Ornithodoros quilinensis sp. nov. (Acari, Argasidae), a new tick species from the Chacoan region in Argentina

Ornithodoros quilinensis sp. nov. (Acari: Argasidae) is described from larvae collected on the small rodents Graomys centralis (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) in Argentina. The diagnostic characters for this new species are a combination of small size (520-540 μm), a dorsal plate oval in shape with a length of approximately 200 μm, 14 pairs of dorsal setae, hypostome short and narrower at the base (length from Ph1 to apex 133 μm (120-141)) with dental formula 2/2 and apex blunt, and the capsule of the Haller's organ irregular in shape and without reticulations. The analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences available for the genus Ornithodoros indicate that, phylogenetically, O. quilinensis represents an independent lineage only related to a Bolivian tick species of the genus Ornithodoros yet not formally described.Fil: Venzal, José M.. Universidad de la Republica, Salto; UruguayFil: Nava, Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Eea, Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Mangold, Atilio Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Eea, Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Mastropaolo, Mariano. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Eea, Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Casás, Gustavo. UNIVERSIDAD DE LA REPUBLICA (UDELAR); . Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Guglielmone, Alberto Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Eea, Rafaela; Argentin

Reinstatement of rhipicephalus (Boophilus) australis (Acari: Ixodidae) with redescription of the adult and larval stages

Rhipicephalus australis Fuller, the Australian cattle tick, is reinstated and the adults and larvae redescribed from material collected in Australia. This long ignored boophilid was previously known as R. microplus Canestrini for specimens reported in Australia and New Caledonia. The adults of R. australis are easily recognized by a combination of characters, such as the ventro-medial spurs in the palpal segments of the male, and the abundant, plumose, pale white setae on the dorsum of the female. Other details, such as coxal and adanal shields are more variable among different populations and may lead to incorrect determinations. Larvae of R. australis are clearly smaller than those of R. microplus. The use of principal components analysis on body measurements leads to a clear separation of larvae of both taxa. A phylogenetic analysis based on 12S- and 16S-rDNA gene sequences supports the conspecificity of the neotype material on which the reinstatement of the species is proposed, and of the specimens used for previous interspecific crosses. R. australis is now known to be present in Australia, New Caledonia, the island of Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra, Java, New Guinea, Cambodia, and Tahiti. Both R. microplus and R. australis coexist in some countries in southeastern Asia. Given the extreme importance of these ticks for the cattle industry, field data on their distribution in the region are required to know the actual range of these species and to understand the evolution of the group.Fil: Estrada Peña, Agustín. Universidad de Zaragoza; EspañaFil: Venzal, José M.. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Nava, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Mangold, Atilio Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Guglielmone, Alberto Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Labruna, Marcelo B.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: de la Fuente, José. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos; Españ

A review of the systematics of the tick family Argasidae (Ixodida)

The tick family Argasidae is a complex and diverse assemblage of about 190 species. Taxa within the Family Ixodidae had received considerable attention by contemporary researchers, but currently there is no consensus about the relevant morphological features for the determination of argasid species nor there is consensus on the appropriate genus for about 130 species. As a result, many species of Argasidae have not been yet adequately described. The generic and subgeneric arrangements are still a matter of discussion and currently there is no strict description of supraspecific systematics of this group. In this review, we introduce the competing proposals for the systematics of the family Argasidae, together with an overview of prominent morphological, ecological and behavioural features, which are of interest in a synthesis of the family. Special attention is paid to previous attempts to systematize the group based on cladistic analysis, outlining the possible pros and cons of such a method. We also present the largest phylogenetic tree of the family in terms of the number of species resolved by molecular biology based on 16S rDNA. This tree provides support for some of the previously proposed systematic arrangements based on morphology alone, and shows no basic differences with other previously published trees using either nuclear or mitochondrial, coding or non-coding genes. Our main conclusion is that we are still far from an accurate view of the main evolutionary lines of the family. There is thus an urgent need to obtain additional material to, first, explore the relative position of the different species in the phylogenetic arrangement of the family, and second, to capture adequate morphological features which could support a systematic key, necessary for any kind of faunistic or epidemiological studies.Fil: Estrada Pena, Agustín. Universidad de Zaragoza; EspañaFil: Mangold, Atilio Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Agencia de Extension Rural Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Nava, Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Agencia de Extension Rural Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Venzal, José M.. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Labruna, Marcelo. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Guglielmone, Alberto Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Agencia de Extension Rural Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Editorial : Soft ticks as parasites and vectors

Soft ticks are interesting ectoparasites due to their ecological habits and unique blood-feeding biology. The wide-ranging nature of research into these parasites is reflected in the diverse set of papers captured in this special issue. Fundamental questions are addressed in the 9 articles included in this Research Topic that focuses on ecology, tick-host interaction, host associations, geographic distribution, and microbial endosymbionts.https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-scienceam2023Veterinary Tropical Disease

Ornithodoros guaporensis (Acari, Ixodida: Argasidae), a new tick species from the Guaporé River Basin in the Bolivian Amazon

The soft tick Ornithodoros guaporensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae) is described from larvae and adults. Morphological analysis and 16S rDNA sequences are provided. Adults were collected from a rocky fissure inhabited by bats located in the Amazonian forest in north-eastern Bolivia (Beni Department) close to the Guaporé River. Larvae were obtained from eggs laid by females collected in the field, and which were fed on rabbits in the laboratory. Larvae of O. guaporensis are morphologically closely related to Ornithodoros rioplatensis, Ornithodoros puertoricensis and Ornithodoros talaje. Larvae of O. guaporensis and O. rioplatensis can be separated from O. puertoricensis and O. talaje by the number of pairs of dorsal setae (20 in O. guaporensis and O. rioplatensis, 18 in O. puertoricensis and 17 in O. talaje). Larvae of O. guaporensis and O. rioplatensis can be differentiated by the medial dental formula (2/2 in O. guaporensis and 3/3 in O. rioplatensis) and the apex of the hypostome, which is more pointed in O. rioplatensis than in O. guaporensis. The Principal Component Analysis performed with morphometric characters of larvae showed a clear separation among O. guaporensis, O. rioplatensis, O. puertoricensis and O. talaje. Significant morphological differences among adults of these four species were not found. The analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences allowed for the differentiation between O. guaporensis and the remaining Neotropical species of the family Argasidae.Fil: Nava, Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Venzal, José M.. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Terassini, Flavio. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Mangold, Atilio Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Camargo, Luis M. A.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Casás, Gustavo. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Labruna, Marcelo B.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasi

Primera caracterización molecular de Galba neotropica en Uruguay

Tradicionalmente se indicaba que existían dos especies de limneidos en Uruguay: Galba viatrix y Pseudosuccinea columella. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se identificó por medio de técnicas moleculares una tercera especie, Galba cubensis. El objetivo de los autores fue muestrear e identificar por medios moleculares poblaciones de limneidos del norte del país. Las colectas fueron realizadas en establecimientos rurales de los departamentos de Tacuarembó y Paysandú. Los caracoles colectados fueron divididos en dos fracciones, una de ellas fue destinada para el estudio morfológico de las conchillas y búsqueda de larvas de trematodos. La otra fracción se usó para la caracterización molecular. Tres genes fueron amplificados (ITS2, COI y 16S) utilizando protocolos de PCRs previamente descriptos. Las secuencias obtenidas se utilizaron para estudios de homología y construcción de árboles filogenéticos por medio del método de máxima verosimilitud. Por medio de la secuenciación se pudo confirmar que los dos aislamientos corresponden a Galba neotropica. Los estudios filogenéticos colocan ambos aislamientos dentro del grupo monofilético de G. neotropica junto a otros encontrados en distintas regiones de Sudamérica. Hasta lo que sabemos, el presente, es el primer registro de G. neotropica en Uruguay, además de comprobarse su capacidad para actuar como hospedero intermediario de Fasciola hepatica en condiciones de campo. Se sugieren futuros estudios para determinar la distribución y el rol de cada especie de limneido en la transmisión de F. hepatica.Until recently, it was believed that only two lymnaeid species (i.e. Galba viatrix and Pseudosuccinea columella) occurred in Uruguay. However, based on a molecular approach, an additional species Galba cubensis, was recently discovered. The aim of this study was to molecularly characterize different lymnaeid populations from the northern region of Uruguay. The lymnaeids collections were carried out in two farms of the departments of Paysandú and Tacuarembó. The collected lymnaeids were divided in two fractions, one fraction was used for conchological analyses and detection of trematode larval stages, while the other fraction was used for molecular studies. Three PCRs targeting the 16S, ITS-2 and COI DNA regions were performed and the amplicons obtained were direct sequenced. The sequences were used for homology search and construction of phylogenetic trees by the maximum-likelihood method. The sequencing results revealed that both isolates corresponded to Galba neotropica. The phylogenetic analyses placed our isolates among the G. neotropica monophyletic group, closely related to other isolates of this species found in several South American countries. To our knowledge, this is the first record of G. neotropica in Uruguay and the confirmation as competent intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica. Further studies are needed to define the distribution and the role of each lymnaeid species in the transmission of F. hepatica in Uruguay.Fil: Armúa Fernández, María Teresita. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Castro, Oscar. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Correa, Oscar. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Carvalho, Luis. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Mangold, Atilio Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Sanchis, Jaime. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Venzal, José M.. Universidad de la República; Urugua

Rickettsioses in Latin America, Caribbean, Spain and Portugal

Data on genus and infectious by Rickettsia were retrospectively compiled from the critical review literature regarding all countries in Latin America, Caribbean islands, Portugal and Spain. We considered all Rickettsia records reported for human and/or animal hosts, and/or invertebrate hosts considered being the vector. In a few cases, when no direct detection of a given Rickettsia group or species was available for a given country, the serologic method was considered. A total of 13 Rickettsia species have been recorded in Latin America and the Caribbean. The species with the largest number of country confirmed records were Rickettsia felis (9 countries), R. prowazekii (7 countries), R. typhi (6 countries), R. rickettsii (6 countries), R. amblyommii (5 countries), and R. parkeri (4 countries). The rickettsial records for the Caribbean islands (West Indies) were grouped in only one geographical area. Both R. bellii, R. akari, and Candidatus ‘R. andeane’ have been recorded in only 2 countries each, whereas R. massiliae, R. rhipicephali, R.monteiroi, and R. africae have each been recorded in a single country (in this case, R. africae has been recorded in nine Caribbean Islands). For El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua, no specific Rickettsia has been reported so far, but there have been serological evidence of human or/and animal infection. The following countries remain without any rickettsial records: Belize, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, and Paraguay. In addition, except for a few islands, many Caribbean islands remain without records. A total of 12 Rickettsia species have been reported in Spain and Portugal: R. conorii, R. helvetica, R. monacensis, R. felis, R. slovaca, R. raoultii, R. sibirica, R. aeschlimannii, R. rioja, R. massiliae, R. typhi, and R. prowazekii. Amongst these Rickettsia species reported in Spain and Portugal, only R. prowazekii, R. typhi, R. felis, and R. massiliae have also been reported in Latin America. This study summarizes the current state of art on the rickettsial distribution in Latin America, Caribbean, Spain and Portugal. The data obtained allow a better understanding on rickettsial epidemiology and distribution of vector ecology.Reportes del genero Rickettsia y sus asociadas infecciones fueron compilados en una revisión crítica retrospectiva de la literatura científica de los países de Latinoamérica, el Caribe, Portugal y España. Se consideraron todos los reportes para huéspedes humanos y/o animales y también para huéspedes invertebrados los cuales fueron considerados como vectores asociados con Rickettsia. En algunos casos, cuando no existió detección directa a un determinado grupo de rickettsias o especies no disponible en un país, se tuvo en cuenta la detección indirecta por serología. Un total de 13 especies de Rickettsia han sido reportadas en Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Las especies más encontradas en los países fueron: Rickettsia felis (9 países), R. prowazekii (7 países), R. typhi (6 países), R. rickettsii (6 países), R. amblyommii (5 países) y R. parkeri (4 países). Los datos de las islas del Caribe (antillas menores o Indias occidentales), fueron agrupados en una sola área geográfica como un solo país. Ambas R. bellii, R. akari y Candidatus ‘R. andeane’ fueron reportadas en solo 2 países, mientras que R. massiliae, R. rhipicephali, R.monteiroi, y R. africae fueron informadas en un solo país. En este caso R. africae fue reportada en 9 islas de las Antillas menores. Para El Salvador, Honduras y Nicaragua, hasta ahora no se han reportado especies de Rickettsia, pero si evidencia serológica de infección humana y/o animal. Sin reportes de infección por Rickettsia permanecen: Belice, Venezuela, Guayana, Surinam y Paraguay. Además, a excepción de algunas islas del Caribe, muchas de ellas permanecen sin reportes. Un total de 12 especies de Rickettsia han sido documentadas en España y Portugal: R. conorii, R. helvetica, R. monacensis, R. felis, R. slovaca, R. raoultii, R. sibirica, R. aeschlimannii, R. rioja, R. massiliae, R. typhi y R. prowazekii. Entre estas, solamente R. prowazekii, R. typhi, R. felis y R. massiliae han sido documentados en Latinoamérica, España y Portugal. Los datos de este estudio permiten entender mejor la epidemiología de las rickettsias en Latinoamérica, Caribe, España y Portugal, y la distribución de los vectores

La pulga humana Pulex irritans (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) en el noroeste argentino, una investigación de Bartonella y Rickettsia spp.

Pulex irritans es la única especie cosmopolita y la más estudiada dentro del género Pulex. Tiene importancia en la salud pública ya que comúnmente parasita a los seres humanos causando dermatitis y también ha sido implicada en la transmisión de patógenos bacterianos. Pulex irritans se ha confundido con la especie cercana Pulex simulans durante años. En este sentido, se identificaron los especímenes de Pulex recolectados de un zorro pampeano y un pecarí del Chaco del noroeste de la Argentina por comparación con los ejemplares tipo. Además, se investigó la presencia de Bartonella spp. y Rickettsia spp. utilizando ensayos de PCR. Nuestros resultados aportaron caracteres de importancia diagnóstica para identificar a P. irritans, que incluyen la forma del esternito VII en las hembras y del esclerito aedeagal, clasper y crochet en los machos. Además, se reporta por primera vez a P. irritans parasitando un pecarí. Este hallazgo refuerza la hipótesis del origen de esta pulga asociada con este mamífero y luego coloniza humanos y mamíferos domésticos. No hubo evidencia de ADN de Bartonella ni de Rickettsia en las pulgas analizadas. Esta información, si bien negativa, puede ser considerada relevante para P. irritans de Argentina.Pulex irritans is the only cosmopolitan flea species and the most studied one within the genus Pulex. It has importance in public health since it commonly parasitizes humans causing dermatitis, and it has been also implicated in the transmission of bacterial pathogens. Pulex irritans has been confused with the closely related Pulex simulans species for years. Herein, Pulex specimens collected from a Pampas fox and a Chacoan peccary from northwestern Argentina were identified by comparison with type specimens. In addition, the presence of Bartonella spp. and Rickettsia spp. was investigated using PCR assays. Our results provided characters of diagnostic importance to identify P. irritans, which include the shape of sternite VII in the females, and of the aedeagal sclerite, clasper and crochet in the males. Besides, we report for the first time P. irritans parasitizing a peccary. This finding reinforces the hypothesis of the origin of this flea associated with this mammal, and then colonizing humans and domestic mammals. There was no evidence of Bartonella or Rickettsia DNA in the analyzed fleas. This information even if negative may be considered relevant for P. irritans from Argentina.Fil: Lareschi, Marcela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; ArgentinaFil: Venzal, José M.. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Nava, Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Mangold, Atilio Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Portillo, Aránzazu. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Palomar Urbina, Ana María. Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja; EspañaFil: Oteo Revuelta, José Antonio. Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja; Españ

Ticks from Catamarca and Tucumán provinces: study of a collection from wild and domestic hosts

Durante 2003-2004 se obtuvieron garrapatas de caballos (Amblyomma neumanni) y de corzuela, Mazama gouazoupira (A. neumanni y Haemaphysalis juxtakochi) en Catamarca y de perros (A. tigrinum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus), mara, Dolichotis patagonum (R. sanguineus), lampalagua, Boa constrictor (Amblyomma argentinae) y tapir, Tapirus terrestris (Amblyomma dubitatum) en Tucumán. Aunque R. sanguineus se presume que se encuentra establecida en la mayor parte de los centros urbanos argentinos, éstos son los primeros registros para Tucumán. El hallazgo sobre mara es el primero para este tipo de hospedador. También los registros de A. dubitatum y de H. juxtakochi en Tucumán y Catamarca, respectivamente, son los primeros para ambas provincias.During 2003-2004 samples of ticks were obtained from horses (Amblyomma neumanni) and a gray brocket deer, Mazama gouazoupira (A. neumanni and Haemaphysalis juxtakochi) in Catamarca, and from dogs (A. tigrinum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus), mara, Dolichotis patagonum (R. sanguineus), boa, Boa constrictor (Amblyomma argentinae) and tapir, Tapirus terrestris (Amblyomma dubitatum) in Tucumán. Although R. sanguineus is presumably established in most Argentinean localities, these are the first records for Tucumàn. Its finding on a mara is a new host record. As well, the findings of A. dubitatum and H. juxtakochi in Tucumán and Catamarca, respectively, are also the firsts for these provinces.Fil: Zerpa, C.. Universidad Juan Agustín Maza; ArgentinaFil: Venzal, J. M.. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: López, N.. Sin filiacion; ArgentinaFil: Mangold, Atilio Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Agencia de Extension Rural Rafaela.; ArgentinaFil: Guglielmone, Alberto Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Agencia de Extension Rural Rafaela.; Argentin

Species occurrence of ticks in South America, and interactions with biotic and abiotic traits

The datasets of records of the distribution of ticks and their hosts are invaluable tools to understand the phylogenetic patterns of evolution of ticks and the abiotic traits to which they are associated. Such datasets require an exhaustive collection of bibliographical references. In most cases, it is necessary the confirmation of reliable identification of ticks, together with an update of the scientific names of the vertebrate hosts. These data are not easily available, because many records were published in the so-called “grey literature”. Herein, we introduced the Dataset of Ticks in South America, a repository that collates data on 4,764 records of ticks (4,124 geo-referenced) with a special reference to an extra 2,370 records of ticks on cattle, together with a set of abiotic traits, curated from satellite-derived information over the complete target region. The dataset includes details of the phylogenetic relationships of the species of hosts, providing researchers with both biotic and abiotic traits that drive the distribution and evolution of ticks in South America.publishersversionpublishe