Assessment of the degree of utilization of the working capacity of an agricultural machine

U radu je opisana važnost procjene i izračuna iskorištenja radnog kapaciteta poljoprivrednih strojeva u vlasništvu obrta Vučković PPTU. Pregledom literature, terenskim istraživanjem gospodarstva te analizom sekundarnih podataka iz evidencije poljoprivrednog gospodarstava izračunat je stupanj iskorištenja radnog kapaciteta odabranih strojeva. Ovakvi i slični izračuni izvrsne su smjernice pomoću kojih je moguće dobiti uvid u ekonomsku opravdanost kupovine, prodaje i/li najma određenih poljoprivrednih strojeva. Istraživanje koje je provedeno u ovom radu obavljeno je na poljoprivrednim strojevima obrta Vučković PPTU iz Donjih Andrijevaca, koje pomoću ovakvih i sličnih izračuna može u budućnosti donositi nešto drugačije poslovne odluke uzevši u obzir rezultate istraživanja. Predmeti istraživanja u ovom radu bili su traktor i dvije sijačice. Obzirom na prosječnu starost poljoprivredne mehanizacije u Hrvatskoj, nizak stupanj iskorištenja radnog kapaciteta i sve veće nabavne cijene, kao rješenje svih tih problema nameće se udruživanje poljoprivrednih proizvođača koji bi ovakvim načinom poslovanja otklonili barem dio navedenih izazova.The paper describes the assessment of the importance and calculation of the use of the working capacity of agricultural machinery owned by the Vučković PPTU trade. The degree of utilization of the working capacity of selected machines was calculated by reviewing the literature, field research on the farm and analyzing secondary data from the records of the agricultural farm. Such and similar calculations are excellent guidelines with which it is possible to gain insight into the economic justification for the purchase, sale and/or lease of certain agricultural machinery. The research conducted in this paper was carried out on agricultural machinery owned by the Vučković PPTU trade from Donji Andrijevci, which, using such and similar calculations, can make slightly different business decisions in the future, taking into account the results of the research. The subjects of the research in this paper were a tractor, seed drill and a planter. Given the average age of agricultural machinery in Croatia, the low degree of utilization of working capacity and the increasing purchase prices, the solution to all these problems is the association of agricultural producers who would eliminate at least part of the above challenges with this way of doing business

Fruit storage in a cold room with a normal atmosphere at family farm Bioć

Ovaj završni rad prikazuje cjelokupan proces čuvanja jabuka u hladnjači s normalnom atmosferom, koja se koristi na obiteljskom poljoprivrednom gospodarstvu OPG Boić. Čuvanja jabuka u hladnjači s normalnom atmosferom je jedan od najčešćih načina konzerviranja voća, a primjenom suvremene tehnologije moguće je osigurati kvalitetan i tržišno konkurentan proizvod. U radu su predstavljene teoretske osnove hlađenja jabuka, tehničke karakteristike hladnjače te konkretan postupak pripreme i čuvanja jabuka. Proces uključuje odabir plodova, njihovu pripremu, određivanje parametara hlađenja i i kontrolu uvjeta rada hladnjače. Hlađenje je provedeno pri temperaturi oko 3 °C, a relativna vlažnost zraka približno 90 %, što sprječava isušivanje i održava sočnost plodova a krajnji proizvod zadržao je poželjne senzorske osobine – boju, okus i teksturu. Čuvanje svježih jabuka na OPG-u Boić tako predstavlja primjer uspješne male prerade koja dodaje vrijednost domaćem voću i otvara mogućnosti za proširenje ponude na tržištu.This final paper shows the entire process of keeping apples in a cold room with a normal atmosphere, which is used on the family farm OPG Boić. Storing apples in a refrigerator with a normal atmosphere is one of the most common ways of preserving fruit, and by applying modern technology it is possible to ensure a high-quality and market-competitive product. The paper presents the theoretical basics of apple cooling, the technical characteristics of the refrigerator, and the concrete procedure for preparing and storing apples. The process includes the selection of fruits, their preparation, determination of cooling parameters and control of the operating conditions of the cold store. Cooling was carried out at a temperature of around 3 °C, and relative humidity of approximately 90%, which prevents drying and maintains the juiciness of the fruits, and the final product retains the desired sensory properties - color, taste and texture. The preservation of fresh apples at OPG Boić thus represents an example of successful small-scale processing that adds value to local fruit and opens up opportunities to expand the offer on the market

Allelopathic effect of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) on lettuce

Crna bazga (Sambucus nigra L.) široko je rasprostranjena ljekovita biljka s bogatim sadržajem biološki aktivnih spojeva. U ovom istraživanju procjenjen je alelopatski potencijal različitih koncentracija vodenih ekstrakata od suhe nadzemne mase crne bazge (S. nigra) na klijavost sjemena i rast klijanaca salate (Lactuca sativa L.). Niže koncentracije nisu imale značajan utjecaj, dok su više koncentracije pokazale potpunu inhibiciju klijavosti. Duljina korijena i izdanka klijanaca značajno su smanjene, posebice pri višim koncentracijama, od 42,8 % do 100 %. Pozitivno djelovanje na svježu masu zabilježeno je s najnižom koncentracijom vodenog ekstrakta. Vrijednost indeksa vigora klijanaca (SVI) snižena je u svim tretmanima. S obzirom na značajni inhibitorni potencijal, crna bazga (S. nigra) ističe se kao zanimljiva vrsta za daljnje istraživanje.Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) is a widely distributed medicinal plant with a rich content of bioactive compounds. This study assessed the allelopathic potential of different concentrations of water extracts from the dry above-ground biomass of elderberry (S. nigra) on seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Lower concentrations had no significant effect, while higher concentrations completely inhibited seed germination. Root and shoot length of seedlings were significantly reduced, especially at higher concentrations, ranging from 42.8% to 100%. Positive effects on fresh biomass were recorded with the lowest concentration of the water extract. Seedling vigor index (SVI) values were reduced in all treatments. Given its significant inhibitory potential, elderberry (S. nigra) stands out as an interesting species for further research

Influence of temperature and duration of lightning on the antifungal activity of essential oils

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj različitih temperatura (10, 20 i 30°C) i režima osvjetljenja (24 sata tama, 24 sata svjetlo i 12 sati svjetlo/12 sati tama) na volatilno djelovanje pet eteričnih ulja na fitopatogenu gljivu F. culmorum. Rezultati su pokazali da eterična ulja timijana, cimeta i anisa imaju izraženije antifungalno djelovanje na F. culmorum u usporedbi s eteričnim uljima bora i naranče slatke, koja su pokazala slabije antifungalne učinke. Također, utvrđeno je da eterična ulja bora i naranče slatke, pri višim koncentracijama i nižim temperaturama, pokazuju izraženije antifungalno djelovanje. Ova ulja također su pokazala izraženu temperaturnu osjetljivost, pri čemu je njihova učinkovitost bila smanjena s porastom temperature. U uvjetima stalne tame (24-satna tama), eterična ulja bora i naranče slatke pokazala su izraženije antifungalno djelovanje, što govori da su učinkovitija u odsutnosti svjetla.The aim of this study was to examine the effect of different temperatures (10, 20 and 30°C) and lighting regimes (24 hours of darkness, 24 hours of light and 12 hours of light/12 hours of darkness) on the volatile antifungal activity of five essential oils on the phytopathogenic fungus F. culmorum. The results showed that thyme, cinnamon and anise essential oils had a more pronounced antifungal activity on F. culmorum compared to pine and sweet orange essential oils, which showed weaker antifungal effects. It was also found that pine and sweet orange essential oils, at higher concentrations and lower temperatures, showed a more pronounced antifungal activity. These oils also showed a pronounced temperature sensitivity, with their effectiveness decreasing with increasing temperature. Under conditions of constant darkness (24-hour darkness), pine and sweet orange essential oils showed more pronounced antifungal activity, indicating that they are more effective in the absence of light

Possibilities of growing peanuts (Arachis hypogeae L.) in eastern Croatia

Kikiriki (Arachis hypogaea L.) je biljna vrsta iz porodice mahunarki (Fabaceae), podrijetlom iz Meksika te područja Srednje i Južne Amerike. Danas se ubraja među važne gospodarske kulture na globalnoj razini, zahvaljujući svojoj širokoj primjeni u prehrambenoj i drugim industrijama. Uspješnost uzgoja i produktivnost kikirikija uvelike ovise o klimatskim i agroekološkim uvjetima, kao i o izboru sorti koje su prilagodljive specifičnim lokalnim uvjetima. U kontekstu klimatskih promjena, uzgoj kikirikija u istočnom dijelu Hrvatske, regijama poput Slavonije i Baranje, otvara nove mogućnosti, ali i nameće određene izazove. Predviđa se porast prosječnih godišnjih temperatura te sve učestalija pojava sušnih razdoblja, što predstavlja važne faktore koje je potrebno uzeti u obzir pri planiranju proizvodnje ove kulture. Unatoč dosadašnjim klimatskim ograničenjima koja su sprečavala širu proizvodnju, postoje pozitivna iskustva s uzgojem kikirikija na manjim površinama u ovom području. Očekivani povoljniji klimatski uvjeti u budućnosti mogli bi omogućiti širenje eksperimentalne i komercijalne proizvodnje kikirikija u istočnoj Hrvatskoj. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je prikazati agronomske značajke, morfološke i botaničke osobine kikirikija te analizirati postojeće i buduće klimatske uvjete koji utječu na njegov uzgojni potencijal u istočnoj Hrvatskoj.Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a plant species from the legume family (Fabaceae), native to Mexico and Central and South America. Today, it is one of the most important economic crops on a global scale, thanks to its wide application in the food and other industries. The success of peanut cultivation and productivity largely depend on climatic and agro-ecological conditions, as well as on the selection of varieties that are adaptable to specific local conditions. In the context of climate change, peanut cultivation in the eastern part of Croatia, regions such as Slavonia and Baranja, opens up new opportunities, but also imposes certain challenges. An increase in average annual temperatures and an increasingly frequent occurrence of dry periods are predicted, which are important factors that need to be taken into account when planning the production of this crop. Despite the previous climatic limitations that prevented wider production, there are positive experiences with peanut cultivation on smaller areas in this area. The expected more favorable climatic conditions in the future could enable the expansion of experimental and commercial peanut production in eastern Croatia. The aim of this thesis is to present the agronomic characteristics, morphological and botanical properties of peanuts and to analyze the current and future climatic conditions that affect its growing potential in eastern Croatia

Role of microorganisms in biogas production

Anaerobna fermentacija je složeni mikrobiološki proces u kojem različite skupine mikroorganizama sudjeluju u razgradnji organske tvari i proizvodnji bioplina. Ovaj rad, kroz literaturni pregled, analizira ulogu mikroorganizama u ključnim fazama fermentacije: hidrolizi, acidogenezi, acetogenezi i metanogenezi. Svaka faza ovisi o specifičnim mikroorganizmima koji međusobno surađuju kako bi osigurali učinkovit tijek procesa. Rrazmatrani su inhibitori poput teških metala, hlapljivih masnih kiselina,amonijaka i antibiotika, koji mogu negativno utjecati na aktivnost mikroorganizama i usporiti ili potpuno zaustaviti fermentaciju. Razumijevanje mikrobioloških procesa ključno je za optimalnu proizvodnje bioplina i prevenciju poremećaja u radu bioplinskih postrojenja. Pravilno upravljanje uvjetima fermentacije može smanjiti inhibicijske učinke i povećati učinkovitost mikroorganizama u konverziji organske tvari u metan.Anaerobic fermentation is a complex microbiological process in which different groups of microorganisms participate in the decomposition of organic matter and the production of biogas. This paper, through a literature review, analyzes the role of microorganisms in the key stages of fermentation: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. Each stage depends on specific microorganisms that cooperate with each other to ensure the efficient flow of the process. Inhibitors such as heavy metals, volatile fatty acids, ammonia and antibiotics were considered, which can negatively affect the activity of microorganisms and slow down or completely stop fermentation. Understanding microbiological processes is essential for optimal biogas production and prevention of disturbances in the operation of biogas plants. Proper management of fermentation conditions can reduce inhibitory effects and increase the efficiency of microorganisms in the conversion of organic matter into methane

Agrotechnical and agroecological analysis of grain production at OPG Ćirić Đorđe from 2021 to 2023

Agroekološki uvijeti i agrotehnički zahvati uz poseban fokus na klimatske čimbenike poput oborina i temperatura su najvažniji u proizvodnji žitairca. Žitarice, kao osnovni dio svjetske poljoprivredne proizvodnje, zahtijevaju povoljne klimatske uvjete, uključujući optimalne količine oborina u ključnim fazama rasta i stabilne temperature tijekom vegetacije. Također, važna je primjena odgovarajućih agrotehničkih mjera poput plodoreda, obrade tla i pravilnog planiranja sjetve, gnojidbe, njege usjeva i žetve koji omogućuju očuvanje plodnosti tla, smanjenje rizika od bolesti i štetnika te povećanje otpornosti usjeva na klimatske promjene. U radu je analiziran utjecaj vremenskih uvjeta i provedene agrotehnike na proizvodnju pšenice i kukuruza u razdoblju 2021./2022. i 2022./2023. godine na OPG-a Ćirić Đorđe. U 2022./2023. godini povoljniji klimatski uvjeti, s višim količinama oborina u proljeće i stabilnijim temperaturama, omogućili su bolji rast i razvoj žitarica, dok je sezona 2021./2022. bila obilježena nepovoljnim uvjetima, što je utjecalo na smanjenje prinosa. Ovaj rad potvrđuje da uspješna proizvodnja žitarica zahtijeva usklađivanje agroekoloških uvjeta s pravilnim agrotehničkim mjerama, što omogućava održivost proizvodnje i visoke prinose u promjenjivim klimatskim uvjetima.Agroecological Conditions and Agrotechnical Measures with a Special Focus on Climatic Factors such as Precipitation and Temperature are Crucial in Cereal Production Cereals, as a fundamental part of global agricultural production, require favorable climatic conditions, including optimal precipitation levels during key growth stages and stable temperatures throughout the vegetation period. Additionally, the application of appropriate agrotechnical measures, such as crop rotation, soil tillage, and proper planning of sowing, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting, is essential. These measures help maintain soil fertility, reduce the risk of diseases and pests, and enhance crop resilience to climate change. This study analyzes the impact of weather conditions and applied agrotechnics on wheat and maize production during the 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 seasons on the family farm OPG Ćirić Đorđe. In the 2022/2023 season, more favorable climatic conditions, with higher precipitation in spring and more stable temperatures, facilitated better cereal growth and development. In contrast, the 2021/2022 season was marked by unfavorable conditions, leading to reduced yields. This research confirms that successful cereal production requires aligning agroecological conditions with proper agrotechnical measures, ensuring production sustainability and high yields in changing climatic conditions

Analysis of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) production at the "Beta" agricultural trade

Cilj rada je prikazati proizvodne resurse i uvjete, te provedenu agrotehniku i ostvarene rezultate u proizvodnji ječma na poljoprivrednom obrtu „Beta“. Istraživanje je provedeno na proizvodnim površinama istraživanoga subjekta. U godini istraživanja ječam je uzgajan na 25 ha što je činilo 25% od proizvodnih površina. Većina agrotehničkih mjera je obavljena u optimalnim rokovima. Sorta korištena u istraživanju bila je „Planet“. Pretkultura ječmu u ovom istraživanju bila je soja. Sjetva ječma je kasnila zbog suhe i tople jeseni, no prikladna obrada tla i gnojidba omogućile su pravilan razvoj ječma. Kemijska zaštita od korova, bolesti i štetnika obavljena je pravovremeno, te nije bilo pojave bilo kakve štete. Problem su predstavljali glodavci koji su tretirani nekoliko puta. Suviše blaga zima i sve manji broj njihovih prirodnih neprijatelja, uzrok su njihovu napadu. Prije početka proizvodnje obavljena je analza tla i prema tome određene količine gnojiva dodane su u osnovnoj gnojidbi i u prihrani. Žetva je obavljena u vrijeme kada je vlažnost zrna bila 12 %. Ostvareni prinos zrna bio je 7 t/ha, što je nešto manje u odnosu na prethodne godine proizvodnje na istraživanom obrtu (8 do 8,5 t/ha), ali s obzirom na vremenske uvijete prinos je bio zadovoljavajuć, i značajno veći od nacionalnog prosjeka.The aim of the work is to present the production resources and conditions, as well as implemented agricultural techniques and achieved results in the production of barley at the "Beta" agricultural craft. The research was conducted on the production areas of the researched entity. In the year of research barley was cultivated on 25 ha what was 25% of the total crop area. Most of the agrotechnical measures were carried out in optimal terms. The variety used in the research was "Planet". The pre-culture to barley in this study was soybean. The sowing of barley was delayed due to the dry and warm autumn, but appropriate tillage and fertilization enabled the proper development of the barley. Chemical protection against weeds, diseases and pests was carried out in a timely manner, and no damage occurred. The problem were rodents, which were treated several times. Too mild winter and the decreasing number of their natural enemies are the cause of their attack. Before the start of production, a soil analysis was performed and, accordingly, certain amounts of fertilizer were added in the basic fertilization and in the top dressing. Harvesting was done at a time when grain moisture was 12%. The realized yield was 7 t/ha, which is somewhat less compared to the previous years of production at the researched craft (8 to 8.5 t/ha), but considering the weather conditions, the yield was satisfactory, and significantly higher than national average

Economic analysis of sugar beet production

U radu je prikazana ekonomska analiza proizvodnje šećerne repe. Šećerna repa zahtijeva visoke ulazne troškove, osobito za sjeme, gnojiva, zaštitna sredstva i mehanizaciju, no uz odgovarajuće agrotehničke mjere i sustav potpora, može ostvariti stabilnu dobit. Analizom su obuhvaćeni svi relevantni troškovi i prihodi, uključujući i potpore iz Zajedničke poljoprivredne politike EU, koje iznose do 1.040 eura po hektaru. U idealnim uvjetima, ostvaruje se prinos između 55 i 70 t/ha, dok bruto prihod može dosegnuti 3.500 eura po hektaru. Koeficijent ekonomičnosti u analiziranim primjerima kretao se od 1,32 do 1,36, a neto dobit i do 1.000 eura/ha, što ukazuje na isplativost proizvodnje u uvjetima stabilnog tržišta i potpore. Poseban naglasak stavljen je i na izazove poput klimatskih promjena, liberalizacije tržišta i zatvaranja domaćih šećerana. Rad završava prijedlozima za unapređenje sektora kroz modernizaciju, organizaciju proizvođača i ciljanu državnu potporu.This paper deals with the economic analysis of sugar beet production. Sugar beet requires high input costs, especially for seeds, fertilizers, preservatives and machinery, but with appropriate agrotechnical measures and a support system, it can make a stable profit. The analysis covers all relevant costs and revenues, including support from the EU's Common Agricultural Policy, which amount to up to €1,040 per hectare. Under ideal conditions, a yield of between 55 and 70 t/ha is achieved, while gross income can reach 3,500 euros per hectare. The coefficient of economy in the analyzed examples ranged from 1.32 to 1.36, and the net profit up to 1,000 euros/ha, which indicates the profitability of production in conditions of a stable market and support. Special emphasis was also placed on challenges such as climate change, market liberalization and the closure of domestic sugar factories. The paper ends with proposals for improving the sector through modernization, producer organization and targeted state support

Accounting obligations of family farms

Vođenjem poljoprivrednog gospodarstva, svaka fizička osoba ima potrebu provoditi i primjenjivati računovodstvene obveze koje se pred nju stavljaju. Potrebno je poznavati osnovne računovodstvene pojmove imovinu, kapital, obveze, prihode i rashode, također je potrebno poznavati i sustav Međunarodnog računovodstvenog standarda i ostalih zakonskih regulativa. Potrebno je prepoznati razliku i znati sve značajke financijskih izvještaja i poslovnih knjiga, te kako porezni sustavi utječu na vođenje poljoprivrednih gospodarstava. Posebnost poljoprivredne proizvodnje je i u sustavima vođenja poljoprivrednih gospodarstava, stoga su u radu predstavljene razlike između OPG-a i SOPG-a i razlike u njihovim računovodstvenim obvezama.By running an agricultural business, every natural person has the need to implement and apply the accounting obligations that are placed before him. It is necessary to know the basic accounting concepts of assets, capital, liabilities, income and expenses, it is also necessary to know the system of the International Accounting Standard and other legal regulations. It is necessary to recognize the difference and know all the features of financial statements and business books, and how tax systems affect the management of agricultural holdings. The specialty of agricultural production is also in the management systems of agricultural holdings, therefore the paper presents the differences between OPG and SOPG and the differences in their accounting obligations