Mineralização dos resíduos provenientes da secagem da pimenta-do-reino quando aplicados ao solo

The use of residues from the black pepper bean drying process as fertilizer for agricultural crops implies the need to know the dynamics of their decomposition and release of the nutrients to guide it’s management, especially regarding the best time of its application in the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen during the mineralization process of this residue. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with ten treatments related to different post-disposal periods to the soil (0, 7, 13, 20, 27, 34, 48, 69, 98, 147 days). Samples were collected to quantify easily oxidized organic carbon (OCeo), organic nitrogen (ON) and the determinations of their respective mineralized fractions. The evaluation of OCeo mineralization, being more stable and less susceptible to climatic variations, was the most appropriate for estimating the mineralized fraction of the residue. The application of the residue in dystrophic Yellow Red Latosol soil during the month of August provides, after 140 days, OCeo and ON mineralized fractions around 99 and 60%, respectively, in the climatic conditions of Espirito Santo state, Brazil.A utilização de resíduos do processo de secagem de pimenta-do-reino como fertilizante de lavouras deve considerar a dinâmica de sua decomposição e liberação dos nutrientes, para orientar o seu manejo, principalmente quanto à melhor época de sua aplicação no solo. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a dinâmica do carbono orgânico e do nitrogênio durante o processo de mineralização desse resíduo. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dez tratamentos, correspondentes ao tempo de pós-disposição ao solo (0, 7, 13, 20, 27, 34, 48, 69, 98, 147 dias), quando amostras foram coletadas para a determinação de carbono orgânico facilmente oxidado (OCeo), nitrogênio orgânico (ON) e suas respectivas frações mineralizadas. A avaliação da mineralização do OCeo, por ser mais estável e menos suscetível às variações climáticas, foi a mais apropriada para a estimativa da fração mineralizada do resíduo. A aplicação do resíduo em solo de Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico durante o mês de agosto proporciona, após 140 dias, frações mineralizadas OCeo e ON em torno de 99 e 60%, respectivamente, nas condições climáticas do estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil

Inclusion items and financial risk assessment in systems with grazing sheep under the concentrated supplementation

xxxThe aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and financial risk in two production systems of beef sheep, in grazing, with and without the use of concentrate, in Santa Teresa County - Espírito Santo State, Brazil. A cash flow spreadsheet was prepared. Through the sensitivity analysis it was shown that greater attention should be directed to the sale of finished animals and their acquisition. These, in descending order of relevance, followed by labor, in the system with no concentrate, and concentrated supplementation, in the system where it was present. Then, the Monte Carlo simulation was performed. Probabilities of 37.9 and 33.3% that the systems without and with the concentrate, respectively, were financially unfeasible were observed. Considering the alternative remuneration of 6%, there is a considerable risk for both options, perhaps because the proposed scenarios consider the need to implement all the infrastructure for the activity, in addition to the reduced size of the production module. The strategic use of concentrated supplement as a complement to pasture presents itself as an alternative that can reduce financial risk and increase income in intensive systems of production of beef sheep in grazing. The labor efficiency is an item that affects the financial efficiency of beef sheep production systems on pasture, especially in situations of weight gain of animals without the use of concentrated supplementation. The reduction of financial risk with the use of concentrated supplementation. Intensive grazing sheep production systems can be financially advantageous and the strategic use of concentrate can result in increased income and reduced financial risk associated with this type of production

Agricultural wastes incorporated to the substrate in the production of scarlet eggplant seedlings

The use of agricultural residues for seedlings production stands out as an effective sustainable alternative in the production of vegetables. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing concentrations of wastes from the coffee beans drying process (moinha) on substrates composed of coconut fiber, eggshell and commercial substrate in the emergence and quality of scarlet eggplant seedlings. We carried out the experiment with five treatments, as the following: T0 – commercial substrate BioplantÒ; T1- 15% of moinha  (MO) + 15% of coconut fiber (FC) + 5% of eggshells (CO) + 65% of commercial substrate (SC); T2 - 30% MO + 15% FC + 5% CO+ 50% SC; T3 - 45% MO + 15% FC + 5% CO + 35% SC; and T4 - 60% MO + 15% FC + 5% CO + 20% SC. We evaluated the emergency speed index, seed emergency, seedling height, stem diameter, shoot, root and total dry mass, Dickson’s Quality Index and the electrical conductivity of the substrates. The addition of moinha concentrations above 15% promotes an increase in electrical conductivity compared to the control and negatively affects the seedlings emergency. Among all treatments, 38% of moinha promotes an increase in the number of leaves, 15% of moinha results in higher plant height, stem diameter, and the highest dry mass accumulation. The alternative substrate containing 15% MO + 15% FC + 5% CO + 65% SC promotes a better development for scarlet eggplants seedlings, being an alternative to the exclusive use of the commercial substrate

Dust properties of Lyman break galaxies at z∼3z\sim3

We explore from a statistical point of view the far-infrared (far-IR) and sub-millimeter (sub-mm) properties of a large sample of LBGs (22,000) at z~3 in the COSMOS field. The large number of galaxies allows us to split it in several bins as a function of UV luminosity, UV slope, and stellar mass to better sample their variety. We perform stacking analysis in PACS (100 and 160 um), SPIRE (250, 350 and 500 um) and AzTEC (1.1 mm) images. Our stacking procedure corrects the biases induced by galaxy clustering and incompleteness of our input catalogue in dense regions. We obtain the full IR spectral energy distributions (SED) of subsamples of LBGs and derive the mean IR luminosity as a function of UV luminosity, UV slope, and stellar mass. The average IRX is roughly constant over the UV luminosity range, with a mean of 7.9 (1.8 mag). However, it is correlated with UV slope, and stellar mass. We investigate using a statistically-controlled stacking analysis as a function of (stellar mass, UV slope) the dispersion of the IRX-UVslope and IRX-M* plane. Our results enable us to study the average relation between star-formation rate (SFR) and stellar mass, and we show that our LBG sample lies on the main sequence of star formation at z~3.Comment: Accepted to A&A, 17 Pages, 14 Figures, 2 Table

A survey of UK medical schools' arrangements for early patient contact

Background: Many U.K. medical schools have patient contact in the first two years of the undergraduate course. Aim: To compare the purposes and organization of early patient contact in UK medical schools and to relate these arrangements to the schools' curricular objectives. Methods: A telephone survey of lead educators in UK medicals schools. Categories of contact were plotted against phases of the course to discern patterns of organisation. Results: The quantity of contact varies considerably (four to 65 days). There is a pattern, with learning objectives around the social context of health and illness preceding skills based work and integrated clinical knowledge for practice coming later. Schools fall into three categories: close adherence to the preclinical/clinical split, with limited early contact acting as an introduction to social aspects of health; provision of substantial patient contact to maximize the integration of knowledge and skills; and transitional, with limited clinical goals. General practice provides between one third and one half of early patient contact. Conclusions: Arrangements meet the objectives set by each school and reflect differing educational philosophies. Change is toward more early contact. There appears to be no national guidance which supports a minimum quantity of patient contact or specific educational purpose in the early years of U.K. basic medical training

Arroz, feijão e ultraprocessados: caracterização das refeições segundo o grau de processamento dos alimentos no Brasil

To describe the meals consumed according to the degree of food and beverage processing and analyze the evidence on the process of replacing culinary preparations with ultra-processed foods.  Meal consumption was described according to degree of food processing, using food consumption logs from 34,008 participants of the 2008-2009 Consumer Expenditure Survey. Meals were defined based on time of consumption and combination of foods and beverages from the NOVA classification system, thus categorized as: traditional (CP and/or processed foods), mixed (CP and/or processed foods and UPF) and ultra-processed (only UPF). Univariate linear regression analysis (p < 0.05) on meal consumption frequency from each category showed the average of 4.52 [CI: 4.48-4.55] meals, of which 2.63 [CI: 2.59-2.67] traditional meals, 1.32 [CI: 1.30-1.35] mixed meals and 0.56 [IC:0.54-0.58] ultra-processed meals. Higher frequency of mixed and ultra-processed meals was observed among women, as well as individuals with higher income, education level, age, residents of South and Southeast regions, and urban household status ((p<0,05). Ultra-processed foods were more commonly consumed alongside culinary preparations, as mixed meals.O objetivo foi descrever as refeições consumidas segundo o grau de processamento de alimentos e bebidas e analisar as evidências sobre o processo de substituição de preparações culinárias por alimentos ultraprocessados.Foram utilizados dados do consumo alimentar de 34.008 indivíduos da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2008-2009 por meio de registro alimentar. Refeições foram definidas a partir de horário de consumo e combinação dos alimentos e bebidas conforme a classificação NOVA e categorizadas em: tradicionais (preparações culinárias e/ou processados), mistas (preparações culinárias e/ou processados e ultraprocessados) e ultraprocessadas (exclusivamente ultraprocessados). Frequência de consumo dessas categorizações foram avaliadas por regressão linear univariada.  Foram consumidas 4,52 [IC: 4,48-4,55] refeições, sendo 2,63 [IC: 2,59-2,67] tradicionais, 1,32 [IC: 1,30-1,35] mistas e 0,56 [IC:0,54-0,58] ultraprocessadas. A frequência de refeições mistas e ultraprocessadas foi maior entre mulheres, conforme aumento da renda, escolaridade, idade, residir no sul e sudeste e situação de domicílio urbana (p<0,05). Alimentos ultraprocessados são mais consumidos acompanhados de preparações culinárias, nas refeições mistas