Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles for Atherosclerosis Imaging

The production of magnetic nanoparticles of utmost quality for biomedical imaging requires several steps, from the synthesis of highly crystalline magnetic cores to the attachment of the different molecules on the surface. This last step probably plays the key role in the production of clinically useful nanomaterials. The attachment of the different biomolecules should be performed in a defined and controlled fashion, avoiding the random adsorption of the components that could lead to undesirable byproducts and ill-characterized surface composition. In this work, we review the process of creating new magnetic nanomaterials for imaging, particularly for the detection of atherosclerotic plaque, in vivo. Our focus will be in the different biofunctionalization techniques that we and several other groups have recently developed. Magnetic nanomaterial functionalization should be performed by chemoselective techniques. This approach will facilitate the application of these nanomaterials in the clinic, not as an exception, but as any other pharmacological compound.The authors thank the Spanish Ministry of Science (SAF2011-25445), the Comunidad de Madrid (S2010/BMD-2326, Inmunothercan-CM, NANOCOPD-CIBERES-CIBERBBN-SEPAR), and the EU 7th Framework Program (FP7-PEOPLE-ITN-264864 Pinet and FP7-PEOPLE-2013-ITN CardioNext).S

Effect of Chlorpyrifos 0,0-dietil 0-(3, 5, 6-tricloro-2-piridil fosforotioato) in juvenile of tilapia (Oreochromis spp) males

ABSTRACT: Chlorpyrifos is a highly toxic insecticide to freshwater organisms and little is known regarding its potential to affect endocrine systems at sublethal concentrations. The induction of vitellogenin (Vtg) is a fairly sensitive marker of the effects of estrogenic compounds in juvenile fish. Objective: to evaluate histological changes and Vtg production in juvenile male tilapia (Oreochromis spp) exposed to sublethal concentrations of the insecticide Lorsban® EC (active ingredient chlorpyriphos). Methods: juvenile tilapia were exposed to 4, 8, and 12 µg/L of chlorpyrifos for 28 days in a semistatic system, with tanks receiving a 50% (v/v) daily water change to maintain nominal concentrations of the insecticide throughout the experiment. Subgroups of 3 animals from each concentration batch were euthanized on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, and samples of liver, gonads, gills, kidney and brain tissues were taken for routine histopathology examination. Liver and gonads were also processed by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal anti-killifish vitellogenin Vtg ND - 5F8 to detect Vtg. Results: we found significant statistical difference (p < 0.05) for some injuries to the brain (degeneration and gliosis of the optic tectum), kidneys (vacuolar nephrosis and tubular hyaline granules), and liver (karyomegaly, binucleation, and hyaline granules in hepatocytes). Similarly we verified the induction of vitellogenin synthesis in liver and gonads, finding significant difference (p < 0.05) in the expression of this protein between the control group and 4 mg / L with respect to treatment of 8 and 12 mg / L. Conclusion: the results obtained on the induction of vitellogenin in males suggest a general effect of blocking concentrations of Chlorpyrifos for the possible induction of this protein. The mechanisms are not known at this time.RESUMEN: Hasta donde se conoce, no hay estudios en tilapias juveniles (Oreochromis spp), que valoren el potencial de disrupción endocrina del Clorpirifos por análisis histológico e inmunohistoquímico de la inducción de la Vitelogenina (Vtg) hepática. Objetivo: determinar los efectos de la exposición subaguda al Clorpirifos en órganos blanco de disrupción en peces juveniles machos de tilapia. Métodos: el experimento de dosis subletal, se realizó en un sistema semiestático, con recambio diario del 50% del volumen de agua manteniendo la concentración nominal en cada grupo experimental mediante la adición de la mitad de la dosis hasta el día 28. Las concentraciones de Clorpirifos para la exposición fueron 4, 8, y 12 μg/L. Con cada concentración se trataron 12 juveniles, con tres replicas para cada concentración. Los 12 peces del grupo control no recibieron tratamiento. Se realizó el estudio anatomopatológico de tres animales por grupo, por cada semana los días 7, 14, 21 y 28 de estudio. Se efectuó la toma de muestras para estudio histopatológico de hígado, gónadas, branquias, riñón y encéfalo y se procesaron por histopatología de rutina. Las muestras de hígado y gónada también se procesaron por inmunohistoquímica. Resultados: el análisis MANOVA encontró diferencia significativa (p < 0.05) para lesiones en encéfalo (degeneración tectum óptico), riñón (gránulos hialinos) e hígado (cariomegalia), constituyéndose en órganos de impacto de los efectos del Clorpirifos a bajas dosis. Se verificó la inducción de Vtg en hígado y gónada de los animales expuestos, encontrando diferencia estadística significativa (p < 0.05) en la expresión de esta proteína entre el grupo control y de 4 μg/L con relación a los grupos de 8 y 12 μg/L. Conclusión: los resultados obtenidos sobre la inducción de Vtg en machos sugieren un efecto antogonista del Clorpirifos sobre los Receptores Estrogénicos (REs), con una posible disminución en la síntesis de ésta proteína. Los mecanismos no se conocen en el momento

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamentos de Atlántico y Caldas

Este documento es una revisión a partir de escenarios de violencia donde encontraremos dos casos de estudios, el primero es el caso de Nelson historias que retornan. Nelson es un sobreviviente de los actos violentos que fueron perpetuados en contra de su integridad y la de su familia, fue despojado de su libertad obligándolos como familia a tomar decisiones apresuradas que acabaron con el patrimonio que había construido por años. Recurriendo al exilio, renunció a sus raíces, metas y todos los proyectos que mantenían como familia. Emigrar fue la mejor opción para preservar su probidad y la de su familia, desde esta situación de exilio Nelson muestra una capacidad de afrontamiento y resiliencia liderando y sobreponiéndose a toda esa adversidad que le permita producir condiciones óptimas para todos. En este caso se pudieron identificar emergentes psicosociales, pero también mucha resiliencia, afrontamiento y capacidad de reconstrucción del tejido social y los vínculos familiares. El segundo caso abordado es el de las víctimas de la masacre el Salado, aquí pudimos identificar emergentes tantos dolorosos como protectores, cómo la memoria ha sido un elemento relevante en todo su proceso reconstructivo, una comunidad que trabaja en busca de la verdad y la reparación integral de toda la población ante un estado indiferente que hoy dia aún no tiene respuestas para lograr un camino lleno de verdad y reconstrucción integral. Finalmente, ante el caso de la masacre el Salado se hace una propuesta de abordaje psicosocial, sus estrategias y el informe acorde a la herramienta foto voz.This document is a review based on scenarios of violence where we will find two case studies, the first is the case of Nelson histories that return. Nelson is a survivor of the violent acts that were perpetuated against his integrity and that of his family. He was deprived of his freedom, forcing them as a family to make hasty decisions that ended with the patrimony that he had built for years. Resorting to exile, he renounced his roots, goals and all the projects that they maintained as a family. Emigrating was the best option to preserve his probity and that of his family. From this situation of exile, Nelson shows a coping capacity and resilience, leading and overcoming all that adversity that allows him to produce optimal conditions for everyone. In this case, psychosocial emergents could be identified, but also a lot of resilience, coping and capacity to rebuild the social fabric and family ties. The second case addressed is that of the victims of the El Salado massacre, here we were able to identify both painful and protective emergents, as memory has been a relevant element throughout its reconstruction process, a community that works in search of truth and reparation of the entire population in the face of an indifferent state that today still has no answers to achieve a path full of truth and comprehensive reconstruction. Finally, in the case of the El Salado massacre, a proposal is made for a psychosocial approach, its strategies and the report according to the voice photo tool

NLRP3 inflammasome suppression improves longevity and prevents cardiac aging in male mice

While NLRP3‐inflammasome has been implicated in cardiovascular diseases, its role in physiological cardiac aging is largely unknown. During aging, many alterations occur in the organism, which are associated with progressive impairment of metabolic pathways related to insulin resistance, autophagy dysfunction, and inflammation. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms through which NLRP3 inhibition may attenuate cardiac aging. Ablation of NLRP3‐inflammasome protected mice from age‐related increased insulin sensitivity, reduced IGF‐1 and leptin/adiponectin ratio levels, and reduced cardiac damage with protection of the prolongation of the agedependent PR interval, which is associated with atrial fibrillation by cardiovascular aging and reduced telomere shortening. Furthermore, old NLRP3 KO mice showed an inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and autophagy improvement, compared with old wild mice and preserved Nampt‐mediated NAD+ levels with increased SIRT1 protein expression. These findings suggest that suppression of NLRP3 prevented many age‐associated changes in the heart, preserved cardiac function of aged mice and increased lifespan.Andalusian regional government; Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucia, Grant/ Award Number: PI‐0036‐2014; Ministerio de economía y competitividad, Grant/Award Number: SAF2017‐84494‐C2‐1‐

Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infection Biomarkers and TP53 Mutations in Hepatocellular Carcinomas from Colombia

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Globally, the most important HCC risk factors are Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and/or Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), chronic alcoholism, and dietary exposure to aflatoxins. We have described the epidemiological pattern of 202 HCC samples obtained from Colombian patients. Additionally we investigated HBV/HCV infections and TP53 mutations in 49 of these HCC cases. HBV biomarkers were detected in 58.1% of the cases; HBV genotypes F and D were characterized in three of the samples. The HCV biomarker was detected in 37% of the samples while HBV/HCV coinfection was found in 19.2%. Among TP53 mutations, 10.5% occur at the common aflatoxin mutation hotspot, codon 249. No data regarding chronic alcoholism was available from the cases. In conclusion, in this first study of HCC and biomarkers in a Colombian population, the main HCC risk factor was HBV infection

El caso de infecciosas. Rinosporidiosis. Presentación de diez casos y revisión de literatura

A revision was made of the archives of the Universidad de Antioquia's Pathology Departement in the San Vicente de Paul University Hospital, to determine the frequency of rhinosporidiosis in the years 1994 – 1995 Among 398.268 existing pathology reports, 10 were found with a diagnosis of the rhinosporidiosis based on histologic criteria. The most cornmon localization of this micosis was nasal (7 cases), followed by the conjuctiva (3 cases). The majority of patients were male (9 cases). Age ranged between 7 and 54 years.Se realizó una revisión de los archivos del Departamento de Patología de la Universidad de Antioquia en el Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paul, para determinar la frecuencia de rinosporidiosis en los años 1994 - 1995 De 398.268 reportes de patología existentes, se encontraron 10 con diagnóstico de rinosporidiosis. basado en criterios histológicos.&nbsp;La localización más común de esta micosis fue nasal (7 casos), seguida de conjuntiva (3 casos).&nbsp;La mayoría de los pacientes eran varones (9 casos). La edad osciló entre 7 y 54 años

Efecto del Clorpirifos 0,0-dietil 0-(3, 5, 6-tricloro-2-piridil fosforotioato) en machos juveniles de tilapia (Oreochromis spp) Efeito de Clorpirifós 0,0 dietil-0 - (3, 5 fosforotioato, 6-tricloro-2-piridil) em tilápias juvenis masculinos (Oreochromis spp) Effect of Chlorpyrifos 0,0-dietil 0-(3, 5, 6-tricloro-2-piridil fosforotioato) in juvenile of tilapia (Oreochromis spp) males

Hasta donde se conoce, no hay estudios en tilapias juveniles (Oreochromis spp), que valoren el potencial de disrupción endocrina del Clorpirifos por análisis histológico e inmunohistoquímico de la inducción de la Vitelogenina (Vtg) hepática. Objetivo: determinar los efectos de la exposición subaguda al Clorpirifos en órganos blanco de disrupción en peces juveniles machos de tilapia. Métodos: el experimento de dosis subletal, se realizó en un sistema semiestático, con recambio diario del 50% del volumen de agua manteniendo la concentración nominal en cada grupo experimental mediante la adición de la mitad de la dosis hasta el día 28. Las concentraciones de Clorpirifos para la exposición fueron 4, 8, y 12 &mu;g/L. Con cada concentración se trataron 12 juveniles, con tres replicas para cada concentración. Los 12 peces del grupo control no recibieron tratamiento. Se realizó el estudio anatomopatológico de tres animales por grupo, por cada semana los días 7, 14, 21 y 28 de estudio. Se efectuó la toma de muestras para estudio histopatológico de hígado, gónadas, branquias, riñón y encéfalo y se procesaron por histopatología de rutina. Las muestras de hígado y gónada también se procesaron por inmunohistoquímica. Resultados: el análisis MANOVA encontró diferencia significativa (p<0.05) para lesiones en encéfalo (degeneración tectum óptico), riñón (gránulos hialinos) e hígado (cariomegalia), constituyéndose en órganos de impacto de los efectos del Clorpirifos a bajas dosis. Se verificó la inducción de Vtg en hígado y gónada de los animales expuestos, encontrando diferencia estadística significativa (p<0.05) en la expresión de esta proteína entre el grupo control y de 4 &mu;g/L con relación a los grupos de 8 y 12 &mu;g/L. Conclusión: los resultados obtenidos sobre la inducción de Vtg en machos sugieren un efecto antogonista del Clorpirifos sobre los Receptores Estrogénicos (REs), con una posible disminución en la síntesis de ésta proteína. Los mecanismos no se conocen en el momento.<br>O clorpirifos é um insecticida altamente tóxico para os organismos de água doce. Porém, pouco se sabe acerca de seu potencial efeito no sistema endócrino em concentrações subletais. A indução de vitelogenina hepática (Vtg) é um marcador bastante sensível do efeito de componentes estrogênicos em peixes juvenis. Objetivo: determinar os efeitos da exposição subaguda ao clorpirifos em órgãos alvo de disrupção endócrina em machos juvenis de tilápia. Métodos: o experimento foi realizado em um sistema semi-estático com recambio diário de 50% do volume de água, com manutenção da concentração nominal em cada grupo experimental mediante a adição da metade da dose de clorpirifos até o dia 28. Três grupos de 12 peixes foram tratados com concentrações de clorpirifos de 4, 8 y 12 &mu;g/L, respectivamente, com três réplicas para cada grupo. Um grupo controle não recebeu nenhum tratamento. Realizou-se o estudo anatomopatológico de rotina do fígado, gônadas, brânquias, rins e encéfalo de três animais por grupo nos dias 7, 14, 21 e 28. As amostras de fígado e gônada foram também processadas por inmunoistoquímica usando um anticorpo monoclonal para detectar Vtg (anti-killifish Vtg ND-5F8). Resultados: mediante análise MANOVA encontrou-se diferença significativa (p<0.05) para lesões no encéfalo (degeneração do tectum óptico), rim (grânulos hialinos) e fígado (cariomegalia), fato que demonstra que estes são os órgãos alvo dos efeitos do clorpirifos a baixas doses. Verificou-se a indução de Vtg no fígado e gônada dos animais expostos, com diferença estatística significativa (p<0.05) na expressão desta proteína entre o grupo controle e o grupo de 4 &mu;g/L com relação aos grupos de 8 e 12 &mu;g/L. Conclusão: os resultados obtidos sobre a indução de Vtg em machos sugerem um efeito antagonista do clorpirifos sobre os receptores estrogênicos, com uma possível diminuição na síntese desta proteína. Os mecanismos ainda são desconhecidos.<br>Chlorpyrifos is a highly toxic insecticide to freshwater organisms and little is known regarding its potential to affect endocrine systems at sublethal concentrations. The induction of vitellogenin (Vtg) is a fairly sensitive marker of the effects of estrogenic compounds in juvenile fish. Objective: to evaluate histological changes and Vtg production in juvenile male tilapia (Oreochromis spp) exposed to sublethal concentrations of the insecticide Lorsban® EC (active ingredient chlorpyriphos). Methods: juvenile tilapia were exposed to 4, 8, and 12 &mu;g/L of chlorpyrifos for 28 days in a semistatic system, with tanks receiving a 50% (v/v) daily water change to maintain nominal concentrations of the insecticide throughout the experiment. Subgroups of 3 animals from each concentration batch were euthanized on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, and samples of liver, gonads, gills, kidney and brain tissues were taken for routine histopathology examination. Liver and gonads were also processed by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antikillifish vitellogenin Vtg ND - 5F8 to detect Vtg. Results: we found significant statistical difference (p<0.05) for some injuries to the brain (degeneration and gliosis of the optic tectum), kidneys (vacuolar nephrosis and tubular hyaline granules), and liver (karyomegaly, binucleation, and hyaline granules in hepatocytes). Similarly we verified the induction of vitellogenin synthesis in liver and gonads, finding significant difference (p<0.05) in the expression of this protein between the control group and 4 mg / L with respect to treatment of 8 and 12 mg / L. Conclusion: the results obtained on the induction of vitellogenin in males suggest a general effect of blocking concentrations of Chlorpyrifos for the possible induction of this protein. The mechanisms are not known at this time

NLRP3 inflammasome suppression improves longevity and prevents cardiac aging in male mice

La fuente publicada es la revista Aging Cell editado por Willey con ISSN 1474-9726While NLRP3‐inflammasome has been implicated in cardiovascular diseases, its role in physiological cardiac aging is largely unknown. During aging, many alterations occur in the organism, which are associated with progressive impairment of metabolic pathways related to insulin resistance, autophagy dysfunction, and inflammation. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms through which NLRP3 inhibition may attenuate cardiac aging. Ablation of NLRP3‐inflammasome protected mice from age‐related increased insulin sensitivity, reduced IGF‐1 and leptin/adiponectin ratio levels, and reduced cardiac damage with protection of the prolongation of the agedependent PR interval, which is associated with atrial fibrillation by cardiovascular aging and reduced telomere shortening. Furthermore, old NLRP3 KO mice showed an inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and autophagy improvement, compared with old wild mice and preserved Nampt‐mediated NAD+ levels with increased SIRT1 protein expression. These findings suggest that suppression of NLRP3 prevented many age‐associated changes in the heart, preserved cardiac function of aged mice and increased lifespan.Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Salud [PI-0036-2014]Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad [SAF2017-84494-C2-1-R