Identification and “in silico” structural analysis of the glutamine-rich protein Qrp (YheA) in staphylococcus aureus

Background: YlbF and YmcA are two essential proteins for the formation of biofilm, sporulation, and competence in Bacillus subtilis. In these two proteins, a new protein domain called com_ylbF was recently discovered, but its role and protein function has not yet been established. Objective: In this study, we identified and performed an “in silico” structural analysis of the YheA protein, another com_ylbF-containing protein, in the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: The search of the yheA gene was performed using BLAST-P and tBLASn algorithms. The three-dimensional (3D) models of YheA, as well as YlbF and YmcA proteins, were built using the I-TASSER and Quark programs. The identification of the native YheA in Staphylococcus aureus was carried out through chromatography using the FPLC system. Results: We found that YheA protein is more widely distributed in Gram-positive bacteria than YlbF and YmcA. Two new and important characteristics for YheA and other com_ylbF-containing proteins were found: a highly conserved 3D structure and the presence of a putative conserved motif located in the central region of the domain, which could be involved in its function. Additionally, we established that Staphylococcus aureus expresses YheA protein in both planktonic growth and biofilm. Finally, we suggest renaming YheA as glutamine-rich protein (Qrp) in S. aureus. Conclusion: The Grp (YheA), YlbF, and YmcA proteins adopt a highly conserved three-dimensional structure, harboring a protein-specific putative motif within the com_ylbF domain, which possibly favors the interaction with their substrates. Finally, Staphylococcus aureus expresses the Grp (YheA) protein in both planktonic and biofilm growth

Detection of a new community genotype methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus clone that is unrelated to the USA300 clone and that causes pediatric infections in colombia

The dissemination of a clone of community genotype methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CG-MRSA) that is related to USA300 has been reported in Latin America. We recently detected isolates of a new clone of CG-MRSA (spa type t1635 and ACME-negative) that was genetically unrelated to the USA300 clone and that causes infections in children in Colombia. This finding indicates the appearance of a new clone of CG-MRSA in our region. Copyright © 2013, American Society for Microbiology

Valoración de la sostenibilidad urbana y el habitar en la vivienda pública en cuenca, Ecuador.

Este artículo aporta al debate sobre políticas públicas de vivienda en Ecuador mediante una evaluación de la sustentabilidad urbana y del habitar de los proyectos de vivienda pública en Cuenca (Ecuador). Para tal labor, se identificaron los proyectos construidos desde 1970 hasta 2014 y se eligieron tres que corresponden a tejidos urbanos diferentes, se encuentran en distintas zonas de la ciudad y son promovidos también por disímiles entidades públicas. Para la valoración de la sustentabilidad se utilizaron modelos de evaluación que permitieron constatar que los proyectos tienen una calificación deficiente y que aquellos que se ubican en el límite urbano presentan una valoración aún menor. Con el propósito de evaluar el habitar, se llevaron a cabo encuestas cuyo fin consistió en identificar diferencias en las formas de habitar el entorno inmediato y la ciudad. Se advirtió entonces que los conjuntos desvinculados de las centralidades urbanas generan una serie de efectos inadecuados para la vida en sociedad. Estos resultados obligan a repensar las políticas públicas de vivienda, con miras a superar su empleo como herramienta clientelar -cuyo único objetivo es la compensación del déficit habitacional en términos cuantitativos-, para convertirlas en herramientas de planificación urbana capaces de construir ciudades sustentables. This article contributes to the debate on public housing policies in Ecuador through an evaluation of urban sustainability and living experience in public housing projects in Cuenca (Ecuador). To this end, the projects built from 1970 to 2014 were identified and three were chosen that correspond to different urban fabrics and are located in various areas of the city and promoted by dissimilar public entities. To evaluate sustainability, assessment models were used to demonstrate that the three projects are poorly rated and that those located on the city limits are rated even lower. In order to assess living experience, surveys were conducted to identify differences in the ways of inhabiting the immediate surroundings and the city. The results indicate that projects disconnected from urban centers generate a series of unsatisfactory effects for life in society. In light of the results, public housing policies must be rethought with a view to overcoming their role as clientelism tools whose only purpose is to compensate the housing deficit in quantitative terms, in order to transform them into planning tools capable of building sustainable cities.&nbsp

First report and comparative genomics analysis of a blaoxa-244-haarboring escherichia coli isolate recovered in the American continent

The carbapenemase OXA-244 is a derivate of OXA-48, and its detection is very difficult in laboratories. Here, we report the identification and genomic analysis of an Escherichia coli isolate (28Eco12) harboring the blaOXA-244 gene identified in Colombia, South America. The 28Eco12 isolate was identified during a retrospective study, and it was recovered from a patient treated in Colombia. The complete nucleotide sequence was established using the PacBio platform. A comparative genomics analysis with other blaOXA-244–harboring Escherichia coli strains was performed. The 28Eco12 isolate belonged to sequence type (ST) 38, and its genome was composed of two molecules, a chromosome of 5,343,367 bp and a plasmid of 92,027 bp, which belonged to the incompatibility group IncY and did not harbor resistance genes. The blaOXA-244 gene was chromosomally encoded and mobilized by an ISR1-related Tn6237 composite transposon. Notably, this transposon was inserted and located within a new genomic island. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a blaOXA-244–harboring Escherichia coli isolate in America. Our results suggest that the introduction of the OXA-244-producing E. coli isolate was through clonal expansion of the ST38 pandemic clone. Other isolates producing OXA-244 could be circulating silently in America

Diseño de dos metodologías moleculares para la rápida identificación de aislamientos de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina asociados a la comunidad en Colombia

Introduction. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections are found with increasing the frequency, both in healthy individuals in the community and in hospitalized patients. In Colombia and the Andean region, CA-MRSA isolates have a genetic background that is related to the pandemic USA300 clone.Objective. Two molecular methods are designed and standardized for the rapid differentiation of Colombian community-acquired and hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) isolates.Materials and methods. Two molecular methods were standardized for the identification of CA-MRSA isolates. The first method was based on the differential digestion of the carbamate kinase (arcC) and guanylate kinase (gmk) genes in the sequences type 5 (ST5) in the HA-MRSA isolates and 8 (ST8) in the CA-MRSA isolates. The second method was based on the PCR amplification of 5 specific virulence factors found in CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA isolates. The specificity and precision of each method wereevaluated using 237 clinical MRSA isolates.Results. The first method identified 100% and 93.2% of the CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA isolates, respectively. The second method also correctly identified the two isolates types (CA-MRSA and HAMRSA).Conclusions. These two methods are a convenient alternative for the rapid identification of the CAMRSA isolates, compared with other techniques such as pulsed field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing, which are time-consuming and more expensive.Introducción. Los aislamientos de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina asociado a la comunidad (SARM-AC), están aumentando la frecuencia de infecciones en personas sanas de la comunidad y en pacientes hospitalizados. En Colombia y en la región andina estos aislamientos tienen un componente genético relacionado con el clon pandémico USA300.Objetivo. Diseñar y estandarizar dos metodologías para la diferenciación rápida de aislamientos colombianos de S. aureus resistente a la meticilina asociado a la comunidad de los asociados al hospital (SARM-AH).Materiales y métodos. Se estandarizaron dos metodologías moleculares para la identificación de aislamientos de S. aureus resistente a la meticilina asociado a la comunidad. La primera se basa en la digestión diferencial con tres enzimas de restricción de los genes cinasa de carbamato (arcC) y cinasa de guanilato (gmk) para los tipos de secuencia 5 (ST5) y 8 (ST8), correspondientes a aislamientos de S. aureus resistente a la meticilina asociado al hospital y asociado a la comunidad, respectivamente. La segunda se basa en la amplificación por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de cinco factores de virulencia que se encuentran de manera diferencial en estos aislamientos. Las dos metodologías fueron validadas en 237 aislamientos clínicos de S. aureus resistente a la meticilina.Resultados. Con la primera metodología se identificaron el 100 % y 93,2 % de los aislamientos de S. aureus resistente a la meticilina asociado a la comunidad y asociado al hospital, respectivamente. Con la segunda metodología se identificaron correctamente los dos tipos de aislamientos.Conclusiones. Estas dos metodologías son una buena alternativa en términos de ahorro en tiempo y dinero comparadas con otras técnicas, como la electroforesis en campo pulsado y la tipificación de secuencias multilocus para la rápida identificación de aislamientos de S. aureus resistente a la meticilina asociado a la comunidad en Colombia. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v32i2.645

Aislamientos de Staphylococcus aureus sensibles a meticilina relacionados genéticamente con el clon USA300, ¿origen de los aislamientos SARM de genotipo comunitario en Colombia?

Introduction: USA300 is a genetic lineage found both in methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates. In Colombia, hospital and community MRSA infections are caused by a USA300-related community genotype MRSA (CG-MRSA) clone. The genetic origin of this clone is unknown yet.Objective: To identify and characterize methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates in order to improve the information about the origin of the CG-MRSA isolates in Colombia.Materials and methods: USA300-related MSSA isolates were detected and characterized from a study of 184 S. aureus isolates (90 MRSA and 94 MSSA) recovered from infections. The genetic relatedness of the isolates was established by means of pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and protein A gene typification (spa typing).Results: Among 184 isolates, 27 (14.7%) showed molecular characteristics and genetic relationship with the USA300 clone, of which 18 were MRSA and nine were MSSA. All USA300-related MRSA harbored Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) IVc (3.1.2). In the MSSA isolates, SCCmec remnants or attB duplicate sites were not detected.Conclusions: In Colombia, the CG-MRSA isolates probably originated in the dissemination of an USA300-related MSSA clone which later acquired SCCmec IVc.Introducción. USA300 es un linaje genético que se encuentra en aislamientos de Staphylococcus aureus sensibles (SASM) y resistentes a meticilina (SARM). Actualmente, en Colombia las infecciones por SARM en hospitales y en la comunidad son causadas principalmente por un clon con genotipo comunitario (SARM-GC) relacionado genéticamente con el clon USA300. El origen de esta variante es aún desconocido.Objetivo. Identificar y caracterizar aislamientos de S. aureus resistentes y sensibles a meticilina con el fin de aportar información para establecer un posible origen de los aislamientos SARM-GC en Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una caracterización de aislamientos SASM relacionados con el clon USA300 detectados a partir de un análisis de 184 aislamientos de S. aureus (90 SARM y 94 SASM) causantes de infecciones. La relación genética de los aislamientos se determinó por electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (PFGE), tipificación de secuencias multilocus (MLST) y tipificación del gen de la proteína A (spa).Resultados. De los 184 aislamientos, 27 (14,7 %) presentaron características moleculares y relación genética con el clon USA300, y de ellos, 18 fueron SARM y nueve fueron SASM. Todos los aislamientos SARM relacionados con este clon albergaban un casete estafilocócico cromosómico mec (SCCmec) IVc (3.1.2). En ningún aislamiento SASM se detectaron secuencias remanentes de SCCmec o una duplicación del sitio attB que evidenciaran la pérdida del casete.Conclusión. El origen de los aislamientos SARM-GC en Colombia probablemente se encuentre en la diseminación de clones SASM relacionados con el clon USA300 que adquirieron el SCCmec IVc posteriormente

Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus isolates related to USA300 clone: Origin of community-genotype MRSA in Colombia?

Introducción. USA300 es un linaje genético que se encuentra en aislamientos de Staphylococcus aureus sensibles (SASM) y resistentes a meticilina (SARM). Actualmente, en Colombia las infecciones por SARM en hospitales y en la comunidad son causadas principalmente por un clon con genotipo comunitario (SARM-GC) relacionado genéticamente con el clon USA300. El origen de esta variante es aún desconocido. Objetivo. Identificar y caracterizar aislamientos de S. aureus resistentes y sensibles a meticilina con el fin de aportar información para establecer un posible origen de los aislamientos SARM-GC en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una caracterización de aislamientos SASM relacionados con el clon USA300 detectados a partir de un análisis de 184 aislamientos de S. aureus (90 SARM y 94 SASM) causantes de infecciones. La relación genética de los aislamientos se determinó por electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (PFGE), tipificación de secuencias multilocus (MLST) y tipificación del gen de la proteína A (spa). Resultados. De los 184 aislamientos, 27 (14,7 %) presentaron características moleculares y relación genética con el clon USA300, y de ellos, 18 fueron SARM y nueve fueron SASM. Todos los aislamientos SARM relacionados con este clon albergaban un casete estafilocócico cromosómico mec (SCCmec) IVc (3.1.2). En ningún aislamiento SASM se detectaron secuencias remanentes de SCCmec o una duplicación del sitio attB que evidenciaran la pérdida del casete. Conclusión. El origen de los aislamientos SARM-GC en Colombia probablemente se encuentre en la diseminación de clones SASM relacionados con el clon USA300 que adquirieron el SCCmec IVc posteriormente.Introduction: USA300 is a genetic lineage found both in methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates. In Colombia, hospital and community MRSA infections are caused by a USA300-related community genotype MRSA (CG-MRSA) clone. The genetic origin of this clone is unknown yet. Objective: To identify and characterize methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates in order to improve the information about the origin of the CG-MRSA isolates in Colombia. Materials and methods: USA300-related MSSA isolates were detected and characterized from a study of 184 S. aureus isolates (90 MRSA and 94 MSSA) recovered from infections. The genetic relatedness of the isolates was established by means of pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and protein A gene typification (spa typing). Results: Among 184 isolates, 27 (14.7%) showed molecular characteristics and genetic relationship with the USA300 clone, of which 18 were MRSA and nine were MSSA. All USA300-related MRSA harbored Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) IVc (3.1.2). In the MSSA isolates, SCCmec remnants or attB duplicate sites were not detected. Conclusions: In Colombia, the CG-MRSA isolates probably originated in the dissemination of an USA300-related MSSA clone which later acquired SCCmec IVc

Community-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Colombia

Q1Cartas al editor2000-2001To the Editor: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an established nosocomial pathogen worldwide but more recently has emerged as a highly virulent organism in the community, particularly in the United States (1–3). In Latin America, community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) has only been described in the southern area of the continent (Uruguay and Brazil) (4,5). No reports from the Andean region are available. We describe 2 cases of CA-MRSA causing soft-tissue infections (1 severe) in Colombia

Genomic epidemiology of NDM-1-encoding plasmids in latin American clinical isolates reveals insights into the evolution of multidrug resistance

Bacteria that produce the broad-spectrum Carbapenem antibiotic NewDelhi Metallo-b-lactamase (NDM) place a burden on health care systems worldwide, due to the limited treatment options for infections caused by them and the rapid global spread of this antibiotic resistancemechanism.Although it is believed that theassociated resistancegenebla NDM-1 originated inAcinetobacter spp., the role of Enterobacteriaceae in its dissemination remains unclear. In this study, we usedwhole genome sequencing to investigate the dissemination dynamics of blaNDM-1-positive plasmids in a set of 21 clinical NDM-1-positive isolates from Colombia and Mexico (Providencia rettgeri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii) aswell as six representative NDM-1-positive Escherichia coli transconjugants. Additionally, the plasmids from three representative P. rettgeri isolates were sequenced by PacBio sequencing and finished. Our results demonstrate the presence of previously reported plasmids from K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii in different genetic backgrounds and geographically distant locations in Colombia. Three new previously unclassified plasmids were also identified in P. rettgeri from Colombia and Mexico, plus an interesting genetic link between NDM-1-positive P. rettgeri from distant geographic locations (Canada, Mexico, Colombia, and Israel) without any reported epidemiological links was discovered. Finally, we detected a relationship between plasmids present in P. rettgeri and plasmids from A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae. Overall, our findings suggest a Russian dollmodel for the dissemination of blaNDM-1 in LatinAmerica,with P. rettgeri playing a central role in this process, andrevealnewinsights into the evolution and disseminationof plasmids carrying such antibiotic resistance genes