Concerning preservation of chainability upon taking a preimage under z↦z2

AbstractIf X is an arc in the complex plane C with 0 as an endpoint, then the preimage of X under f(z)=z2 is also an arc, and the endpoints of f−1(X) are the points in the preimage of the nonzero endpoint of X. In this paper, the author explores necessary and sufficient conditions under which a chainable continuum in C has chainable preimage under f. The paper contains an example of a chainable continuum X (the simple three-fold Knaster continuum) embedded in the complex plane in such a way that 0 is an endpoint of X and the preimage of X under the square map is not chainable

Some Practical Questions Concerning the Effect of the Proposed Federal Securities Code on Civil Litigation

A major impetus for the launching of the Federal Securities Code project in 1969 was the view, widely held by businessmen and their lawyers, that it was far too easy for investors to bring class action suits under the federal securities laws, seeking multi-million dollar judgments against business corporations, directors, accountants, and lawyers.\u27 The business community\u27s concern about possible exposure to large judgments in securities litigation was heightened by the news that plaintiffs had obtained a judgment in a class action brought against the issuer and several outside director defendants in Escott v. Bar Chris Construction Corp., and by several United States Supreme Court decisions that appeared to approve of implied remedies for violations of criminal statutes and Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) Rule 10b-53 and to eliminate any need for each class member to prove reliance and in fact causation. \u27 Relying on the doctrine expressio unius est exclusio alterius, some critics suggested that the courts\u27 recognition of a private right of action for violation of SEC Rule 10b-5 (and other statutes) was inconsistent with the expressly created civil liability provisions (and express limitations on the damages recoverable and the time for filing suit) contained in sections 11, 12, 13, and 15 of the 1933 Act and sections 16(b), 18, and 20 of the 1934 Act.- Professor Louis Loss, who has acted as Reporter for the Federal Securities Code project, expressed the view that civil liability has become a jungle, and that SEC Rule 10b-5 has dwarfed, upstaged, out-shone, and made wide end runs around, the express civil liability provisions. \u27 Two of the most important provisions of the proposed Code,therefore, are section 1708, which imposes a ceiling on recoveries unless knowledge\u27 is proven, and section 1711, which creates new procedures for consolidation of securities litigation, notice to potential plaintiffs, and pro ration and distribution of any recovery to those investors who are damaged by the defendant\u27s wrongful act. The proposed ceiling on recoveries and the proposed procedures for distributing such recoveries raise a number of practical problems. This Article will explore those problems, attempt to determine whether sections 1708 and 1711 are workable, and propose possible alternatives

Simulasi Routing Protokol Berbasis Distance Vector Menggunakan Gns3 Versi 0.8.

Measurement of routing protocol performance in a network can be done with the help of simulation. The writers are trying to simulate package delivery data over Virtual Private Network (VPN) with the use of Graphical Network Simulator version 0.8.6 (GNS3). The topology used in the delivery of data packets is a ring topology which consists of 6 routers based on distance vector routing protocol. The results of simulation that the writers get are the throughput of the wireless and wireline on the server and client were averaging 1Mbit/s. The packet loss values generated for both wireless and wireline were 0 %. The measurement delay of the wireless and wireline for server and client side were averaging 7 ms.Pengukuran performansi routing protocol dalam suatu network dapat dilakukan dengan bantuan simulasi. Penulis mencoba mensimulasikan pengiriman paket data melalui Virtual Private Network (VPN) menggunakan simulator Graphical Network Simulator versi 0.8.6 (GNS3). Topologi yang penulis gunakan dalam pengiriman data paket menggunakan topologi ring yang terdiri dari 6 router, dengan salah satu routing protokol yang berbasis distance vector. Hasil simulasi yang penulis dapatkan nilai throughput dari wireless maupun wireline pada sisi server dan client rata-rata 1Mbit/sec. Sedangkan untuk nilai packet loss dihasilkan 0% baik itu wireless dan wireline dari posisi server ataupun client. Pengukuran pada delay wireless maupun wireline pada sisi server dan client rata-rata 7ms

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Apolipoprotein E3 Lipid Nanodiscs

Nanodiscs are binary discoidal complexes of a phospholipid bilayer circumscribed by belt-like helical scaffold proteins. Using coarse-grained and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we explore the stability, size, and structure of nanodiscs formed between the N-terminal domain of apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3-NT) and variable number of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) molecules. We study both parallel and antiparallel double-belt configurations, consisting of four proteins per nanodisc. Our simulations predict nanodiscs containing between 240 and 420 DMPC molecules to be stable. The antiparallel configurations exhibit an average of 1.6 times more amino acid interactions between protein chains and 2 times more ionic contacts, compared to the parallel configuration. With one exception, DMPC order parameters are consistently larger in the antiparallel configuration than in the parallel one. In most cases, the root mean square deviation of the positions of the protein backbone atoms is smaller in the antiparallel configuration. We further report nanodisc size, thickness, radius of gyration, and solvent accessible surface area. Combining all investigated parameters, we hypothesize the antiparallel protein configuration leading to more stable and more rigid nanodiscs than the parallel one

A Whole-Transcriptome Approach to Evaluating Reference Genes for Quantitative Gene Expression Studies: A Case Study in Mimulus

While quantitative PCR (qPCR) is widely recognized as being among the most accurate methods for quantifying gene expression, it is highly dependent on the use of reliable, stably expressed reference genes. With the increased availability of high-throughput methods for measuring gene expression, whole-transcriptome approaches may be increasingly utilized for reference gene selection and validation. In this study, RNA-seq was used to identify a set of novel qPCR reference genes and evaluate a panel of traditional housekeeping reference genes in two species of the evolutionary model plant genus Mimulus. More broadly, the methods proposed in this study can be used to harness the power of transcriptomes to identify appropriate reference genes for qPCR in any study organism, including emerging and nonmodel systems. We find that RNA-seq accurately estimates gene expression means in comparison to qPCR, and that expression means are robust to moderate environmental and genetic variation. However, measures of expression variability were only in agreement with qPCR for samples obtained from a shared environment. This result, along with transcriptome-wide comparisons, suggests that environmental changes have greater impacts on expression variability than on expression means. We discuss how this issue can be addressed through experimental design, and suggest that the ever-expanding pool of published transcriptomes represents a rich and low-cost resource for developing better reference genes for qPCR

Ocean Futures for the World’s Largest Yellowfin Tuna Population Under the Combined Effects of Ocean Warming and Acidification

The impacts of climate change are expected to have profound effects on the fisheries of the Pacific Ocean, including its tuna fisheries, the largest globally. This study examined the combined effects of climate change on the yellowfin tuna population using the ecosystem model SEAPODYM. Yellowfin tuna fisheries in the Pacific contribute significantly to the economies and food security of Pacific Island Countries and Territories and Oceania. We use an ensemble of earth climate models to project yellowfin populations under a high greenhouse gas emissions (IPCC RCP8.5) scenario, which includes, the combined effects of a warming ocean, increasing acidification and changing ocean chemistry. Our results suggest that the acidification impact will be smaller in comparison to the ocean warming impact, even in the most extreme ensemble member scenario explored, but will have additional influences on yellowfin tuna population dynamics. An eastward shift in the distribution of yellowfin tuna was observed in the projections in the model ensemble in the absence of explicitly accounting for changes in acidification. The extent of this shift did not substantially differ when the three-acidification induced larval mortality scenarios were included in the ensemble; however, acidification was projected to weaken the magnitude of the increase in abundance in the eastern Pacific. Together with intensive fishing, these potential changes are likely to challenge the global fishing industry as well as the economies and food systems of many small Pacific Island Countries and Territories. The modelling framework applied in this study provides a tool for evaluating such effects and informing policy development

A joint computational and experimental study to evaluate Inconel-sheathed thermocouple performance in flames.

A joint experimental and computational study was performed to evaluate the capability of the Sandia Fire Code VULCAN to predict thermocouple response temperature. Thermocouple temperatures recorded by an Inconel-sheathed thermocouple inserted into a near-adiabatic flat flame were predicted by companion VULCAN simulations. The predicted thermocouple temperatures were within 6% of the measured values, with the error primarily attributable to uncertainty in Inconel 600 emissivity and axial conduction losses along the length of the thermocouple assembly. Hence, it is recommended that future thermocouple models (for Inconel-sheathed designs) include a correction for axial conduction. Given the remarkable agreement between experiment and simulation, it is recommended that the analysis be repeated for thermocouples in flames with pollutants such as soot

FAPRI 1999 U.S. Agricultural Outlook

Crop Production/Industries, Livestock Production/Industries,

Efficient use of water for irrigation in the upper midwest

The objectives of this multidisciplinary interinstitutional regional study on the efficient use of water for irrigation in the upper Midwest were: (1) to determine parameters needed for existing or improved models of crop response; (2) to relate yield response to costs and revenues by assessing the water demand for irrigation; and (3) to study the demand for irrigation, present and projected, and its availability as related to public allocation decisions. From this series of studies it was concluded that: (1) There are many areas of the Midwest with sufficient groundwater and surface water resources to support the development of irrigation. (2) Soil moisture models indicate that only moderate yield response to irrigation can be expected on high moisture soils; on lighter soils and claypan soils, yield response is significant, even in regions with relatively high precipitation. (3) Irrigation and drainage on claypan soils can dramatically increase corn yields. (4) It appears economically worthwhile for the individual farmer operating on moderate soils or on claypan soils to evaluate capital investments in irrigation along with other capital investments. (5) Increases in yields and persistence of alfalfa due to irrigation appear to be insignificant when compared to conventional management practices; further research is needed. A potential, however, appears to exist for improving adaptation of a1 fa1 fa varieties to soil water deficits.U.S. Geological SurveyU.S. Department of the InteriorOpe