Healing violence in South Africa: A textual reading of Kentridge\u27s \u27Drawings for Projection\u27

While the literature appears to understand trauma and violence as experienced singularly, and as effecting intrapsychic changes or reactions, latterly there has been a recognition that this understanding of the term \u27trauma\u27 may not be adequate to describe violence suffered over a prolonged period of time. Further, psychology tends to avert our attention from healing by attending to symptomatology. In South Africa, during the apartheid years (1948-1994), violence was constituted by an extraordinary threat to ongoing being and was informed by a totalitarian prejudice. Creative texts, unlike traumatic texts, show how many artists have worked with South African traumas in an effort to understand, and come to terms with them. This dissertation is a textual reading of \u27Drawings for Projection\u27 (1989-1994) by William Kentridge (1955-), an acclaimed South African artist. The approach of this study is broadly hermeneutic, phenomenological, and semiological. The reading suggests that the healing of violence is circular and continuous, and includes our re-membering the past, and our humanity as ethical beings on both personal and collective levels. Additionally, the recognition of the Face, and the breath of the Other, contribute to the reconstitution of our ethics; conversely the counter pull to erasure, reconstitutes violence

Charge-ice dynamics in the negative thermal expansion material Cd(CN)2_2

We use variable-temperature (150--300\,K) single-crystal X-ray diffraction to re-examine the interplay between structure and dynamics in the ambient phase of the isotropic negative thermal expansion (NTE) material Cd(CN)$_2$. We find strong experimental evidence for the existence of low-energy vibrational modes that involve off-centering of Cd$^{2+}$ ions. These modes have the effect of increasing network packing density---suggesting a mechanism for NTE that is different to the generally-accepted picture of correlated Cd(C/N)$_4$ rotation modes. Strong local correlations in the displacement directions of neighbouring cadmium centres are evident in the existence of highly-structured diffuse scattering in the experimental X-ray diffraction patterns. Monte Carlo simulations suggest these patterns might be interpreted in terms of a basic set of `ice-rules' that establish a mapping between the dynamics of Cd(CN)$_2$ and proton ordering in cubic ice VII.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, submitted to PR

Orthotic Intervention for Children with Down Syndrome: A Review Based on the ICF Model

Down Syndrome (DS), which occurs in 1 out of every 691 live births, is the most common genetic disorder in the United States. It is characterized by multiple physical and cognitive impairments that impact development and typically persist into adulthood. Due to the prevalence of musculoskeletal impairments such as ligamentous laxity, hypotonia, and abnormal bony alignment in the foot, medical providers frequently prescribe foot or ankle orthoses for children with DS. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) provides a unique framework to clarify the impact of orthotic intervention on three domains of human function: body structure and function, activity, and participation. Research indicates that orthotic intervention addresses body structure and function by decreasing excessive calcaneal eversion and pronation, as well as enhancing the development of the medial longitudinal arch. By optimizing skeletal alignment and lower extremity loading mechanics, orthoses may minimize abnormal tissue stresses and play a role in preventing future injury and mobility impairments. In addition, research indicates that orthoses positively impact the activity domain of the ICF, improving balance, gait parameters, and gross motor skills such as running, jumping and navigating stairs. This has implications for the development of complex movement strategies, energy efficiency and mobility within the community. Unfortunately, there is little research looking specifically at the effect of orthoses on participation. This domain is of particular interest considering children with DS typically demonstrate decreased involvement in self and family care tasks, have fewer friends, and participate in fewer sports and hobbies than typically developing peers. Although current research has not established a clear link between orthoses and increased participation, there is evidence for the interdependence of the ICF model and a link between functional skill acquisition and increased participation in children with DS. Therefore, this paper theorizes that by addressing body structure and function impairments and decreasing functional limitations, orthotic intervention will also increase participation for children with DS. Further research is needed to substantiate this hypothesis and to clarify the role of orthotic intervention in children with Down Syndrome. Understanding the specific impact of orthoses at each level of the ICF will help therapists to better determine which children with DS may benefit from orthotic intervention to augment other therapy. Furthermore, the potential for orthoses to not only affect skeletal alignment and improve gross motor skills, but also increase participation, may provide parents with additional information when considering whether potential out of pocket investment in this intervention is warranted

Comportamiento clínico de los casos Chikungunya confirmados por serología en todas las fases de la enfermedad en el área urbana del Municipio de Juigalpa en el período Enero a Junio 2015

Este estudio persiguió como objetivo general determinar el comportamiento clínico de los casos Chikungunya confirmados por serología del área urbana de Juigalpa de enero-junio 2015, fue descriptivo, retrospectivo y de corte transversal, nuestro universo fueron todos los pacientes que cumplían con los criterios de selección relevantes para esta investigación, se tomó una muestra de 22 pacientes escogidos por método no probabilístico por conveniencia, la información fue recolectado con un instrumento tipo encuesta aplicada a todos los pacientes que consentían de forma oral y escrita participar en el estudio. Los datos recolectados fueron analizados mediante análisis bivariado y digitados en base de datos SPSS versión 19.0 presentando los resultados en tablas y gráficos.Los resultados fueron el sexo más afectado fue el femenino con 72.6%(16), y la edad de mayor presentación fue de 35-49 con 22.7%(5) seguida de 20-34 años y menores de un año con 18.2 %(4) cada uno. El nivel escolar que predomino fue secundaria con 31.8%(7), en cambio la ocupaciones más desempeñadas fueron ama de casa,profesional, estudiante y domestica con 13.6%(3) respectivamente. El 72%(17) de los pacientes presenta factores que agravan su pronóstico. Entre ellos embarazo, extremos de la vida y padecer enfermedades crónicas, ninguno tenía antecedentes de enfermedad articular previo o riesgo social. Los síntomas más frecuentes por fase fueron para la fase aguda fiebre y artralgia 95.5%(21) y rash 90.9%(20); en la fase subaguda presentaron fatiga el 82% de los paciente es en esta fase (9/11), 45%(5/11) presentaron artralgias y 45% (5/11) presentaron depresión. En la fase crónica el 100%(10/10) presento artralgias no presentaron Teno sinovitis.Se reportaron dos formas graves neurológicas en la fase aguda, no se identificaron secuelas. Se recomienda realizar una revisión de la norma existentes basada en las primeras experiencias de la enfermedad en el país así como definir los criterios de toma de muestra para serología de los casos sospechosos y garantizar la mejora del sistema de información para el procesamiento de los datos personales que incluya una retro alimentación sobre los resultados de los exámenes diagnósticos practicados a los sospechosos de Chikungunya en este municipi

Time dependent HPLC analysis of the product ratio of enzymatically reduced prodrug CB1954 by a modified and immobilised nitroreductase

Directed enzyme prodrug therapy is a chemotherapy strategy that utilises prodrug-activating enzymes to activate prodrugs at the tumour location, thus reducing off-target effects. The most commonly investigated enzyme for use with the CB1954 prodrug is the NfnB nitroreductase from E. coli. Literature states that CB1954 is reduced by NfnB at the 2- or 4-position at a 1:1 ratio; deviation from this ratio has been observed in the literature, but not further investigated. The kinetic parameters for the genetically-modified enzymes; NfnB-his, NfnB-cys and AuNP-NfnB-cys were assessed and HPLC analysis was used to determine the hydroxylamine product ratios formed when reacted with CB1954. Time-dependent HPLC studies were carried out to assess how this ratio changes over time. It was shown that the hydroxylamine ratio formed by the reduction of CB1954 by a nitroreductase changes over time and that this change in ratio relates directly to the kinetics of the reaction. Thus, the hydroxylamine ratio measured using HPLC at a given time point was not a true indication of the preference of the nitroreductase enzymes during catalysis. These results question how nitroreductases are evaluated in terms of the hydroxylamine ratio and it is suspected that this phenomenon may also apply to other enzyme/prodrug combinations

Comportamiento clínico de la hipokalemia en los pacientes hospitalizados en el servicio de medicina interna del Hospital Alemán Nicaragüense durante el periodo comprendido entre 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre 2019

Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento clínico de la hipokalemia en los pacientes hospitalizados en el servicio de medicina interna del Hospital Alemán Nicaragüense durante el periodo comprendido entre 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre 2019. Diseño metodológico: Se realizó un estudio, Descriptivo, de corte transversal, Donde se revisaron 39 expedientes clínicos de pacientes con Hipokalemia, Resultados: El promedio de edad en la población fue de 42,38 años, el intervalo de edad mayor mente afectado en la población, fue el comprendido entre los 20 – 29 año y más de 50 años en un 30,8&(n=12), respectivamente. El 66,7% (n=26) eran del sexo masculino y procedían del área urbana. La Hipokalemia grave fue más frecuente en el 35, 9 % de los casos, a un 53,8% de la población no se especificó la etiología causal de Hipokalemia, de los cuales un 40,2 % presento manifestaciones neuromusculares. La mayoría fue diagnosticada mediante EKG, Electrolitos séricos y creatinina, muchos pacientes no presentaron alteraciones electrocardiográficas, ni complicaciones agudas de la enfermedad y se optó por vía de reposición de potasio; la vía intravenosa. Conclusiones: La mayoría de la población estudiada eran hombres jóvenes con hipokalemia severa y su etiología causal no fue especificada, en su mayoría presentaron manifestaciones neuromusculares sin presentar manifestaciones electrocardiográficas, presentando baja incidencia de complicaciones agudas. Palabras clave: Hipokalemia; Trastorno del potasio; Hipokalemia sever

The role of the testa during development and in establishment of dormancy of the legume seed

Timing of seed germination is one of the key steps in plant life cycles. It determines the beginning of plant growth in natural or agricultural ecosystems. In the wild, many seeds exhibit dormancy and will only germinate after exposure to certain environmental conditions. In contrast, crop seeds germinate as soon as they are imbibed usually at planting time. These domestication-triggered changes represent adaptations to cultivation and human harvesting. Germination is one of the common sets of traits recorded in different crops and termed the “domestication syndrome.” Moreover, legume seed imbibition has a crucial role in cooking properties. Different seed dormancy classes exist among plant species. Physical dormancy (often called hardseededness), as found in legumes, involves the development of a water-impermeable seed coat, caused by the presence of phenolics- and suberin-impregnated layers of palisade cells. The dormancy release mechanism primarily involves seed responses to temperature changes in the habitat, resulting in testa permeability to water. The underlying genetic controls in legumes have not been identified yet. However, positive correlation was shown between phenolics content (e.g., pigmentation), the requirement for oxidation and the activity of catechol oxidase in relation to pea seed dormancy, while epicatechin levels showed a significant positive correlation with soybean hardseededness. myeloblastosis family of transcription factors, WD40 proteins and enzymes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway were involved in seed testa color in soybean, pea and Medicago, but were not tested directly in relation to seed dormancy. These phenolic compounds play important roles in defense against pathogens, as well as affecting the nutritional quality of products, and because of their health benefits, they are of industrial and medicinal interest. In this review, we discuss the role of the testa in mediating legume seed germination, with a focus on structural and chemical aspects

The dinitrobenzamide mustard prodrugs, PR-104A and SN27686, for use in a novel MNDEPT cancer prodrug therapy approach

Directed enzyme prodrug therapy is a highly promising anti-cancer strategy. However, the current technology is limited by inefficient prodrug activation and the dose-limiting toxicity associated with the prodrugs being tested; to overcome these limitations, the dinitrobenzamide mustard prodrugs, PR-104A and SN27686, have been developed. The present study will assess both of these prodrugs for their potential uses in a novel magnetic-nanoparticle directed enzyme prodrug therapy strategy by determining their kinetic parameters, assessing the products formed during enzymatic reduction using HPLC and finally their ability to cause cell death in the ovarian cancer cell line, SK-OV-3. It was shown for the first time that the dinitrobenzamide mustard prodrugs are able to be reduced by the genetically modified nitroreductases, NfnB-cys and YfkO-cys, and that these enzyme/prodrug combinations can induce a significant cell death in the SK-OV-3 cell line, highlighting the potential for both enzyme/prodrug combinations for use in magnetic-nanoparticle directed enzyme prodrug therapy.</p