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Status of the European Green Crab, Carcinus maenas, (aka 5-spine crab) in Oregon Estuaries. Report for 2022
The European green crab (Carcinus maenas) has persisted in Oregon and Washington coastal estuaries since the late 1990s. A strong year class arrived during the 1998 El Niño, but numbers decreased and remained below 1 per trap per day until the arrival of the 2015-2016 El Niño. Since then, numbers have increased to an average of around 4-6 crabs per trap per day for intertidal sites and ~ 9 per trap per day in the shallow subtidal. Measurable ecological impact is predicted to occur at around 10-20 per trap per day (Grosholz et al. 2011). Between the two major El Niños, recruitment of young green crabs has been sporadic, with many years of recruitment failures. But after the 2015-2016 El Niño recruitment has been good every year. The Davidson Current transporting larvae from California during the winter no longer appears to be the only source of larvae for our coastal estuaries (Behrens Yamada, Fisher and Kosro 2021). Now that the populations in Oregon, Washington and British Columbia have built up, we have evidence for local larval production and seeding from a genetically distinct population on Vancouver Island (Alan Shanks and Carolyn Tepolt, pers. com.).
This report is a compilation of trapping data for Carcinus maenas from various sources and estuaries. These include the following:
1) Catches of adult crabs in Yaquina Bay using Fukui traps set in the intertidal and in the shallow subtidal. The latter were set at 22 sites along a salinity gradient from South Beach Marina to the Port of Toledo by Mitch Vance of Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.
2) Catches of adult crabs at 3 sites in the Salmon estuary using Fukui traps set in intertidal areas by volunteers and by Rebecca Flitcroft from the United Stated Department of Agriculture.
3) Summary of catches of crabs trapped in Coos Bay by Shon Schooler, interns and technicians of South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. For detailed data on various sites in Coos Bay see Schooler et al. (2022).
4) Catches of adult crabs in Siuslaw and Umpqua estuaries by Shon Schooler and interns.
5) Average catches of Young-Of-The-Year (YOTY, or Age-0) crabs at the end of their first growing season, from 4 Oregon estuaries and Willapa Bay, Washington. This 25-year data set allows us to compare catches of YOTY crabs between years and between estuaries
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Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries
Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely