Smart contracts y el arbitraje

La presente investigación analiza la figura de los smart contracts o contratos inteligentes, los cuales se caracterizan por su ejecución automática a través de blockchain. Se desmiente la creencia de que por ejecutarse automáticamente, estos contratos están exentos de disputas, y se analiza qué tipo de controversias podrían surgir de ellos. El presente trabajo sostiene que el arbitraje posee ciertas características, en particular su deslocalización, flexibilidad y confidencialidad, que lo convierten en el método idóneo para resolver disputas derivadas de smart contracts, y analiza cómo dos plataformas han desarrollado mecanismos de resolución de disputas para contratos inteligentes. A la luz del procedimiento adoptado por estas plataformas y de la Teoría General del Arbitraje, se hace un análisis de los desafíos que implica arbitrar este tipo de contratos

Smart contracts y el arbitraje: Hacia un modelo de justicia deslocalizado

This paper analyzes smart contracts, which are characterized by their automatic execution through blockchain. Despite their automatic execution, these contracts are not exempt from disputes; and the controversies arising from them will be discussed in this paper. This article argues that arbitration has certain characteristics, particularly its detachment from legal orders, flexibility and confidentiality, which make it the ideal method for the resolution of disputes resulting from smart contracts; while it also analyzes how two platforms have developed dispute resolution mechanisms for them. In the light of the procedure adopted by these platforms and the General Theory of Arbitration, this investigation assesses the challenges involved in arbitrating this type of contracts.La presente investigación analiza la figura de los smart contracts o contratos inteligentes, los cuales se caracterizan por su ejecución automática a través de blockchain. Se desmiente la creencia de que por ejecutarse automáticamente, estos contratos están exentos de disputas, y se analiza qué tipo de controversias podrían surgir de ellos. El presente trabajo sostiene que el arbitraje posee ciertas características, en particular su deslocalización, flexibilidad y confidencialidad, que lo convierten en el método idóneo para resolver disputas derivadas de smart contracts, y analiza cómo dos plataformas han desarrollado mecanismos de resolución de disputas para contratos inteligentes. A la luz del procedimiento adoptado por estas plataformas y de la Teoría General del Arbitraje, se hace un análisis de los desafíos que implica arbitrar este tipo de contratos

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio