Fluvio-deltaic record of increased sediment transport during the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO), Southern Pyrenees, Spain

The early Cenozoic marine sedimentary record is punctuated by several brief episodes (&lt;200 kyr) of abrupt global warming, called hyperthermals, that have disturbed ocean life and water physicochemistry. Moreover, recent studies of fluvial–deltaic systems, for instance at the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, revealed that these hyperthermals also impacted the hydrologic cycle, triggering an increase in erosion and sediment transport at the Earth's surface. Contrary to the early Cenozoic hyperthermals, the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO), lasting from 40.5 to 40.0 Ma, constitutes an event of gradual warming that left a highly variable carbon isotope signature and for which little data exist about its impact on Earth surface systems. In the South Pyrenean foreland basin (SPFB), an episode of prominent deltaic progradation (Belsué–Atarés and Escanilla formations) in the middle Bartonian has been usually associated with increased Pyrenean tectonic activity, but recent magnetostratigraphic data suggest a possible coincidence between the progradation and the MECO warming period. To test this hypothesis, we measured the stable-isotope composition of carbonates (δ13Ccarb and δ18Ocarb) and organic matter (δ13Corg) of 257 samples in two sections of SPFB fluvial–deltaic successions covering the different phases of the MECO and already dated with magnetostratigraphy. We find a negative shift in δ18Ocarb and an unclear signal in δ13Ccarb around the transition from magnetic chron C18r to chron C17r (middle Bartonian). These results allow, by correlation with reference sections in the Atlantic and Tethys, the MECO to be identified and its coincident relationship with the Belsué–Atarès fluvial–deltaic progradation to be documented. Despite its long duration and a more gradual temperature rise, the MECO in the South Pyrenean foreland basin may have led, like lower Cenozoic hyperthermals, to an increase in erosion and sediment transport that is manifested in the sedimentary record. The new data support the hypothesis of a more important hydrological response to the MECO than previously thought in mid-latitude environments, including those around the Tethys.</p

Diversité morphologique, formation et évolution des bedforms sous-glaciaires : implications pour la compréhension des interactions glace-eau-sédiments

Considering the inaccessibility of modern subglacial environments, bedforms discovered after the retreat of ice sheets are critical relics of subglacial processes. Their thorough investigation allows the relationships between the characteristics of ice flow dynamics, subglacial hydrology and subglacial sediments to be unraveled. This work presents a new method for studying subglacial bedforms combining analog modeling and glacial geomorphology. We developed an innovative morphometric analysis enlightening the diversity of subglacial bedforms and morphological continuums (i) between ribbed bedforms, sinuous/oblique bedforms and streamlined bedforms and (ii) between ribbed bedforms, proto-murtoos and murtoos. These bedform continuums highlight several morphological evolutionary sequences controlled by (i) the quantity and directions of deformation transmitted to the bed by the ice flow and (ii) the degree of remobilization induced by meltwater flow. Considering the spatio-temporal variations of ice-meltwater-bed interactions and deformation, erosion and deposition processes at the base of ice sheets, a unifying evolutionary model is proposed to explain the formation of the most subglacial bedforms currently observed.En raison de l’inaccessibilité des environnements sous-glaciaires actuels, les bedforms découverts après le retrait glaciaire constituent d’excellents témoins interactions glace-eau-sédiments. Leur étude permet notamment d’appréhender les relations entre les caractéristiques de la dynamique d’écoulement de la glace, de l’hydrologie sous-glaciaire et des sédiments sous-glaciaires. Ce travail présente une nouvelle méthode d’étude des bedforms sous-glaciaires combinant la modélisation analogique et de la géomorphologie glaciaire. Au travers d’une analyse morphométrique inédite permettant de caractériser la diversité des bedforms, deux continuums morphologiques ont été découverts (i) entre les ribbed bedforms, les bedforms sinueux/obliques et les linéations glaciaires et (ii) entre les ribbed bedforms, les proto-murtoos et les murtoos. Ces continuums ont mis en évidence des séquences d’évolution de bedforms contrôlées par (i) la quantité et les directions de déformation transmises au lit sédimentaire par l’écoulement de glace sus-jacent et (ii) le degré de remobilisation généré par l’écoulement d’eau de fonte. Considérant les variations spatio-temporelles des interactions glace-eau-sédiments et des processus de déformation, d’érosion et de dépôt à la base des calottes glaciaires, un unique modèle d’évolution est proposé afin d’expliquer la formation de la plupart des bedforms sous-glaciaires actuellement identifiés

Late toxicity comparison of alkylating-based maintenance regimen with cyclophosphamide (VAC) vs ifosfamide (VAI) in Ewing sarcoma survivors treated in the randomized clinical trial Euro-EWING99-R1 in France

International audienceIn Euro-EWING99-R1 randomized trial, cyclophosphamide was shown to be noninferior to ifosfamide in the consolidation of standard-risk Ewing sarcoma (SR-EWS) after a common induction with VIDE (vincristine-ifosfamide-doxorubicin-etoposide). We present the results of the late effects analysis of VAC (vincristine-dactinomycin-cyclophoshamide) vs VAI (vincristine-dactinomycin-ifosfamide) conducted in Euro-EWING99-R1 French cohort. Of 267 French randomized patients, 204 were alive and free-of-relapse at 5-years including 172 with available long-term follow-up data concerning cardiac, renal and/or gonadal functions (sex-ratio M/F = 1.3, median age at diagnosis = 14 years): 84 randomized in VAC (median cumulative doses: cyclophosphamide = 9.7 g/m2, ifosfamide = 59.4 g/m2) and 88 in VAI (ifosfamide = 97.1 g/m2). With a median follow-up of 10 years (range = 5-17), five late relapses and five second malignancies were recorded. The 10-year event-free survival among 5-year free-of-relapse survivors was similar between VAC and VAI (93% vs 95%, P =.63). We estimated the 10-year cumulative probabilities of cardiac and kidney toxicities at 4.4% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.1%-7.6%) and 34.8% (95% CI = 26.8%-42.0%), respectively. Cardiac toxicity cumulative probability was similar in both arms, whereas kidney toxicity was higher in VAI (at 10 years, 43.0% vs 25.7%, P =.02), resulting from significant difference in glomerular toxicity (31.1% vs 13.1%, P &lt;.01). At 10 years, gonadal toxicity was observed in 27% and 28% of pubertal men and women, respectively, without significant difference between VAC and VAI. Kidney and gonadal toxicities represent major issues in Euro-EWING99-R1, with significantly higher risk of kidney toxicities with VAI, without significant gonadal toxicity reduction. These results support the need to limit cumulative doses of both alkylating agents and to use mixed regimen as in VIDE-VAC or VDC/IE (vincristine-doxorubicin-cyclophoshamide/ifosfamide-etoposide)