Cosmological horizon entropy and generalised second law for flat Friedmann Universe

We discuss the generalized second law (GSL) and the constraints imposed by it for two types of Friedmann universes. The first one is the Friedmann universe with radiation and a positive cosmological constant, and the second one consists of non-relativistic matter and a positive cosmological constant. The time evolution of the event horizon entropy and the entropy of the contents within the horizon are analyses in an analytical way by obtaining the Hubble parameter. It is shown that the GSL constraint the temperature of both the radiation and matter of the Friedmann universe. It is also shown that, even though the net entropy of the radiation (or matter) is decreasing at sufficiently large times as the universe expand, it exhibit an increase during the early times when universe is decelerating. That is the entropy of the radiation within the comoving volume is decreasing only when the universe has got an event horizon.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figure

New generalization of cubic partition of nn

Let $c^*_{(1,r,a)}(n)$ be the generalization of the cubic partition function $c(n)$. In this paper, we prove some new congruences modulo odd prime $p$ by taking $r=3,4,5,7,11$ and $13$ using $q$-series identities. We study congruence properties of generalization of cubic partition function for different values of $a$ and give some particular cases as examples

Runoff assessment by Storm water management model (SWMM)- A new approach

The present study investigated the storm wise runoff collected in farm pond with the runoff estimated by Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) models. The SWMM and SCS-CN models estimated runoff depth storm wise. The runoff depths correspond to the catchment area given the runoff volume from the catchment. The runoff depth estimated from the Storm Water Management Model and Soil Conservation Service model was compared against the depth of runoff estimated from the Water balance model. For small rainfall depths, the runoff estimated from the Storm Water Management Model was at par with the actual runoff volume stored at the pond. It is necessary to know the watershed runoff contribution to the river or streams due to rainfall in order to determine environmental risk or flood potential. In larger rainfall depth, the runoff volume estimated from the SWMM model was less than the stored runoff volume at Farm Pond. The Soil Conservation Service Model gave better results for larger rainfall depth compared to Storm Water Management Model. SWMM was able to simulate runoff depth for small rainfall depths of 2mm. The peak runoff depths were produced by rainfall depths of 35.5mm. Initial abstractions of the study area for antecedent moisture content i.e. AMC I, AMCII and AMCIII are 53.2, 23.91 and 10.43mm, respectively. The comparison showed that both SWMM and SCS-CN models gave better runoff quantification results. 

Weekly rainfall analysis using the Markov chain model in the Dharmapuri region of Tamil Nadu

During a rainy season, dry and wet spells tend to persist and can be represented using a Markov process. Knowing the succession of dry and wet periods is necessary to plant crops and carry out agricultural operations. This study aimed to analyze the probability of dry/wet spell rainfall using the Markov chain model in the Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu, India. In estimating the chance of dry and wet spells, the model used rainfall of below 20 mm in a week as a dry calendar week and rainfall of 20 mm or more as a wet calendar week from the years 1980 to 2019. From the 1st through the 32nd Standard Meteorological Week (SMW), a continuous dry week probability was 75-100%. The likelihood of a dry week trailed by another dry week was more up to the 32nd standard week, while the chance of a dry week followed by a wet week was more up to the 31st standard week, ranging from 75 to 100%. During the 37th to 45th weeks, the conditional likelihood of a rainy week followed by another rainy week ranged from 43.8 to 68%. According to a review of consecutive dry and wet spells, two consecutive dry weeks had a 55 to 97.5% chance of occurring within the first 32 weeks of the year. In the first 32nd week of the year, the chance of three successive dry weeks ranged from 32.6 to 92.6%. Consecutive dry weeks suggest the need for additional irrigation and proper moisture management practices. In contrast, consecutive wet calendar weeks indicate an abundance of extra water available for rainwater collection and the necessity for proper soil erosion control measures

Effect of salinity on growth and survival of juvenile Indian spiny lobster, Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus)

The spiny lobster, Panulirus homarus has recently captured much attention in India for fattening in marine cages due to its high demand in the international market. Water quality parameters play an important role in the production rate of commercial lobster mariculture. In the present study, juvenile lobsters (93.63 ± 0.4 g, mean ± SD; 41.66 ± 0.57 mm CL, mean ± SD) were grown in four different salinities (20, 25, 30 and 35 ppt) over a period of 80 d and significant differences (p<0.01) were observed in survival and growth. Growth was highest in 35 ppt salinity and progressively reduced at lower salinities. Although rearing in seawater of 35 ppt salinity has resulted in the best performance for P. homarus, its capacity to tolerate lower salinities would provide greater opportunity to develop commercial aquaculture

Removal of Interferences from Partial Discharge Pulses using Wavelet Transform

 It is essential to detect partial discharge (PD) as a symptom of insulation breakdown in high voltage (HV) applications. However accuracy of such measurement is often degraded due to the existence of noise in the signal. Wavelet Transform (WT) seems to be more suitable than traditional Fourier Transform in analyzing signals with interesting transient information such as partial discharge (PD) signals. In this paper a WT method with soft thresholding is used for signal denoising. PD signals and corona obtained from actual measurements with different voltage magnitudes are processed. Processed signals show the better result.

EOSINOPHILIC VARIANT OF CLEAR CELL RENAL CELL CARCINOMA - A DIAGNOSTIC DILEMMA

Introduction: Eosinophilic variant of clear cell renal cell carcinoma is an important entity to diagnose since it is aggressive and is associated with poor prognosis. Case Report: A 75-year-old patient presented with pain abdomen. The magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass in the kidney. The differential diagnosis given was renal cell carcinoma and hydatid cyst. Nephrectomy was done and the specimen was sent for histopathology. The specimen showed a gray-brown lesion with extensive areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. On microscopy, the tumor cells were arranged in nests. The cells had abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. The differential diagnosis on morphology was chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and oncocytoma with extensive inflammation. However, immunohistochemistry (IHC) proved the diagnosis of eosinophilic variant of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Conclusion: Hence, IHC is an essential adjunct to morphology in diagnosing renal neoplasms

Molluscan Taxonomy

The molluscs belong to the large and diverse phylum Mollusca, which includes a variety of familiar animals well-known as decorative shells or as seafood. These range from tiny snails, clams, and abalone to larger organisms such as squid, cuttlefish and the octopus. These molluscs occupy a variety of habitats ranging from mountain forests, freshwater to more than 10 km depth in the sea. They range in size from less than 1 mm to more than 15 m (for example the giant squid) and their population density may exceed 40,000/m2 in some areas. In the tropical marine environment, molluscs occupy every trophic level, from primary producers to top carnivores

STANDARDIZATION OF NEIKURI (OIL DROP TEST OF URINE) - A SIDDHA DIAGNOSTIC METHOD

Neikuri is an antique method of urine examination, based on distribution of oil drop in urine which is a remarkable diagnostic and prognostic tool in Siddha system of medicine. Even though these diagnostic method not commonly used in clinical practice and elaborate scientific studies of Neikuri are lacking. Aim: The aim of the study was to test the protocols of the examination of Neikuri for the standardization. Materials and methods: 100 patients were selected and studied with twelve parameters to test the Neikuri. Correlation was considered between the reading of Neikuri and Naadi. Results: Based on the observation, the urine needs to place in a circular glass utensil (3.5 inch petri dish preferable) and a drop (0.25 – 0.5?L) of sesame oil derived from black sesame seeds need to placed less than 2mm height from the surface of the urine, in day time to test the Neikuri. Further the test needs to perform within one and a half an hour from the collection of urine. Conclusion: In conclusion we suggest the methods could be used as a standard protocol for testing Neikuri