistumiseen tai ylläpitämiseen. Poliisiorganisaation tulisi myös varautua siihen, että poliisin kohdistettua arvostelua tutkitaan tulevaisuudessa poliisista ulkopuolisen nykyistä riippumattomamman elimen toimesta. Globaalisti tarkasteltuna "kehitys" näyttäisi kulkevan vahvasti tähän suuntaan, vaikka se ei näyttäisi olevan välttämättä tehokkaampi vaihtoehto kuin muut tutkintamuodot. Konkreettisten keinojen osalta valvonnan verkostoa voidaan täydentää (mikäli siihen ilmenee tarvetta) muun muassa säännöllisellä eettisen lämpötilan mittauksella esimerkiksi henkilöstöbarometrin yhteydessä. Lahjomattomuus- ja rehellisyystestit sekä erilaiset tekniset menetelmät ovat yleistymässä. "Rehellisyyskoulutus" koko poliisin perustutkinnon läpäisevänä, yksittäisiä kursseja tai moduuleita laajempana, on myös käytössä. On myös muistettava, että modernit sofistikoituneet tutkintamenetelmät ovat käytettävissä, joten olemassa olevan rikostutkintatiedon ja taidon käyttö on tiedostettava myös poliisirikosten osalta. Poliisin rikoksista ilmoittamista koskevia mekanismeja voidaan kehittää ja tukea jne

Kanta-asiakaspisteen arvon määrittäminen yrityksessä : case IFRIC 13 ja Finnair Plus -ohjelma

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