Break even point implementation in crop production

U diplomskom radu učinjena je analiza tehnoloških činitelja ratarskih kultura i to kukuruza, pšenica, ječma i zobi. Predmet istraživanja bila je primjena točke pokrića troškova u planiranju ratarske proizvodnje za dvije godine (2020. i 2021.) na OPG-u Ana Štimac. Proizvodnja tih kultura odvija se na zemljištu koje ima veliki proizvodni potencijal, uz mogućnost ostvarivanja visokih prinosa. Kalkulacija proizvodnje predstavlja računski postupak za izračunavanje cijena, pomoću nje saznajemo pokrivaju li se djelomično ili u cijelosti utrošeni elementi procesa rada. Model točke pokrića omogućuje utvrđivanje ekonomskog učinka proizvodnje, a dobiveni rezultati su značajni pri planiranju plodoreda, sastavljanju strukture sjetve i donošenju poslovnih odluka. Usporedbom ekonomskih pokazatelja uspješnosti u analiziranim godinama, utvrđene su razlike. Prema prikazanim rezultatima u 2021. godini u odnosu na 2020. godinu ostvareni su veći i prihodi i troškovi, no neto financijski rezultat se smanjio za 23%. pri proizvodnji pšenice u 2020. godini ostvaren je najveći neto financijski rezultat u iznosu 260,30 €/ha, dok je proizvodnja ječma imala najveći koeficijent ekonomičnosti od 1,65 te stopu rentabilnosti od 63,79%. U 2021. godini najveća uspješnost po ha po pitanju svih analiziranih pokazatelja ostvarena je u proizvodnji kukuruza. Neto financijski rezultat iznosio je 188,16 €/ha, ekonomičnost 1,26 te rentabilnost 21,59 %.The MA thesis presents an analysis of the technological factors of agricultural crops, namely corn, wheat, barley and oat. The subject of the research was the application of the break-even in the planning of agricultural production for two years (2020 and 2021) at the family-run farm, OPG Ana Štimac. The production of these crops takes place on land that has great production potential, with the possibility of achieving high yields. Production calculation represents a calculation procedure for calculating prices, with the help of which we observe whether consumed elements of the work process are covered partially or fully. The break-even model enables determining the economic effect of production, and the obtained results are significant when planning crop rotations, fabricating the sowing structure and making business decisions. By comparing the economic performance indicators in the analysed years, differences were found. According to the presented results, in 2021 compared to 2020, both revenues and expenses were higher, but the net financial result decreased by 23%. Wheat production in 2020 achieved the highest net financial result in the amount of €260.30/ha, while barley production had the highest economic coefficient of 1.65 and a profitability rate of 63.79%. In 2021, the highest performance per ha in terms of all analysed indicators was achieved in corn production. The net financial result was €188.16/ha, economical factor 1.26 and profitability 21.59%

Fauna of ladybugs (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae) in different ecosystems in the territory of the municipality of Žepče

Bubamare (Coccinellidae) pripadaju redu kornjaša (Coleoptera). Cilj istraživanja bio je istražiti prisutnost vrsta porodice Coccinellidae u različitim ekosustavima na području općine Žepče, Bosna i Hercegovina. Istraživanje je provedeno u periodu od svibnja do srpnja 2023. godine u šest različitih ekosustava. Prikupljene su 43 jedinke među kojima je utvrđeno sedam vrsta. . Najveća brojnost bubamara zabilježena je u voćnjaku, dominantna vrsta u svim ekosustavima bila je Coccinella septempunctata, dok je najčešća Harmonia axyridis. Ovim istraživanjem nije zabilježena visoka populacija niti u jednom ekosustavu, djelimičan utjecaj su imali vremenski nepogodni uvjeti tijekom perioda prikupljanja.Ladybirds (Coccinellidae) belong to the order Coleoptera. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Coccinellidae species in various ecosystems in the municipality of Žepe, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research was conducted in six different ecosystems between May and July 2023. Seven species were identified among the 43 individuals that were collected. The orchard had the most ladybirds recorded, with Coccinella septempunctata being the dominant species in all ecosystems and Harmonia axyridis being the most common. Due to unfavorable weather conditions during the collection period, this research did not record a high population in any ecosystem

Impact of climate changes at crops insurance requirement

Poljoprivreda se često smatra jednim od najranjivijih sektora u gospodarstvu, a to je zbog niza faktora koji čine poljoprivredu posebno osjetljivu na različite rizike i nepredviđene događaje. U svijetu populacija neprestano raste, a s njom raste i potreba za dovoljnom količinom hrane kako bi se prehranila sva ta populacija. To postavlja izazove pred poljoprivredu i prehrambenu industriju, jer je potrebno proizvesti više hrane, često uz ograničene resurse kao što su zemljište, voda i energija. Trend povećanja broja osiguranika u poljoprivredi bilježi se zadnjih godina najviše zbog potpora Europske Unije za osiguranje usjeva, gdje se mjerama poticaja subvencionira 70% premije. Klimatske promjene su donijele mnoge negativne posljedice na poljoprivrednu proizvodnju i ovo ljeto koje je bilo pogođeno poplavama, tučom i olujnim vjetrovima. Osiguranje od različitih rizika u poljoprivredi, kao što su tuča, požar, udar groma, oluja i proljetnog mraza, glavno je za zaštitu poljoprivrednih prihoda i najčešće je poljoprivredno osiguranje u Hrvatskoj. Osiguranjem usjeva u Hrvatskoj bave se četiri osiguravajuće kuće i to Adriatic osiguranje, Croatia osiguranje, Triglav osiguranje i njemačka osiguravajuća kuća Vereinigte-hagel sa podružnicama diljem zemlje.Agriculture is often considered one of the most vulnerable sectors in the economy, and this is due to a number of factors that make agriculture particularly sensitive to various risks and unforeseen events. In the world, the population is constantly growing, and with it the need for a sufficient amount of food to feed all this population. This poses challenges for agriculture and the food industry, as more food needs to be produced, often with limited resources such as land, water and energy. The trend of increasing the number of insured persons in agriculture has been recorded in recent years mostly due to the support of the European Union for crop insurance, where 70% of the premium is subsidized through incentive measures. Climate change has brought many negative consequences to agricultural production this summer as well, which was affected by floods, hail and stormy winds. Insurance against various risks in agriculture, such as hail, fire, lightning, storm and spring frost, is the main factor for protecting agricultural income and is the most common agricultural insurance in Croatia. Crop insurance in Croatia is handled by four insurance companies, namely Adriatic osiguranje, Croatia osiguranje, Triglav osiguranje and the German insurance company Vereinigte-hagel with branches all over the country

Potential of plant extracts against species of the Pentatomidae family

Zelena štitasta stjenica, (Nezara viridula L., 1758) invazivna je vrsta stjenice uvrštena u porodicu fitofagnih stjenica Pentatomidae. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi potencijal biljnih ekstrakata ambrozije (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) i običnog vratića (Tanacetum vulgare L.) za suzbijanje ličinki i odraslih stadija stjenica. Istraživanje je provedeno u laboratorijskim uvjetima u četiri tretmana: vodeni ekstrakt ambrozije, vodeni ekstrakt običnog vratića u koncentracijama 5% i 10%, kemijski insekticid Laser i voda kao kontrola. Pokus je bio postavljen u četiri ponavljanja, pri čemu je svako ponavljanje sadržavalo 10 jedinki. Mortalitet je zabilježen nakon 24, 48, 72 i 96h. Kod vodenog ekstrakta ambrozije utvrđena je učinkovitost od 23,52% na ličinkama dok je kod tretmana običnog vratića (5%) utvrđena učinkovitost 16,21% na odraslim jedinkama. Tretman s običnim vratićem u koncentraciji 10% pokazao je stimulativno djelovanje na preživljavanje odraslih i ličinki. Potrebno je provesti dodatna istraživanja s više različitih koncentracija kako bi se ova teza mogla potvrditi.The green shield bug, (Nezara viridula L., 1758) is an invasive phytophagus insect species and belongs to the Pentatomidae family. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of plant extracts of ambrosia (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) and common tancy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) to control the larvae and adult stages of N. viridula. The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in four treatments: aqueous extracts of ambrosia (10%) and common tancy (5% and 10%), chemical insecticide Laser and water as a control. The experiment was set up in four replicates, where each replicate contained 10 individuals. Mortality was recorded after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Ambrosia had a 23.52% effectiveness at the larval stage, while the common tansy (5%) showed only 16.21% effectiveness on adulds. Survival in both adults and larvae was stimulated by the common tancy treatment with higher concentration. Complementary research with several different concentrations is required to confirm this theory

DNA fragment analysis by agarose gel electrofhoresis method

Agarozna gel elektroforeza je migracija nabijenih čestica na gelu, uslijed djelovanja električnog polja. Uobičajena je laboratorijska tehnika za odvajanje i analizu fragmenata DNA i ostalih biomolekula na temelju njihove veličine. Genomska DNA je ukupan genetički materijal jednog organizma i nalazi se u jezgrama stanica. Cilj ovog rada bio je opisati i primijeniti metodu agarozne gel elektroforeze te utvrditi veličine fragmenata DNA molekule. Pripremljene su četiri vrste gelova koncentracija: 0,8%, 1%, 2% i 3%. Prema dobivenim rezultatima utvrđeno je da su fragmenti genomske DNA veći od PCR fragmenata i sukladno s tim je zaključeno da manji fragmenti putuju brže i dalje od velikih fragmenata, što je bilo i očekivano. Zaključno, za analizu većih fragmenata genomske DNA optimalno je koristiti gel koncentracije 1% i manje, dok se za PCR fragmente najčešće koristi gel kocentracije od 2 do 3%, optimalno 2,5%.Agarose gel electrophoresis is the migration of charged particles on the gel, due to the influence of applied electric field. It is a common laboratory technique for separating and analyzing DNA fragments and other biomolecules based on their size. Genomic DNA is a total genetic material of an organism and it's found in the cell nuclei. The aim of this research was to describe and apply the agarose gel electrophoresis method and to determine the sizes of DNA molecule fragments. Four gel concentrations were prepared: 0.8%, 1%, 2% and 3%. According to the obtained results, it was determined that genomic DNA fragments are larger than PCR fragments and accordingly it was concluded that smaller fragments travel faster than the large fragments, which was expected. In conclusion, for the analysis of larger fragments of genomic DNA, it is optimal to use a gel concentration of 1% or less, while for PCR fragments, gel concentration of 2 to 3% is usually used, optimally 2,5%

Mechanical and technological properties of corrosion resistant steels and their application in agricultural technique

Nehrđajući čelik obilježava minimalni udio kroma od 12 % kao i dodatak ostalih legirajućih elemenata poput nikla, molibdena, titana, dušika, kojima se bilo modificira njihova struktura, ili postižu svojstva veće korozijske postojanosti, poboljšava obradivost, čvrstoca ili pak žilavost na sniženim (kriogenim) temperaturama. U osnovi, danas, poznajemo četiri osnovne grupe – vrste nehrdajućih čelika, a to su: martenzitni, feritni, austenitni i dupleks (austenitno – feritni) nehrdajući čelici. MIG/MAG i TIG tehnologije se koriste pri zavarivanju nehrđajućih čelika. U ovom radu je opisana primjena korozijski postojanih čelika pri obradi plastičnom deformacijom, kao i primjena korozijski postojanih čelika pri izradi dijelova poljoprivredne tehnike.Stainless steel is characterized by a minimum chromium content of 12%, as well as the addition of other alloying elements such as nickel, molybdenum, titanium, nitrogen, which either modify their structure, or achieve properties of greater corrosion resistance, improve workability, strength or toughness at reduced (cryogenic) temperatures. Basically, today, we know four basic groups - types of stainless steels, namely: martensitic, ferritic, austenitic and duplex (austenitic - ferritic) stainless steels. MIG/MAG and TIG technologies are used for welding stainless steels. This paper describes the application of corrosion-resistant steels during processing by plastic deformation, as well as the application of corrosion-resistant steels in the production of parts of agricultural machinery

Lending forms in agriculture

Poljoprivreda je ključna gospodarska djelatnost koja ima nezamjenjivu ulogu u prehrani stanovništva. Ova grana gospodarstva bavi se uzgojem biljaka i životinja radi proizvodnje hrane, hrane za stoku, vlakana i drugih potrebnih proizvoda. Poljoprivreda predstavlja značajan sektor zapošljavanja za radno sposobno stanovništvo. Osim što osigurava prehranu i proizvode, poljoprivreda je izvor brojnih radnih mjesta, posebno u ruralnim područjima. Veliki broj poljoprivrednika nema početni kapital te pokušavaju putem kreditiranja doći do sredstava za financiranje svoje djelatnosti. Poljoprivrednici imaju nekoliko različitih solucija na raspolaganju za financiranje svojih gospodarstava, a neki od načina financiranja su: EU fondovi, poticaji, krediti i sl. Upravo ulaskom Republike Hrvatske u Europsku uniju, poljoprivrednici imaju širok spektar financiranja. Naravno, u današnje vrijeme postoji sve više banaka koje sufinanciraju poljoprivrednike.Agriculture is a crucial economic activity with an irreplaceable role in providing sustenance to the population. This sector of the economy is engaged in the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for the production of food, animal feed, fibers, and other essential products. Agriculture represents a significant employment sector for the working population. In addition to ensuring food and product supply, agriculture is a source of numerous jobs, especially in rural areas. Many farmers lack initial capital and seek to obtain funds for financing their operations through various means, such as loans. Farmers have several financing options available, including EU funds, subsidies, loans, and more. With Croatia's accession to the European Union, farmers now have access to a wide range of financing opportunities. Additionally, there is an increasing number of banks that provide financial support to farmers in today's times

Influence of biostimulator on Fusarium graminearum corn infection

Kukuruz (Zea mays L.) jednogodišnja je ratarska biljka iz porodice trava (Poaceae). Jedna je od vodećih poljoprivrednih kultura u svijetu. Bolesti kukuruza uzrokuju gubitke u žetvi, utječu na kvalitetu i kvantitet uroda te uzrokuju skladišne gubitke. Najvažnije bolesti ratarskih kultura uzrokuju gljivični biljni patogeni. Najzačajniji patogeni pripadaju vrstama roda Fusarium. Mogu uništiti biljku u svim fazama razvoja od zrna u sjetvi, paleži klijanaca pa do klipa koji trune. Kako bi se smanjila upotreba kemijskh fungicida i otalih kemijskih sredstava za zaštitu bilja promovira se sve više korištenje biostimulatora u zaštiti od patogena.. U našim istražvanjima ispitali smo utjecaj jednog neregistriranog biostimulatora na smanjenje zaraze s F. graminearum. Utvrđeno je da je indeks bolesti bio upola manji u tretmanu gdje je korišten biološki prirpravak na bazi kapsicina.Maize (Zea mays L.) is an annual field plant from the grass family (Poaceae). It is one of the leading agricultural crops in the world. Maize diseases cause harvest losses, affect the quality and quantity of the crop and cause storage losses. The most important diseases of field crops are caused by fungal plant pathogens. The most important pathogens belong to species of the genus Fusarium. They can destroy the plant in all stages of development, from the grain in the sowing, burning of the seedlings to the rotting cob. In order to reduce the use of chemical fungicides and other chemical agents for plant protection, the use of biostimulators in protection against pathogens is increasingly being promoted. In our research of the impact of the one biostimulator on the reduction of infection with F. graminearum was researched. It was determined that the disease index was decrease in the treatment where a biostimulator based on capsaicin was use

Wheat and barley diseases at PO Kalac in year 2022

Cilj rada je bio utvrditi pojavu i razvoj bolesti na usjevima pšenice i ječma na P.O. Kalac u vegetacijskoj godini 2021./2022. te odrediti potrebite mjere zaštite. Polja na kojem je zasijan ozimi ječam i pšenica su na području Tompojevaca, a ukupno je zasijanih 70 ha. Temeljem praćenja i vizualnih pregleda utvrđena je prisutnost sljedećih uzročnika bolesti: Blumeria graminis (DC .) Speer, Septoria tritici Rob. Et Desm., Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechsler, Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, Barley yellow dwarf (BYDV) i Pyrenophora teres Drechsler. Zaštita ječma je obavljena s dva fungicidna tretmana, dok je zaštita kod pšenice obavljena s tri fungicidna tretmana (dva tretmana za zaštitu lista i jedan tretman za zaštitu klasa).The aim of the work was to monitor the occurrence and development of diseases on wheat and barley crops at P.O. Kalac in the growing year 2021./2022, and determine the necessary protection measures. The fields where winter barley and wheat are sown are in the area of Tompojevci with a total of 70 ha. Based on monitoring and visual inspections, the following diseases were observed during vegetation: Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer, Septoria tritici Rob. And Desm., Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechsler, Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, Barley yellow dwarf (BYDV) and Pyrenophora teres Drechsler. Barley protection was performed with two fungicidal treatments, while wheat protection was performed with three fungicidal treatments (two treatments for leaf protection and one treatment for spikes protection

Demographic capital in the function of sustainable economic growth

Rad pokazuje komparaciju kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih demografskih obilježja popisa stanovništva 2011. i popisa stanovništva 2021 godine, te pritom će biti prikazano gospodarski rast, BDP, zaposlenost, nezaposlenost, migracijski saldo i ostali indikatori gospodarskog rasta. Za istraživanje je provedena komparativna analiza, trendovi rasta/pada pojedinih indikatora, te će se na osnovu analize i sinteze rezultata istraživanja izvesti prijedlozi i smjernice daljnjeg razvitka. Rezultati ovog rada prikazuju uvid u demografski kapital Republike Hrvatske prema zadnja dva provedena popisa stanovništva u Republici HrvatskojThe paper shows a comparison of qualitative and quantitative demographic characteristics of the 2011 census and the 2021 census, and will show economic growth, GDP, employment, unemployment, migration balance and other indicators of economic growth. For the research, a comparative analysis was conducted, trends of growth / decline of individual indicators, and on the basis of the analysis and synthesis of research results, proposals and guidelines for further development will be presented. The results of this paper present an insight into the demographic capital of the Republic of Croatia according to the last two censuses conducted in the Republic of Croatia.