Horts a la Vall Fosca : el coneixement ecològic tradicional i la conservació in situ de varietats locals en horts d'alta muntanya

Les últimes dècades ha crescut l'interès en la relació existent entre el coneixement tradicional i la gestió dels ecosistemes. En aquest article s'associen ambdues temàtiques estudiant el coneixement i les tradicions relacionades amb la conservació in situ de varietats locals. Específicament, s'avalua la diversitat de varietats locals presents en els horts de la Vall Fosca (Pallars Jussà); es cataloga el coneixement ecològic tradicional associat a aquests cultius, i s'estimen els canvis en la conservació de les varietats locals i el coneixement que hi està lligat. Per a l'anàlisi s'han utilitzat dades de 60 horts, pertanyents a 53 hortolans, en 16 pobles. S'han identificat 39 varietats locals, corresponents a 31 espècies, la majoria amb un coneixement ecològic tradicional associat. El nombre de varietats locals cultivades als horts ha disminuït des de la dècada dels seixanta

School and local environmental knowledge, what are the links? A case study among indigenous adolescents in Oaxaca, Mexico.

Understanding environmental learning is the first step to constructing successful environmental education programs. Little research has addressed the relation between the environmental knowledge learned inside and outside schools. Environmental educators and ethnobiologists have worked independently, without assessing how school and local environmental knowledge relate to each other. This research examines school and local environmental knowledge acquisition of 95 Mexican indigenous adolescents. Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess (1) school and local environmental knowledge overlap and (2) the association between individual environmental knowledge and socio-demographic characteristics. Data show that school and local environmental knowledge are not associated in a statistically significant way. A possible explanation for the finding is that the two forms of knowledge are complementary because they exist in parallel. Adolescents&rsquo; school and local environmental knowledge is associated with their level of schooling, but not with parental occupation in community forestry. The use of traditional pedagogical practices at school and the loss of traditional culture at home might hamper indigenous adolescents&rsquo; environmental learning.<br /

Síntesis y caracterización de un biomaterial para su uso en ingeniería de tejidos de piel

La ingeniería de tejidos constituye una disciplina relativamente nueva y un campo de investigación y desarrollo interdisciplinario que aplica los conocimientos de la bioingeniería, química, física, biología etc. para resolver problemas químicos y quirúrgicos asociados a la pérdida de tejido o al fallo funcional de órganos (San Román et al., 2000; Naderi et al., 2011). Esta área de conocimiento busca proporcionar una nueva solución a los problemas de daño o pérdida tisular, mediante el reemplazo o restauración de tejido. Más aún se aspira a recobrar la función de un órgano y en algunos casos su reconstrucción parcial o total, con estructuras que contengan poblaciones específicas de células. La meta fundamental de la ingeniería de tejidos es desarrollar sustitutos (biológicos o sintéticos) que restauren, mantengan o mejoren la función del tejido perdido o lesionado por trauma o enfermedad. (Marler et al., 1998; Landínez et al., 2010). Esta nueva área de estudio permitirá crear estrategias que permitan la sustitución del tejido dañado, por un tejido diseñado y construido para satisfacer las funciones y las necesidades de cada paciente

Participation in Biocultural Diversity Conservation: Insights from Five Amazonian Examples

The past three decades have seen the emergence of myriads of initiatives focused on conserving, revitalizing, and maintaining Indigenous and Local Knowledge (ILK) as part of biocultural approaches to conservation. However, the extent to which these efforts have been participatory has been often overlooked. In this chapter, we focus on five prominent ILK conservation initiatives in the Amazon Basin to examine the participation of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) in ILK conservation. Our review illustrates several examples of ILK conservation initiatives offering substantial opportunities for meaningful IPLC participation over the long term. Overall, our case studies suggest that the development of robust and inclusive decision-making processes is essential to optimize IPLC participation in ILK conservation, thereby increasing the legitimacy of these initiatives. Our review is not an exhaustive account of the breadth and depth of all initiatives promoting participatory biocultural conservation in this region, but it illustrates that there are many strategies that can help foster IPLC engagement and lead the participatory turn in biocultural conservation.Peer reviewe

Operationalizing Local Ecological Knowledge in Climate Change Research: Challenges and Opportunities of Citizen Science

Current research on the local impacts of climate change is based on contrasting results from the simulation of historical trends in climatic variables produced with global models against climate data from independent observations. To date, these observations have mostly consisted of weather data from standardized meteorological stations. Given that the spatial distribution of weather stations is patchy, climate scientists have called for the exploration of new data sources. Knowledge developed by Indigenous Peoples and local communities with a long history of interaction with their environment has been proposed as a data source with untapped potential to contribute to our understanding of the local impacts of climate change. In this chapter, we discuss an approach that aims to bring insights from local knowledge systems to climate change research. First, we present a number of theoretical arguments that give support to the idea that local knowledge systems can contribute in original ways to the endeavors of climate change research. Then, we explore the potential of using information and communication technologies to gather and share local knowledge of climate change impacts. We do so through the examination of a citizen science initiative aiming to collect local indicators of climate change impacts: the LICCI project (www.licci.eu). Our findings illustrate that citizen science can inspire new approaches to articulate the inclusion of local knowledge systems in climate change research. However, this requires outlining careful approaches, with high ethical standards, toward knowledge validation and recognizing that there are aspects of local ecological knowledge that are incommensurable with scientific knowledge.Peer reviewe

Plan de seguridad y salud en el trabajo para reducir los accidentes laborales en la empresa Codijisa S.A.C, Comas, 2022

La investigación, tiene como objetivo general determinar de qué manera la Implementación de un Plan de SST reduce los accidentes laborales en la empresa Codijisa S.A.C. Después de identificar las causas principales que originan los accidentes en el área de almacén, se plantea implementar un plan de SST. La presente tesis, es de tipo aplicada, nivel explicativo, con enfoque cuantitativo, de diseño preexprerimental y longitudinal. La población y muestra consiste de los accidentes en los 18 trabajadores del área de almacén durante los 8 meses y se emplea el muestreo no probabilístico. La técnica utilizada es la observación, el instrumento que se empleó fue la ficha de registro de accidentes laborales. Con respecto a los resultados, se tuvo una variación en el índice de frecuencia de 752.3 a 173.6 con una mejora de 76.92%, la gravedad tuvo una variación de 1446.8 a 231.5 con una mejora de 84% y en el índice de accidentabilidad de 281.3 a 23.4 con una mejora de 91.68%. De tal manera, se concluye que la implementación del Plan de SST reduce los accidentes laborales en la empresa Codijisa S.A.C, Comas 2022

Dietary transitions among three contemporary hunter-gatherers across the tropics

The diets of contemporary hunter-gatherers are diverse and highly nutritious, but are rapidly changing as these societies integrate into the market economy. Here, we analyse empirical data on the dietary patterns and sources of foods of three contemporary hunter-gatherer societies: the Baka of Cameroon (n=160), the Tsimane' of Bolivia (n=124) and the Punan Tubu of Indonesia (n=109). We focus on differences among villages with different levels of integration into the market economy and explore potential pathways through which two key elements of the food environment (food availability and food accessibility) might alter the diets of contemporary hunter-gatherers. Results suggest that people living in isolated villages have more diverse diets than those living in villages closer to markets. Our results also suggest that availability of nutritionally important foods (i.e., fruits, vegetables and animal foods) decreases with increasing market integration, while availability of fats and sweets increases. The differences found seem to relate to changes in the wider food environment (e.g., village level access to wild and/or market foods and seasonality), rather than to individual-level factors (e.g., time allocation or individual income), probably because food sharing reduces the impact of individual level differences in food consumption. These results highlight the need to better understand the impact of changes in the wider food environment on dietary choice, and the role of the food environment in driving dietary transitions.Peer reviewe

An empirically tested overlap between indigenous and scientific knowledge of a changing climate in Bolivian Amazonia

Existing climate data for Bolivian Amazonia rely on observations from a few sparse weather stations, interpolated on coarse-resolution grids. At the same time, the region hosts numerous indigenous groups with rich knowledge systems that are hitherto untapped in the quest to understand local climate change. Drawing on an empirical dataset of climate change observations by an Amazonian native society, we assess the potential use of indigenous knowledge for complementing available climate data. We find indigenous observations to be robustly associated with local station data for climatic changes over the last five decades. By contrast, there are discrepancies between gridded climate data and both indigenous observations and local station observations. Indigenous knowledge can be instrumental to enhance our understanding of local climate in data-deficient regions. Indigenous observations offer a tool to ground-truth gridded descriptions of climatic changes, thereby making adaptation strategies more robust at local scales. We contend that the use of indigenous knowledge could help to assist the climate interpolation process and address the prevailing uncertainties in local assessments of climate change.Peer reviewe

The Effects of Processing Non-Timber Forest Products and Trade Partnerships on People's Well-Being and Forest Conservation in Amazonian Societies

This study evaluated whether processing non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and establishing trade partnerships between forest communities and companies enhance the outcomes of NTFP commercialization. In particular, we evaluated whether product processing, partnerships, or their combination was associated with a number of outcomes related to the well-being of forest inhabitants and forest conservation. We based our analyses on ethnographic and quantitative data (i.e., survey and systematic observations) gathered at seven communities from five societies of the Brazilian and Bolivian Amazon. Our results indicated that product processing and partnerships do not represent a silver bullet able to improve the results of NTFP commercialization in terms of well-being and conservation indicators. Compared with cases without interventions, households adopting partnerships but not product processing were most often associated with improved economic proxies of well-being (total income, NTFP income, food consumption and gender equality in income). In comparison, the combination of product processing and partnerships was associated with similar outcomes. Unexpectedly, product processing alone was associated with negative outcomes in the economic indicators of well-being. All of the investigated strategies were associated with less time spent in social and cultural activities. With respect to forest conservation, the strategies that included a partnership with or without processing produced similar results: while household deforestation tended to decrease, the hunting impact increased. Processing alone was also associated with higher levels of hunting, though it did not reduce deforestation. Our results indicate that establishing partnerships may enhance the outcomes of NTFP trade in terms of the financial outcomes of local communities, but practitioners need to use caution when adopting the processing strategy and they need to evaluate potential negative results for indicators of social and cultural activities. With respect to conservation, the three strategies are promising for reducing deforestation, but more pervasive impacts, such as hunting, might increase.Rainforest Alliance (USA)Rainforest Alliance (USA)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (Brazil) [Fapesp 2005/01288-1, 2007/06844]Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (Brazil)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Brazil)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Brazil) [CAPES AUX-PE-DGU 744/2010]National Science FoundationAnthropology (USA)National Science Foundation-Anthropology (USA)Direccion General das Universidades Espanholas (Spain)Direccion General das Universidades Espanholas (Spain) [HBP2009-0014