THE POTENTIAL OF Cannabis sp. IN PAIN MEDICINE: A PERSPECTIVE

Long before they were even properly named, plants form Cannabis genus (C. indica L., C. sativa L. and C. ruderalis L.) had their usefulness in the folk medicine. Recently, it has been scientifically proven that cannabinoids mainly act through two types of endocannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system (CB1) and immune cells (CB2). The usage can be either from recreational usage in glaucoma or in research for acute and chronic pain therapy. Some clinical studies support the use of hemp oil and hemp seed in the pain medicine. However, until today, there is still no evidence to suggest that medical cannabis can be used solely as cure, but the use of hemp seed and oil from hemp seeds or flowers in practice, refers to symptomatic treatment as adjunctive therapy. Treatment consists of an individual dose titration phase (with patient supervision) of delta-9-tetrahidrocannabinol (THC) or cannabidiol (CBD) and a maintenance phase. The main goal of this is study was the overview of therapeutic benefit to the familiar and wildly used hemp plant in acute and chronic pain, mostly because of its cost-effectiveness. Overall, this review paper highlights more possibilities of hemp plant usage in further symptomatic pain treatments

THE POTENTIAL OF Cannabis sp. IN PAIN MEDICINE: A PERSPECTIVE

Long before they were even properly named, plants form Cannabis genus (C. indica L., C. sativa L. and C. ruderalis L.) had their usefulness in the folk medicine. Recently, it has been scientifically proven that cannabinoids mainly act through two types of endocannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system (CB1) and immune cells (CB2). The usage can be either from recreational usage in glaucoma or in research for acute and chronic pain therapy. Some clinical studies support the use of hemp oil and hemp seed in the pain medicine. However, until today, there is still no evidence to suggest that medical cannabis can be used solely as cure, but the use of hemp seed and oil from hemp seeds or flowers in practice, refers to symptomatic treatment as adjunctive therapy. Treatment consists of an individual dose titration phase (with patient supervision) of delta-9-tetrahidrocannabinol (THC) or cannabidiol (CBD) and a maintenance phase. The main goal of this is study was the overview of therapeutic benefit to the familiar and wildly used hemp plant in acute and chronic pain, mostly because of its cost-effectiveness. Overall, this review paper highlights more possibilities of hemp plant usage in further symptomatic pain treatments

Identity - an Influential Factor in Modernization of Healthcare Systems in Hungary and Serbia

The changing word and its economic trends are demanding adjustments in healthcare systems. The modernization of the healthcare appeared as global requirement, in connection with numerous changes in healthcare sector, including the financing and providing funds for unallayed services. Also, one of the crucial elements of the modernization is the development of the healthcare leadership and introducing elements of the shared leadership, in order to create an organizational culture, which can comply with the global changes resulting to economic and business transformations. Belonging to groups, families, and communities can empower leaders and increase commitment towards belonging. Through cultural humility, leaders are able to recognise and understand their own cultural self-identity and how this affects their leadership style. In this paper, the authors recognise that everyone has unique traditions, values, and beliefs (ethnic identity, language, religion, community, family ties), that everyone is connected to others, and that this greatly influences their leadership decisions. In order to provide a theoretical basis for the research, the authors aim to present a literature review of past research on identity as a factor influencing the modernization of healthcare (and leadership) in both Hungary and Serbia. Though there is a recognized need, opportunities for healthcare leadership development are limited both in Hungary and Serbia, including important limiting factors such as the fact that leaders are still sceptical about modern business and management elements in the healthcare sector. The ideal solution would be the combination of the early and mid-to-late career development and the integration of both the organizational and leadership development. This paper focuses on describing the healthcare systems in the two countries and understanding the factors that need to be highlighted in terms of their modernisation, both in the system and in relation to healthcare leadership

LEGAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL SITUATION IN AGRICULTURE OF THE VIROVITICA COUNTY AND THE CITY OF OSIJEK IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY

The Treaty of Karlowitz signed in 1699 concluded the rule of the Ottoman Empire in most parts of Central and Eastern Europe. Liberation of Osijek in 1687, and consequently of whole Slavonia in 1699 brought a new era of freedom and prosperity to its citizens. At least for a short time, since the Habsburg Monarchy re-established their rule over the country by bringing feudal laws and regulations back into force. Austrian empress and Hungarian-Croatian Queen Maria Theresa united Slavonia with Croatia, and re-established the counties of Virovitica, Požega and Syrmia, meaning that the regional administration of Slavonia was completely relinquished to the civil authorities

ANALIZA RASTA TIJEKOM VEGETACIJE ŠEĆERNE REPE OVISNO O GUSTOĆI SJETVE

The aim of this study was to analyse sugar beet growth in field conditions during 2014 growing season. Sugar beet (hybrid Serenade, KWS) was sown on March 18th at inter–row spacing of 50 cm and four different intra–row spacings: 13 cm, 15 cm,17 cm and 19 cm. During the growing season sugar beet plants samples were taken in eight terms from June to September. In each sampling term sugar beet leaf and root fresh weight (g/plant) were determined. Also, diameter, number and distance between cambium rings and the number of cambium rings of 1 cm diameter were determined at the cross section of the widest hypocotyl part. Sowing density had a significant effect (P≤0.05) on all observed parameters. Average fresh leaf weight for all densities of 717.84 g/plant was the highest in late July and early August. Generally, during the growing season the plants sown at wider intra–row spacings (17 and 19 cm) had on average higher root weight compared to average root weight in narrower intra–row spacings (13 and 15 cm). Average root diameter of all sowing densities increases from 4.13 cm in the first decade of June to 12.51 cm in the second decade of September wherein the diameter varied from 11.55 cm (intra–row spacing 13 cm) to 14.79 cm (intra–row spacing 19 cm). Intensive formation of cambium rings for all densities was found out in June, where at the beginning of the June, the average number of cambium rings was 4.9, while and at the end of it was 7.3. In September, sugar beet root had on average of 8.4 cambium rings. On July 30th the largest number of cambium rings at 1 cm root diameter was on the average 1.52.U ovom istraživanju praćen je rast šećerne repe u poljskim uvjetima uzgoja tijekom vegetacije šećerne repe u 2014. godini na lokaciji Gradište (Vukovarsko srijemska županija). Sjetva šećerne repe (hibrid Serenada, KWS) obavljena je 18. ožujka 2014. na međuredni razmak od 50 cm i četiri različita razmaka unutar reda: 13 cm, 15 cm, 17 cm i 19 cm. Tijekom vegetacije u osam rokova od lipnja do rujna uzimani su uzorci biljaka na kojima je utvrđena masa svježega lista i korijena (g/biljci), a u poprečnome presjeku najširega dijela vrata korijena (hypocotyl) određen je promjer, broj i razmak između kambijalnih prstenova te broj kambijalnih prstenova na 1 cm promjera. Gustoća sjetve imala je značajan utjecaj (P≤0,05) na sve analizirane parametre. Prosječno je za sve gustoće sjetve masa svježega lista od 717,84 g/biljci bila najveća krajem srpnja i početkom kolovoza. Općenito su biljke sijane na širi razmak u redu (17 i 19 cm) kroz cijelu vegetaciju imale prosječno veću masu korijena u odnosu na prosječnu masu korijena užega razmaka sjetve unutar reda (13 i 15 cm). Promjer korijena prosječno za sve gustoće sjetve iznosio je 4,13 cm na kraju prve dekade lipnja, do 12,51 cm u drugoj dekadi rujna, pri čemu je promjer varirao od 11,55 cm, u najgušćoj sjetvi, do 14,79, u najrjeđoj sjetvi. Nadalje, prosječno za sve gustoće sjetve intenzivno stvaranje kambijalnih prstenova utvrđeno je u lipnju te je početkom lipnja broj prstenova iznosio prosječno 4,9, a na kraju lipnja prosječno 7,3. U rujnu je korijen šećerne repe imao prosječno 8,4 kambijalna prstena, dok je na 1 cm promjera korijena najveći broj prstenova od prosječno 1,52 utvrđen 30. srpnja

THE IMPACT OF PLANT SPACING AND GENOTYPE ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC PRODUCTIVITY PARAMETERS, YIELD AND QUALITY OF SUGAR BEET

Cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio utvrditi utjecaj vegetacijskog prostora, gnojidbe i genotipa na pokazatelje produktivnosti fotosinteze tijekom vegetacije šećerne repe, sadržaj makroelemenata (N, P, K, Mg, Na) u listu te prinos i kvalitetu korijena šećerne repe u vađenju. Poljski pokus postavljen je na dva lokaliteta u istočnoj Hrvatskoj (Županja i Vrbanja) u 2014. i 2015. godini. Sjetva šećerne repe (hibridi: Colonia, Serenada, Fred i Danton) obavljena je na međuredni razmak od 50 cm i četiri različita razmaka unutar reda: 13 cm (R1), 15 cm (R2), 17 cm (R3) i 19 cm (R4). Provedene su tri razine proljetne gnojidbe dušikom: G0 – kontrola, G1 – predsjetveno 45 kg ha-1 N i G2 – predsjetveno 45 kg ha-1 N + prihrana 40,5-55 kg ha-1 N. Od svibnja do rujna uzimani su uzorci biljaka za određivanje parametara produktivnosti fotosinteze te sadržaja makroelemenata (N, P, K, Mg, Na) u suhoj tvari lista. U vađenju su određeni prinos korijena te pokazatelji kvalitete za sve hibride. Srednja temperatura zraka u vegetaciji (ožujak - listopad) bila je oko 17 °C u obje godine istraživanja, dok je 2014. godina (676,6 mm) imala više oborina u odnosu na 2015. godinu (445,5 mm). Prema prosjeku razmaka sjetve i gnojidbe, u 2014. godini najveća masa suhe tvari lista utvrđena je 30. kolovoza (68,7 g biljci-1), lisna površina i ILP 30. srpnja (6019,1 cm2, odnosno 7,6 m2m-2), a SLP 30. svibnja (13,0 m2kg-1). U 2015. godini najveća masa suhe tvari lista utvrđena je 30. srpnja (48,6 g biljci-1), lisna površina 30. lipnja (3013,1 cm2), ILP 30. lipnja i 10. srpnja (3,8 m2m-2), a SLP 30. svibnja (14,0 m2kg-1). Sadržaj N i P u suhoj tvari lista opadao je starenjem biljke, dok su sadržaj K, Mg i Na bili veći u suhoj tvari lista u intenzivnom porastu lista. Prosječan prinos korijena u 2014. iznosio je 93,4 t ha-1, sadržaj šećera 13,1%, dok je u 2015. godini prosječan prinos korijena iznosio 61,5 t ha-1, a sadržaj šećera 15,4%. Prosječno najbolji prinos korijena imala je varijanta R2G2 (86,9 t ha-1), sadržaj šećera u korijenu R1G0 i R1G1 (14,5%) i prinos čistog šećera R2G2 (10,6 t ha-1). Hibrid Serenada ostvario je najveći prosječan prinos korijena (81,1 t ha-1), dok je Colonia imao najveći sadržaj šećera u korijenu (14,5%) i prinos čistog šećera (9,7 t ha-1).The aim of this study was to determine the effect of plant spacing, fertilization and genotype on photosynthesis productivity and leaf macroelements (N, P, K, Na, Mg, Na) status during the sugar beet growth and root yield and quality at the harvest. The field trial was conducted at two sites in eastern Croatia (Županja and Vrbanja) in 2014 and 2015 with four sugar beet cultivars: Colonia, Serenade, Fred and Danton. Sowing was done at inter-row spacing of 50 cm and four different intra-row spacings: 13 cm (R1), 15 cm (R2), 17 cm (R3) and 19 cm (R4). Nitrogen fertilization in spring was conducted as: G0-control, G1-presowing 45 kg ha-1 N and G2-presowing 45 kg ha-1 N + topdressing 40.5 to 55 kg ha-1 N. From May to September plant samples were taken for determination of photosynthesis productivity and the macroelements status in leaf dry matter. At harvest, root yield and quality were determinated. In vegetation period (March – October) air-temperature was around 17°C in both years, but the total rainfall was higher in 2014 (676.8 mm) as compared to 2015 (445.5 mm). In 2014, the largest leaf dry weight was on 30th August (68.7 g plant-1), leaf area and LAI on July 30th (6019.1 cm2 and 7.6 m2m-2, respectively), and SLA on 30th May (13.0 m2kg-1). In 2015, the largest leaf dry weight was on 30th July (48.6 g plant-1), leaf area on June 30th (3013.1 cm2), LAI on 30th June and 10th July (3.8 m2m-2) and the SLA on 30th May (14.0 m2kg-1). The N and P content in leaf dry matter decreases with plant aging, while the content of K, Mg and Na were higher in leaf dry matter of intensive canopy development. The average root yield in 2014 was 93.4 t ha-1, sugar content 13.1%, while in 2015 the average root yield was 61.5 t ha-1 and the sugar content 15.4%. On average, the highest root yield was achived at R2G2 (86.9 t ha-1), the sugar content at R1G0 and R1G1 (14.5%) and the sugar yield R2G2 (10.6 t ha-1). Hybrid Serenade achieved the highest average root yield (81.1 t ha-1), while Colonia had the highest sugar content in the roots (14.5%) and sugar yield (9.7 t ha-1)

The impact of plant spacing and genotype on photosynthetic productivity parameters, yield and quality of sugar beet

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj vegetacijskoga prostora, gnojidbe i genotipa na pokazatelje produktivnosti fotosinteze tijekom vegetacije šećerne repe, sadržaj makroelemenata (N, P, K, Mg, Na) u listu te prinos i kvalitetu korijena šećerne repe u vađenju. Poljski je pokus postavljen na dva lokaliteta u 2014. i 2015. godini. Sjetva šećerne repe (hibridi: Colonia, Serenada, Fred i Danton) obavljena je na međuredni razmak od 50 cm i četiri različita razmaka unutar reda: 13 cm (R1), 15 cm (R2), 17 cm (R3) i 19 cm (R4). Gnojidba dušikom provedena je u proljeće (G0 – kontrola, G1 – predsjetveno 45 kg ha-1 N i G2 – predsjetveno 45 kg ha-1 N + prihrana 40,5 – 55 kg ha-1 N). Od svibnja do rujna uzimani su uzorci biljaka za određivanje parametara produktivnosti fotosinteze te sadržaja makroelemenata (N, P, K, Mg, Na) u suhoj tvari lista. U vađenju su određeni prinos korijena te pokazatelji kvalitete za sve hibride. Prema prosjeku razmaka sjetve i gnojidbe, u 2014. godini najveća masa suhe tvari lista utvrđena je 30. kolovoza (68,7 g biljci-1), lisna površina i ILP 30. srpnja (6019,1 cm2, odnosno 7,6 m2m-2). U 2015. najveća masa suhe tvari lista utvrđena je 30. srpnja (48,6 g biljci-1), lisna površina 30. lipnja (3013,1 cm2), ILP 30. lipnja i 10. srpnja (3,8 m2m-2). Sadržaj N i P u suhoj tvari lista opadao je starenjem biljke, dok su sadržaj K, Mg i Na bili veći u suhoj tvari lista u intenzivnome porastu lista. Prosječno je najbolji prinos korijena imala varijanta R2G2 (86,9 t ha-1), sadržaj šećera u korijenu R1G0 i R1G1 (14,5%) i prinos čistoga šećera R2G2 (10,6 t ha-1). Hibrid Serenada ostvario je najveći prosječan prinos korijena (81,1 t ha-1), dok je hibrid Colonia imao najveći sadržaj šećera u korijenu (14,5%) i prinos čistoga šećera (9,7 t ha-1).The aim of this study was to determine the effect of plant spacing, fertilization and genotype on photosynthetic productivity and leaf macroelements (N, P, K, Na, Mg, Na) status during the sugar beet growth, and root yield and quality at the harvest. The field trial was conducted at two sites in eastern Croatia in 2014 and 2015 with four sugar beet cultivars: Colonia, Serenade, Fred and Danton. Sowing was done at inter-row spacing of 50 cm and four different intra-row spacings: 13 cm (R1), 15 cm (R2), 17 cm (R3) and 19 cm (R4). Nitrogen fertilization was conducted in spring (G0-control, G1-presowing 45 kg ha-1 N and G2-presowing 45 kg ha-1 N + topdressing 40.5 to 55 kg ha-1 N). From May to September plant samples were taken for determination of photosynthetic productivity and the macroelements status in leaf dry matter. At harvest, root yield and quality were determinated. In 2014, the largest leaf dry weight was on August 30 (68.7 g plant-1), leaf area and LAI on July 30 (6019.1 cm2 and 7.6 m2m-2, respectively). In 2015, the largest leaf dry weight was on July 30 (48.6 g plant-1), leaf area on June 30 (3013.1 cm2), LAI on June 30 and July 10 (3.8 m2m-2). The N and P content in leaf dry matter decreases with plant aging, while the content of K, Mg and Na were higher in leaf dry matter of intensive canopy development. On average, the highest root yield was achived in R2G2 (86.9 t ha-1), the sugar content in R1G0 and R1G1 (14.5%) and the sugar yield in R2G2 (10.6 t ha-1). Hybrid Serenade achieved the highest average root yield (81.1 t ha-1), while hybrid Colonia had the highest sugar content in the roots (14.5%) and sugar yield (9.7 t ha-1)

Croatian authors in the international market - promotional models

Iako je igrala značajnu ulogu u nakladništvu od pamtivijeka, promocija nikad nije značila više za prepoznatljivost autora kao u užurbanom, tržišno zasićenom 21. stoljeću. S obzirom na bezbrojne mogućnosti modernih marketinških metoda i posredstvom Interneta kao vodećeg segmenta u globalizaciji, hrvatski autori imaju povoljne mogućnosti za unaprjeđivanje hrvatske književnosti i izvan granica svoje domovine. Svrha je stoga ovog diplomskog rada bila istražiti oblike promocijskih spletova kojima se autori samostalno i putem svojih stranih nakladnika koriste kada oblikuju svoju autorsku platformu u stranoj zemlji. Nakon teorijskog pregleda ključnih pojmova, promocijske aktivnosti klasificirale su se u dvije grupe. U prvu grupu svrstane su „tradicionalne“ aktivnosti, odnosno metode koje su odveć ustaljene u nakladničkoj praksi poput pojavnosti na međunarodnim sajmovima, recenzijama u novinama, promocijom putem naslovnice i sl. U drugoj su grupi promocijske aktivnosti digitalnog marketinga putem Interneta s posebnim naglaskom na autorsku stranicu te društvene mreže. Ovakvom odvojenom analizom pokušalo se uvidjeti u kojoj mjeri su metode promocije putem Interneta, odnosno digitalnog marketinga, pomogle poboljšanju brenda hrvatskog autora u inozemstvu. Istraživanje se, zbog individualizirane i jedinstvene prirode i iskustava autora u njihovim promocijskim nastojanjima u inozemstvu, temeljilo na studiji slučaja jedne autorice, Alide Bremer, i njezinim vlastitim iskustvima u Njemačkoj. Autorica je također dala osobnu evaluaciju uspješnosti određenih promocijskih mehanizama putem anketnog upitnika. Nastojanje je ovog diplomskog rada bilo pružati jasniji uvid u mnogobrojnost promocijskih metoda te općenito oblikovati izviještaj o stanju vidljivosti hrvatskog autora u inozemstvu, problemima i preprekama na putu do vidljivosti te mogućim rješenjima

Ženski likovi u Igri prijestolja

A Song of Ice and Fire is a saga written by George R.R. Martin and was made famous when it was adopted into a HBO show titled as the first book in the series, Game of Thrones. Given its popularity and worldwide recognition, it is a wonder that so few scholarly studies have been done on the novel and so this paper will attempt to rectify that. This paper focuses on the female characters because of their importance to the plot but also because they point out George R.R. Martin’s contribution to the genre of high fantasy. These female characters differ greatly from the female characters in previous works of high fantasy, if only in being more human than just fitting into molds of supporting roles, as was done with female characters in high fantasy thus far. This paper will analyze each of the major female characters present in A Game of Thrones and then a conclusion will be drawn based on the analysis done in the preceding chapters

Response of maize and wheat to fertdolomite application

Granulated dolomite enriched with NPK (trade name fertdolomite: 24.0% CaO + 16.0% MgO + 3.0% N + 2.5% P2O5 + 3.0% K2O) was applied ( 0, 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 20 t ha-1, 30 t ha-1 and 40 t ha-1) on standard fertilization. The field experiment was established in spring 2008. In the next years only standard fertilization was applied. In this study results of 3-year investigations (2011 -2013) were tested (rotation: maize – wheat – maize). Maize yields on the control were 10.84 and 10.04 t ha-1, for 2011 and 2013, respectively. Maize in the 2011 responded to fertdolomite up to quantity of 10 t ha-1 by significant yield increases up to 9%, while by the rates 30 and 40 t ha-1 yields were decreased up to 14%. However, in the 2013 effective (up to 17% yield increases) were 20 t ha-1 and the higher doses. As affected by application of 20 t ha-1 and the higher doses of fertdolomite four years ago, yields of wheat in 2012 were decreased compared to the control for 7% (7.47 and 6.96 t ha-1, respectively). Possible explanation of this phenomenon could be too high ears densities (871 vs. 982 ears square m-1) under the highest fertdolomite conditions and water deficit in tillering and stem elongation phases of wheat. Thousand grain weight, hectoliter mass and starch contents were independent on fertdolomite. However, protein-, wet gluten contents and sedimentation in wheat grain were considerably increased as affected by fertdolomite application as follows: 13.8% and 15.7% (protein), 33.5% and 38.1% (wet gluten), 46.5 and 58.1% (sedimentation value), for the control and the highest fertolomite rate, respectively