Importancia del conocimiento de la huella hidrológica para la política española del agua

En casi todos los países áridos o semiáridos la adecuada gestión de los recursos hídricos es un tema tan importante como conflictivo. La mayor parte de los expertos en gestión de recursos hídricos suele admitir hoy que los conflictos hídricos no se deben normalmente a la escasez física de agua sino a su inadecuada gestión. Los avances en la Ciencia y en la Tecnología que se han producido en el último medio siglo permiten resolver muchos de los problemas relacionados con conflictos hídricos con medios que hace pocas décadas nadie podía imaginar. El presente documento se centra en el estudio de la HUELLA HIDROLÓGICA y sus relacionados conceptos de agua virtual y sus componentes verde y azul. Este trabajo se enfoca no sólo desde la clásica perspectiva hidrológica sino también enfatizando los datos económicos. El estudio de la huella hidrológica está haciendo cambiar los conceptos de seguridad alimentaria e hidrológica que han estado vigentes durante siglos en la mente de la mayor parte de los políticos de todo el mundo. Los datos disponibles ponen claramente de manifiesto que la producción de alimentos es, a escala mundial, el principal usuario de agua verde y azul a gran diferencia de los otros usos. Por ello, este trabajo preliminar de otros estudios en marcha, se dedica principalmente al estudio del agua en la agricultura. La política del agua de un país va a estar cada día más íntimamente relacionada con su política agrícola, tanto de producción de alimentos como de su importación y/o exportación. Al mismo tiempo hay que tener en cuenta que en los países industrializados, como es España, los condicionantes ambientales van adquiriendo más peso y que consciente o inconscientemente el viejo lema “more crops and jobs per drop” está cambiando al lema “more cash and nature per drop”

Postpartum depression and maternal self-efficacy for breastfeeding: prevalence and association

Objective: To identify the prevalence of postpartum depression symptoms and the level of self-efficacy to breastfeed among puerperal women assisted at a Breastfeeding Incentive Center, and to analyze possible associations. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 208 women up to 60 days postpartum submitted to the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale and the Self-Efficacy Scale for Breastfeeding. Results: Postpartum depression symptoms were present in 31.25% of women who presented medium (39.9%) and high (36.06%) levels of breastfeeding self-efficacy. The medium or high self-efficacy decreased the depression score by 27.4% or 38.8% respectively, while the high score on the postpartum depression scale reduced the self-efficacy score in breastfeeding by 11.84 points. Conclusion: The high prevalence of postpartum depression symptoms and self-efficacy for breastfeeding were evident in the studied population. The levels of postpartum depression symptoms and self-efficacy revealed a cause and effect association between themselves.Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de sintomas de depressão pós-parto e o nível de autoeficácia para amamentar, entre puérperas atendidas num Centro de Incentivo ao Aleitamento Materno, e analisar possíveis associações. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 208 mulheres, até 60 dias pós-parto, submetidas à Escala de Depressão Pós-parto de Edinburgo e à Escala de Autoeficácia para Amamentar. Resultados: Sintomas de depressão pós-parto estiveram presentes em 31,25% das mulheres, que apresentaram níveis de autoeficácia para amamentar médio (39,9%) e alto (36,06%). Ter média ou alta autoeficácia diminui em 27,4% ou 38,8%, respectivamente, o escore de depressão, enquanto a elevada pontuação na escala de depressão pós-parto reduz em 11,84 pontos o escore da autoeficácia na amamentação. Conclusão: Prevalência elevada de sintomas de depressão pós-parto e de autoeficácia para amamentar foram evidenciados na população estudada. Os níveis de sintomas de depressão pós-parto e de autoeficácia revelaram associação de causa e efeito entre si.Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Enfermagem, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Ctr Incent & Apoio Ao Aleitamento Materno, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Banco Leite Humano, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Escola Enfermagem, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilEscola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BrasilCentro de Incentivo e Apoio ao Aleitamento Materno e Banco de Leite Humano, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BrasilWeb of Scienc

Cadmium Contents in Biodegradable Films Made From Cassava

A Review of sample preparation and techniques used to determine Cadmium content in flexible films and biodegradable thermoformed products based on cassava. All determinations have been made using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The presence of this element in these matrices can be harmful if the maximum tolerated quantities are not complied by. The presence of Cadmium may be due, among other aspects, to the fact that it is present in the raw material, in industrial discharges or because it is found naturally. Its determination is an important parameter that needs to be considered as a good alternative for packaging

The Impact of COVID-19 Confinement on Cognition and Mental Health and Technology Use Among Socially Vulnerable Older People: Retrospective Cohort Study

COVID 19; Salut mental; Aïllament socialCOVID 19; Salud mental; Aislamiento socialCOVID-19; Mental Health; Social isolationBackground: COVID-19 forced the implementation of restrictive measures in Spain, such as lockdown, home confinement, social distancing, and isolation. It is necessary to study whether limited access to basic services and decreased family and social support could have deleterious effects on cognition, quality of life, and mental health in vulnerable older people. Objective: This study aims to explore the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on cognition in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia as the main outcome and the quality of life, perceived health status, and depression as secondary outcomes and to analyze the association of living alone and a change in living arrangements with those outcomes and other variables related with the use of technology and health services. Likewise, this study aims to analyze the association of high and low technophilia with those variables, to explore the access and use of health care and social support services, and, finally, to explore the informative-, cognitive-, entertainment-, and socialization-related uses of information and communications technologies (ICTs) during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: This cohort study was conducted in Málaga (Spain). In total, 151 participants with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia, from the SMART4MD (n=75, 49.7%) and TV-AssistDem (n=76, 50.3%) randomized clinical trials, were interviewed by telephone between May 11 and June 26, 2020. All participants had undergone 1-3 assessments (in 6-month intervals) on cognition, quality of life, and mood prior to the COVID-19 breakout. Results: The outbreak did not significantly impact the cognition, quality of life, and mood of our study population when making comparisons with baseline assessments prior to the outbreak. Perceived stress was reported as moderate during the outbreak. After correction for multiple comparisons, living alone, a change in living arrangements, and technophilia were not associated with negative mental health outcomes. However, being alone was nominally associated with self-perceived fear and depression, and higher technophilia with better quality of life, less boredom, perceived stress and depression, and also less calmness. Overall, health care and social support service access and utilization were high. The most used ICTs during the COVID-19 outbreak were the television for informative, cognitive, and entertainment-related uses and the smartphone for socialization. Conclusions: Our findings show that the first months of the outbreak did not significantly impact the cognition, quality of life, perceived health status, and depression of our study population when making comparisons with baseline assessments prior to the outbreak. Living alone and low technophilia require further research to establish whether they are risk factors of mental health problems during lockdowns in vulnerable populations. Moreover, although ICTs have proven to be useful for informative-, cognitive-, entertainment-, and socialization-related uses during the pandemic, more evidence is needed to support these interventions

Moldagem com alginato em prótese total

O ato de moldar consiste em reproduzir em negativo uma determinada superfície. A moldagem é um importante passo para reabilitações orais em Odontologia; por meio dela obtemos um modelo da boca do paciente. O alginato, por ser um material de fácil manipulação, baixo custo, rápida secagem e confortável para o paciente, é a escolha de moldagem para diversas finalidades em Odontologia. O objetivo neste trabalho é abordar o emprego do alginato em moldagens de prótese total. Em pacientes totalmente edêntulos, que necessitam a confecção de uma prótese total, o alginato é utilizado para se obter a moldagem inicial ou a moldagem anatômica, a fim de se obter um modelo anatômico. O alginato adensado é a melhor indicação para moldagem de rebordos flácidos em pacientes que necessitam de prótese total, pois ele não comprime tanto a mucosa quanto outros materiais de moldagem como a godiva e o silicone de adição, resultando em uma moldagem sem zonas de compressão, evitando próteses traumáticas e diminuindo a necessidade de ajustes na prótese depois de pronta. Apesar de o alginato ser um material muito utilizado, devemos tomar alguns cuidados, pois o material pode sofrer alterações dimensionais se não manuseado e armazenado corretamente após a moldagem, sendo elas a evaporação, a sinérese e a embebição; outra desvantagem do material é que imediatamente após a sua moldagem, o gesso deve ser vertido. Algumas falhas podem ocorrer durante a realização de uma moldagem com alginato, por isso deve-se observar o tempo correto para remoção da moldeira da boca, manipular corretamente o material e limpar os tecidos bucais para que falhas, como, por exemplo, rasgamento, bolhas de ar, distorção, material granuloso, poros de forma irregular e modelo de gesso rugoso, sejam evitadas.Palavras-chave: Moldagem. Prótese total. Alginato

Collective Intelligence to Find Solutions to the Challenges Posed by the Sustainable Development Goals

The implementation of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) presents a vast and intricate array of challenges, including the establishment of governance systems that engage all societal actors, particularly nongovernmental entities and youth, in proposing solutions and decision-making. This article investigates the potential of collective intelligence as a tool within citizen science to create solutions for SDG-related challenges and to establish or enhance necessary governance mechanisms. We detail a collective intelligence experiment conducted during the UN Climate Change Conference 2019 (COP25; Madrid, December 2–13), which aimed to generate a prioritised list of actions addressing SDG 6, Water and Sanitation and SDG 13, Climate Action. The experiment involved 1,253 students aged 15 to 17 who proposed, modified, and prioritised 14,517 ideas using an online platform created by Kampal, a spin-off of the University of Zaragoza. We discuss: a) participation protocols following citizen science methodologies; b) the platform description; c) results concerning the participation process, the tool’s effectiveness in collectively extracting the best solutions, and the quality of the generated proposals; and d) enhancements and new research directions for using citizen science and collective intelligence to tackle SDG-related challenges in a collaborative and participatory way

Ivermectin reduces in vivo coronavirus infection in a mouse experimental model

SARS-CoV2 is a single strand RNA virus member of the type 2 coronavirus family, responsible for causing COVID-19 disease in humans. The objective of this study was to test the ivermectin drug in a murine model of coronavirus infection using a type 2 family RNA coronavirus similar to SARS-CoV2, the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). BALB/cJ female mice were infected with 6,000 PFU of MHV-A59 (Group Infected; n=20) and immediately treated with one single dose of 500 μg/kg of ivermectin (Group Infected + IVM; n=20), or were not infected and treated with PBS (Control group; n=16). Five days after infection/treatment, mice were euthanized to obtain different tissues to check general health status and infection levels. Overall results demonstrated that viral infection induces the typical MHV disease in infected animals, with livers showing severe hepatocellular necrosis surrounded by a severe lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltration associated with a high hepatic viral load (52,158 AU), while ivermectin administration showed a better health status with lower viral load (23,192 AU; p<0.05) and few livers with histopathological damage (p<0.05), not showing statistical differences with control mice (P=NS). Furthermore, serum transaminase levels (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) were significantly lower in treated mice compared to infected animals. In conclusion, ivermectin seems to be effective to diminish MHV viral load and disease in mice, being a useful model for further understanding new therapies against coronavirus diseases.Fil: Arevalo, A. P.. Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo; UruguayFil: Pagotto, R.. Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo; UruguayFil: Pórfido, Jorge Luis. Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo; Uruguay. Universidad de la República; Uruguay. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Daghero, H.. Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo; UruguayFil: Segovia, Alcira Mercedes. Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo; Uruguay. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Yamasaki, K.. Universidad de la Republica. Facultad de Veterinaria.; UruguayFil: Varela, B. Universidad de la Republica. Facultad de Veterinaria.; UruguayFil: Hill, Marcelo. Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo; Uruguay. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Verdes, J. M.. Universidad de la Republica. Facultad de Veterinaria.; UruguayFil: Duhalde Vega, Maite. Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo; Uruguay. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Bollati Fogollin, M.. Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo; UruguayFil: Crispo, Martina. Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo; Urugua

Virtual Water and Water Footprint: A Case Study from Spain

The World Water Week in Stockholm is the annual meeting place for the planet&#8217;s most urgent water-related issues. Organised by the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI), it brings together experts, practitioners, decision makers and leader

Physical activity intervention program through walking routes in sedentary university students

Objective: Effect of a physical activity program on body composition and physical condition with university teacher students. Methods: 51 university students from the Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo (Spain), participated in the study. Students performed a 6-week protocol, using the walking routes designed in the university's own facilities. Two cohorts, experimental group and control group were analyzed, before and after the program. The 6-minute walking test, countermovement jump (CMJ), flexibility through active straight leg raise, rate of perceived exhaustion (RPE) and heart rate (HR) were evaluated, and a bioimpedance measurement was used to evaluate the basal and final metabolism. Results: On the 6-minutes walking test, CMJ, and flexibility of the right leg significant differences were found between the experimental and the control group. There were no significant differences in either group for any RPE. In the bioimpedance, there were significant differences in fat and lean mass in the left leg. Conclusion: The analyzed data indicates an improvement in aerobic endurance, jumping and flexibility capacities at the end of the program. But for body composition, in general there were no significant variations