Teoría y práctica de la diplomacia en México: Aspectos básicos

El análisis de la diplomacia es un tema central para los estudiosos de las Relaciones Internacionales. En parte, los especialistas en esta disciplina se dedican a plantear soluciones a problemas que afectan al mundo a través de alternativas pacíficas. La diplomacia es el mecanismo por excelencia para resolver conflictos sin recurrir al uso de la fuerza. De ahí radica la importancia que ella tiene para las relaciones internacionales. Además, la diplomacia es también una herramienta muy útil para los negocios, la política, los deportes y demás actividades que involucran al ser humano. Todos los individuos se relacionan y buscan alcanzar sus objetivos y resolver la variedad de problemas del día al día. La negociación diplomática es una alternativa muy poderosa. Por ello, entender cómo funciona la diplomacia es una prioridad para cualquier interesado en los asuntos globales y en los temas cotidianos. El objetivo principal de este libro es hacer una modesta aportación al estudio de la Diplomacia en México. La obra está dirigida especialmente a los estudiantes de carreras afines a las Relaciones Internacionales, en donde la diplomacia ocupa un lugar importante en el plan de estudios. Este libro forma parte de la colección de libros de texto que la Asociación Mexicana de Estudios Internacionales está editando para facilitar el proceso de aprendizaje de la disciplina. Las principales características de estas obras son que utilizan un lenguaje claro, son breves pero sustanciosas en el análisis, tienen ejercicios pedagógicos y abordan temas básicos de las Relaciones Internacionales

Análisis comparativo de emisiones de CO2 y su impacto económico en dos complejos habitacionales de Mexicali, México

Ponencia presentada en: X Congreso de la Asociación Española de Climatología celebrado en Alicante entre el 5 y el 8 de octubre de 2016.[ES]Los riesgos climáticos a nivel urbano son promovidos principalmente por los cambios de coberturas que la urbanización impone. Esos cambios alteran la temperatura en la baja atmósfera y pone en riesgo a sus habitantes. En la ciudad de Mexicali, México, durante buena parte del año prevalecen altas temperaturas, por lo que se requieren equipos de aire acondicionado para satisfacer el confort térmico. En esta comunicación se evalúa el impacto energético, económico y ambiental como resultado de una urbanización no planificada. Se presenta una comparación teórica del desempeño de un equipo de 5 toneladas operando en dos zonas urbanas. Una de ellas presenta planeación homogénea, la otra crecimiento heterogéneo.[EN]At urban level, climate risks are promoted primarily by changes in coverage that urbanization imposes. These alter the temperature in the lower atmosphere and threatens its inhabitants. In the city of Mexicali, Mexico, for much of the year prevailing high temperatures, so air conditioner equipment are required. In this communication, energy, economic and environmental impacts as a result of unplanned urbanization is evaluated. A theoretical performance comparison of a 5 tons equipment operating in two urban areas is presented. One presents homogeneous planning, the other heterogeneous growth

Differences in the relation between bone mineral content and lean body mass according to gender and reproductive status by age ranges

The present study aims: (1) to explore the influence of lean mass (LM) on bone mineral content (BMC), (2) to investigate the pubertal influences on the BMC–LM relation, and (3) to perform Z-score charts of BMC–LM relation, stratified by gender and reproductive status categorized by age ranges. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using 4001 healthy subjects between 7 and 90 years participating in the Health Workers Cohort Study. Of these, 720 participants were ≤ 19 years, 2417 were women ≥ 20 years, and 864 were men ≥ 20 years. Using Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), we measured BMC and LM. Participants’ pubertal development was assessed according to Tanner’s stage scale. To describe BMC–LM relation, simple correlation coefficients were computed. To produce best-fit equations, an ANOVA test was conducted. Z-score graphs for the BMC–LM relation were obtained. In general, the BMC–LM correlations were linear and highly significant. For boys, curves were virtually parallel, with similar intercepts and a progressive displacement of values toward the upper-right region of the graph, for each Tanner subgroup. For girls, curves for Tanner 1-2 and 4-5 stages were parallel; but, in girls Tanner 4-5, the intercepts were significantly higher by about +300–400 g of BMC (P < 0.001). For postmenopausal women, the curve was parallel to that for the premenopausal but showed a lower intercept (P < 0.001). We provide DXA reference data on a well-characterized cohort of 4001 healthy subjects. These reference curves provide a reference value for the assessment and monitoring of bone health in all age groups included in the present study.Fil: Denova Gutiérrez, Edgar. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; MéxicoFil: Clark, Patricia. Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica; México. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Capozza, Ricardo Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Centro de Estudios de Metabolismo Fosfocálcico; ArgentinaFil: Nocciolino, Laura Marcela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Centro de Estudios de Metabolismo Fosfocálcico; ArgentinaFil: Ferretti, Jose Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Centro de Estudios de Metabolismo Fosfocálcico; ArgentinaFil: Velázquez Cruz, Rafael. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica México. Laboratorio de Genómica del Metabolismo Óseo; MéxicoFil: Rivera, Berenice. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Cointry, Gustavo Roberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Centro de Estudios de Metabolismo Fosfocálcico; ArgentinaFil: Salmerón, Jorge. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; Méxic

Análisis comparativo de emisiones de CO2 y su impacto económico en dos complejos habitacionales de Mexicali, México

Los riesgos climáticos a nivel urbano son promovidos principalmente por los cambios de coberturas que la urbanización impone. Esos cambios alteran la temperatura en la baja atmósfera y pone en riesgo a sus habitantes. En la ciudad de Mexicali, México, durante buena parte del año prevalecen altas temperaturas, por lo que se requieren equipos de aire acondicionado para satisfacer el confort térmico. En esta comunicación se evalúa el impacto energético, económico y ambiental como resultado de una urbanización no planificada. Se presenta una comparación teórica del desempeño de un equipo de 5 toneladas operando en dos zonas urbanas. Una de ellas presenta planeación homogénea, la otra crecimiento heterogéneo. Utilizando un anemómetro sónico ubicado a 20 metros de altura, se registraron las temperaturas del aire en ambos sitios. Estos datos se procesaron en un modelo de regresión lineal deducido del manual del equipo. Se sustituyeron las temperaturas registradas, obteniéndose el consumo eléctrico. Los resultados indican que la zona heterogénea consume 24,700 KWh por encima de la planificada; generando un costo extra de $3,195 USA y emitiendo 17,032 kg de CO2. Se discuten algunas implicaciones que generan estos dos diferentes esquemas de distribución urbana.At urban level, climate risks are promoted primarily by changes in coverage that urbanization imposes. These alter the temperature in the lower atmosphere and threatens its inhabitants. In the city of Mexicali, Mexico, for much of the year prevailing high temperatures, so air conditioner equipment are required. In this communication, energy, economic and environmental impacts as a result of unplanned urbanization is evaluated. A theoretical performance comparison of a 5 tons equipment operating in two urban areas is presented. One presents homogeneous planning, the other heterogeneous growth. Using a sonic anemometer located 20 meters high, air temperatures were recorded at both sites. These data were processed in a linear regression model deducted from the equipment manual. The registered temperatures were replaced, obtaining electricity consumption. The results indicate that the heterogeneous zone consumes 24,700 KWh above the planned; generating an extra cost of$ 3,195 USA and issuing 17,032 kg of CO2. Some implications generated by these two different urban distribution schemes are discussed.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)

JAG1, MEF2C and BDNF polymorphisms associated with bone mineral density in women from Northern México

Introduction: Osteoporosis is characterized by a low bone mineral density. Genetic composition is one of the most influential factors in determining bone mineral density (BMD). There are few studies on genes associated with BMD in the Mexican population. Objective: To investigate the association of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of JAG1, MEF2C and BDNF genes with BMD in women of Northern México. Materials and methods: This study involved 124 unrelated Mexican women between 40 and 80 years old. BMD was determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Genotyping was performed using allelic discrimination by real time PCR. We analyzed the SNP of JAG1 (rs6514116, rs2273061, rs2235811 and rs6040061), MEF2C (rs1366594, rs12521522 and rs11951031), and BDNF (rs6265) and the data using linear regression. Results: The JAG1 SNP rs2235811 was associated with the BMD of the total body under the dominant inheritance model (p=0,024). Although the other SNPs were not associated with BMD in any of the inheritance models studied, a trend was observed. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the SNP rs2235811 in the JAG1 gene might contribute to the variation in BMD in women from northern México

Performance of an affordable urine self-sampling method for human papillomavirus detection in Mexican women

Introduction: Urine self-sampling for human papillomavirus (HPV)-based cervical cancer screening is a non-invasive method that offers several logistical advantages and high acceptability, reducing barriers related to low screening coverage. This study developed and evaluated the performance of a low-cost urine self-sampling method for HPV-testing and explored the acceptability and feasibility of potential implementation of this alternative in routine screening. Methods: A series of sequential laboratory assays examined the impact of several pre-analytical conditions for obtaining DNA from urine and subsequent HPV detection. Initially, we assessed the effect of ethylaminediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a DNA preservative examining several variables including EDTA concentration, specimen storage temperature, time between urine collection and DNA extraction, and first-morning micturition versus convenience sample collection. We further evaluated the agreement of HPV-testing between urine and clinician-collected cervical samples among 95 women. Finally, we explored the costs of self-sampling supplies as well as the acceptability and feasibility of urine self-sampling among women and healthcare workers. Results: Our results revealed higher DNA concentrations were obtained when using a 40mM EDTA solution, storing specimens at 25°C and extracting DNA within 72 hrs. of urine collection, regardless of using first-morning micturition or a convenience sampling. We observed good agreement (Kappa = 0.72) between urine and clinician-collected cervical samples for HPV detection. Furthermore, urine self-sampling was an affordable method (USD 1.10), well accepted among cervical cancer screening users, healthcare workers, and decision-makers. Conclusion: These results suggest urine self-sampling is feasible and appropriate alternative for HPV-testing in HPV-based screening programs in lower-resource contexts

Perceived Diet Quality, Eating Behaviour, and Lifestyle Changes in a Mexican Population with Internet Access during Confinement for the COVID-19 Pandemic: ESCAN-COVID19Mx Survey

Perceived changes in diet quality, emotional eating, physical activity, and lifestyle were evaluated in a group of Mexican adults before and during COVID-19 confinement. In this study, 8289 adults answered an online questionnaire between April and May 2020. Data about sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported weight and height, diet quality, emotional eating, physical activity, and lifestyle changes were collected. Before and after confinement, differences by sociodemographic characteristics were assessed with Wilcoxon, Anova, and linear regression analyses. Most participants were women (80%) between 18 and 38 years old (70%), with a low degree of marginalisation (82.8%) and a high educational level (84.2%); 53.1% had a normal weight and 31.4% were overweight. Half (46.8%) of the participants perceived a change in the quality of their diet. The Diet Quality Index (DQI) was higher during confinement (it improved by 3 points) in all groups, regardless of education level, marginalisation level, or place of residence (p 0.001). Lifestyle changes were present among some of the participants, 6.1% stopped smoking, 12.1% stopped consuming alcohol, 53.3% sleep later, 9% became more sedentary, and increased their screen (43%) as well as sitting and lying down time (81.6%). Mexicans with Internet access staying at home during COVID-19 confinement perceived positive changes in the quality of their diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption, but negative changes in the level of physical activity and sleep quality. These results emphasise the relevance of encouraging healthy lifestyle behaviours during and after times of crisis to prevent the risk of complications due to infectious and chronic diseases

La sociología de la salud y los paradigmas de investigación

El presente libro se deriva del trabajo colegiado de la investigación científica, que realizan maestro y alumnos de las diferentes sedes académicas, para así contribuir mas a la investigación y que de igual manera sea un complemento de estudio para la Licenciatura en Educación para la Salud y para la Maestría en Sociología de la SaludEl libro contiene diversas temáticas que muestran conocimientos, metodologías, técnicas, herramientas y lenguajes necesarios utilizados comúnmente en el área de las Ciencias Sociales y de la Salud, desde un enfoque multi y transdisciplinario para poder indagar los elementos que componen la diversidad, la multiculturalidad y el medio ambiente que gira en torno a los temas de salud y de los estilos de vida saludabl