Simplified GNSS Fusion-based Train Positioning System and its Diagnosis

International audienceIn this paper, two simple GNSS-based positioning methods are proposed and their diagnostic functions for GNSS failure are tested. Firstly, the odometer-based method, which are proposed in our previous research [1], is concretized to be implemented for general cases. This method detects faults in the GNSS solution due to satellite failure or local effects using both odometry and track geometry of the onboard system. It enables to monitor all three-dimensional solution error so that higher sensitivity for the fault detection can be achieved. Secondly, single-axis accelerometer-based approach is newly proposed. Positioning architecture of this method is designed in traveling distance domain with the configuration of single-axis accelerometer installed along the forward direction. The diagnosis of GNSS signal can be done easily in one-dimensional space. Therefore, the latter method is expected to give greater sensitivity to detect GNSS failures while maintaining a relatively simple architecture. Both methods are tested in simulation, and their abilities for detecting fault in GNSS signal are investigated and compared

Study of Future On-board GNSS/INS Hybridization Architectures

Un développement rapide et une densification du trafic aérien ont conduit à l'introduction de nouvelles opérations d'approches et d'atterrissage utilisant des trajectoires plus flexibles et des minimas plus exigeants. La plupart des opérations de navigation aérienne sont actuellement réalisées grâce au GNSS, augmenté par les systèmes GBAS, SBAS et ABAS qui permettent d'atteindre des opérations d'approches de précision (pour GBAS et SBAS). Cependant ces systèmes nécessitent la mise en place d'un réseau de station de référence relativement couteux et des diffusions constantes de messages aux utilisateurs de l'espace aérien. Afin de surmonter ces contraintes, le système ABAS intègre à bord des informations fournies par les systèmes de navigation inertielle (INS) ainsi améliorant les performances de navigation. Dans cette logique, les avions commerciaux actuels utilisent une solution de couplage des deux systèmes appelée hybridation GPS/baro-INS. Cette solution permet d'atteindre des niveaux de performance en termes de précision, intégrité, disponibilité et continuité supérieurs aux deux systèmes pris séparément. Malheureusement, les niveaux d'exigences requis par les opérations de précision ou les atterrissages automatiques ne peuvent pas encore être totalement couverts par les solutions d'hybridation actuelles. L'idée principale de cette thèse a été d'étendre le processus d'hybridation en incluant d'autres capteurs ou systèmes actuellement disponibles ou non à bord et d'évaluer les niveaux de performance atteints par cette solution de filtre d'hybridation global. L'objectif ciblé est de pouvoir fournir la plupart des paramètres de navigations pour les opérations les plus critiques avec le niveau de performance requis par les exigences OACI. Les opérations ciblées pendant l'étude étaient les approches de précision (en particulier les approches CAT III) et le roulage sur la piste. L'étude des systèmes vidéo a fait l'objet d'une attention particulière pendant la thèse. La navigation basée sur la vidéo est une solution autonome de navigation de plus en plus utilisée de nos jours axée sur des capteurs qui mesurent le mouvement du véhicule et observent l'environnement. Que cela soit pour compenser la perte ou la dégradation d'un des systèmes de navigation ou pour améliorer la solution existante, les intérêts de l'utilisation de la vidéo sont nombreux. ABSTRACT : The quick development of air traffic has led to the improvement of approach and landing operations by using flexible flight paths and by decreasing the minima required to perform these operations. Most of the aircraft operations are supported by the GNSS augmented with GBAS, SBAS and ABAS. SBAS or GBAS allow supporting navigation operations down to precision approaches. However, these augmentations do require an expensive network of reference receivers and real-time broadcast to the airborne user. To overcome, the ABAS system integrates on-board information provided by an INS so as to enhance the performance of the navigation system. In that scheme, INS is coupled with a GPS receiver in a GPS/baro-INS hybridization solution that is already performed on current commercial aircraft. This solution allows reaching better performance in terms of accuracy, integrity, availability and continuity than the two separated solutions. However the most stringent requirements for precision approaches or automatic landings cannot be fulfilled with the current hybridization. The main idea of this PhD study is then to extend the hybridization process by including other sensors already available on commercial aircraft or not and, to assess the performance reached by a global hybridization architecture. It aims at providing most of the navigation parameters in all operations with the required level of performance. The operations targeted by this hybridization are precision approaches, with a particular focus on CAT III precision approach and roll out on the runway. The study of video sensor has been particularly focused on in the thesis. Indeed video based navigation is a complete autonomous navigation opportunity only based on sensors that provide information from the dynamic of the vehicle and from the observation of the scenery. Moreover, from a possible compensation of any loss or degradation of a navigation system to the improvement of the navigation solution during the most critical operations, the interests of video are numerous

Conditions aux limites absorbantes pour les equations de Maxwell en milieu conducteur tridimensionnel

Projet IDENTDans cet article nous construisons des conditions aux limites de type absorbant pour les equations de Maxwell tridimensionnelles en milieu conducteur. Ces conditions sont obtenues a partir de conditions absorbantes pour l'equation des ondes scalaires avec terme d'amortissement. Elles sont locales en espace et en temps. Une attention particuliere est apportee a l'analyse de la stabilite et de la precision de ces conditions et le probleme des aretes et des coins de la boite de calcul est examine. Quelques resultats numeriques validant notre approche sont presentes

Immunovirological Response to Triple Nucleotide Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitors and Ritonavir-Boosted Protease Inhibitors in Treatment-Naive HIV-2-Infected Patients: The ACHIEV2E Collaboration Study Group

This European inter-cohort collaboration shows poorer immunological and virological responses with triple NRTI compared to PI/r-containing cART in treatment-naïve HIV-2-infected patients, regardless of baseline CD4 cell count. PI/r-containing cART should be recommended as first-line antiretroviral regimens in HIV-2 infectio

Low-frequency drug-resistant HIV-1 and risk of virological failure to first-line NNRTI-based ART: a multicohort European case-control study using centralized ultrasensitive 454 pyrosequencing

Objectives It is still debated if pre-existing minority drug-resistant HIV-1 variants (MVs) affect the virological outcomes of first-line NNRTI-containing ART. Methods This Europe-wide case-control study included ART-naive subjects infected with drug-susceptible HIV-1 as revealed by population sequencing, who achieved virological suppression on first-line ART including one NNRTI. Cases experienced virological failure and controls were subjects from the same cohort whose viraemia remained suppressed at a matched time since initiation of ART. Blinded, centralized 454 pyrosequencing with parallel bioinformatic analysis in two laboratories was used to identify MVs in the 1%-25% frequency range. ORs of virological failure according to MV detection were estimated by logistic regression. Results Two hundred and sixty samples (76 cases and 184 controls), mostly subtype B (73.5%), were used for the analysis. Identical MVs were detected in the two laboratories. 31.6% of cases and 16.8% of controls harboured pre-existing MVs. Detection of at least one MV versus no MVs was associated with an increased risk of virological failure (OR = 2.75, 95% CI = 1.35-5.60, P = 0.005); similar associations were observed for at least one MV versus no NRTI MVs (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 0.76-6.77, P = 0.140) and at least one MV versus no NNRTI MVs (OR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.12-5.18, P = 0.024). A dose-effect relationship between virological failure and mutational load was found. Conclusions Pre-existing MVs more than double the risk of virological failure to first-line NNRTI-based AR

Consensus statement of the European guidelines on clinical management of HIV-1 tropism testing

Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection 7-11 November 2010 Glasgow, UKIntroduction: Testing for HIV tropism is recommended before prescribing a chemokine receptor blocker. To date, in most European countries HIV tropism is determined using a phenotypic test. Recently, new data have emerged supporting the use of a genotypic HIV V3-loop sequence analysis as the basis for tropism determination. The European guidelines group on clinical management of HIV-1 tropism testing was established to make recommendations to clinicians and virologists. Methods: We searched online databases for articles from Jan 2006 until March 2010 with the terms: tropism or CCR5-antagonist or CCR5 antagonist or maraviroc or vicriviroc. Additional articles and/or conference abstracts were identified by hand searching. This strategy identified 712 potential articles and 1240 abstracts. All were reviewed and finally 57 papers and 42 abstracts were included and used by the panel to reach a consensus statement. Results: The panel recommends HIV-tropism testing for the following indications: i) drug-naïve patients in whom toxicity or limited therapeutic options are foreseen; ii) patients experiencing therapy failure whenever a treatment change is considered. Both the phenotypic Enhanced Trofile assay (ESTA) and genotypic population sequencing of the V3-loop are recommended for use in clinical practice. Although the panel does not recommend one methodology over another it is anticipated that genotypic testing will be used more frequently because of its greater accessibility, lower cost and shorter turnaround time. The panel also provides guidance on technical aspects and interpretation issues. If using genotypic methods, triplicate PCR amplification and sequencing testing is advised using the G2P interpretation tool (clonal model) with an FPR of 10%. If the viral load is below the level of reliable amplification, proviral DNA can be used, and the panel recommends performing triplicate testing and use of an FPR of 10%. If genotypic DNA testing is not performed in triplicate the FPR should be increased to 20%. Conclusions: The European guidelines on clinical management of HIV-1 tropism testing provide an overview of current literature, evidence-based recommendations for the clinical use of tropism testing and expert guidance on unresolved issues and current developments. Current data support both the use of genotypic population sequencing and ESTA for co-receptor tropism determination. For practical reasons genotypic population sequencing is the preferred method in Europe.Ye

Cadomian S-type granites as basement rocks of the Variscan belt (Massif Central, France): Implications for the crustal evolution of the north Gondwana margin

International audienceFrom the Neoproterozoic to the early Paleozoic, the northern Gondwana margin was sequentially shaped by the Cadomian accretionary and the Variscan collisional orogens which offers the opportunity to investigate the relative extent of crust production/reworking in both geodynamic settings. In the eastern part of the Variscan French Massif Central (FMC), the Velay Orthogneiss Formation (VOF) represents a consistent lithological unit of the pre-Variscan basement and comprises augen gneisses and leucogneisses. Such rocks constitute a unique record of the pre-Variscan magmatic history and bear critical information on the crustal evolution of the northern Gondwana margin.Here, we present whole–rock major and trace element compositions indicating that: (i) the VOF shows a remarkable geochemical homogeneity; (ii) the protolith of the augen gneisses corresponds to strongly peraluminous, “S-type” porphyritic granites originating from partial melting of an Ediacaran sedimentary sequence; (iii) the leucogneisses are former leucogranites generated by fractionation of the magma at the origin of the porphyritic granites; and (iv) the whole suite emplaced at shallow crustal levels (< 7 km). U–Pb LA–(MC–)ICP–MS analyses on zircon yielded similar emplacement ages of c. 542 Ma and a narrow range of εHf(t) clustering around 0 for the protoliths of both augen and leucogneisses. This homogeneous Hf isotope signature, notably uncommon for S-type granites, would originate from a sequential process of: (i) inherited zircon dissolution during melting and ascent in the crust due to Zr-undersaturated conditions, (ii) isotopic homogenization of the melt by advection and elemental/isotopic diffusion, followed by (iii) early saturation upon emplacement owing to rapid cooling at shallow crustal levels.We propose that partial melting of Ediacaran sediments occurred during inversion of a Cadomian back-arc basin and was promoted by the high thermal gradient typical of thinned crust domains. Therefore, the VOF and other Cadomian S-type granitoids from the northern Gondwana margin are indicative of substantial crust reworking away from any proper continental collision zone

Alternative methods to analyse the impact of HIV mutations on virological response to antiviral therapy

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square (PLS) regression may be useful to summarize the HIV genotypic information. Without pre-selection each mutation presented in at least one patient is considered with a different weight. We compared these two strategies with the construction of a usual genotypic score.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We used data from the ANRS-CO3 Aquitaine Cohort Zephir sub-study. We used a subset of 87 patients with a complete baseline genotype and plasma HIV-1 RNA available at baseline and at week 12. PCA and PLS components were determined with all mutations that had prevalences >0. For the genotypic score, mutations were selected in two steps: 1) p-value < 0.01 in univariable analysis and prevalences between 10% and 90% and 2) backwards selection procedure based on the Cochran-Armitage Test. The predictive performances were compared by means of the cross-validated area under the receiver operating curve (AUC).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Virological failure was observed in 46 (53%) patients at week 12. Principal components and PLS components showed a good performance for the prediction of virological response in HIV infected patients. The cross-validated AUCs for the PCA, PLS and genotypic score were 0.880, 0.868 and 0.863, respectively. The strength of the effect of each mutation could be considered through PCA and PLS components. In contrast, each selected mutation contributes with the same weight for the calculation of the genotypic score. Furthermore, PCA and PLS regression helped to describe mutation clusters (e.g. 10, 46, 90).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In this dataset, PCA and PLS showed a good performance but their predictive ability was not clinically superior to that of the genotypic score.</p