Microsatellite markers for identification of Prunus spp. rootstocks

Cultivar characterization for fruit trees certification requires fast, efficient and reliable techniques. Microsatellite markers (SSR) were used in the molecular characterization of 29 Prunus spp. rootstocks. The DNA from the rootstocks was analyzed using five pre-selected SSR primers (UDP96-005, UDP96-008, UDP96-013, UDP96-18 and UDP98-414) and revealed 81 alleles, which allowed each genotype to be identified. The UDP96-005 marker generated the most information, i.e., 23 well-distributed, polymorphic alleles among all genotypes. The 21 polymorphisms produced by UDP96-013 occurred mainly as a result of high degree of variability among genotypes of the Prunophora subgenus. In the dendrogram, the five markers allowed the 29 rootstocks to be grouped into subgroups corresponding to the subgenus they belong to, either Prunophora or Amygdalus. Suitable cophenetic correlation coefficient (r=0.82) and good bootstrapping fitting value among the Prunophora subgroup cultivars were obtained. SSR markers proved to be efficient and reliable for the molecular characterization of Prunus spp. rootostocks

Características fisiológicas, nutricionais e de crescimento de porta-enxertos de pessegueiro submetidos a diferentes fontes e doses de fertilizantes

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes e doses de fertilizantes nas características fisiológicas, no estado nutricional e crescimento de porta-enxertos de pessegueiro [Prunus Persica L. (Batsch)] cultivar Capdeboscq. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, com quatro repetições de 4 plantas por repetição. Os tratamentos constituíram-se da combinação de duas fontes de nutrientes (Fertilizante de liberação controlada e de pronta disponibilidade) e três doses do fertilizante (0; 4 e 8 g L-1). Aos 70 dias após o transplantio avaliou-se a concentração interna de CO2, transpiração, condutância estomática, taxa de assimilação de CO2, açúcares solúveis totais, índice de clorofila, índice de balanço de nitrogênio, altura, diâmetro do colo e massa seca total de plantas. O emprego do fertilizante de liberação controlada permitiu superioridade nas características fisiológicas, de estado nutricional e no crescimento em uma dose inferior (4 g L-1) quando comparado ao fertilizante de pronta disponibilidade (8 g L-1), exceto para a variável diâmetro de colo onde não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre estas duas doses dentro de cada fonte. Desta forma, sugere-se a incorporação da dose de 4 g L-1 de fertilizante de liberação controlada ao substrato comercial de modo a garantir melhor aproveitamento do insumo para a promoção do desenvolvimento inicial de porta-enxertos de pessegueiro da cv. ‘Capdeboscq’ com adequado estado nutricional

Growth and nutrient accumulation in three peach rootstocks until the grafting stage

Analysing growth and nutrient accumulation is generally employed for guiding the fertilisation practices in the seedling-production chain. In the production of peach rootstock, such evaluations can provide information to aid can to aid in discrimination available genotypes, especially regarding the efficient use and conversion of fertiliser into dry matter, which can reduce the time required to obtain plants suitable for grafting. The aim of this study, was to investigate the differences in growth and nutrient accumulation in three peach-rootstock cultivars. A completely randomised experimental design was used, in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, including three peach rootstocks ('Flordaguard', 'Capdeboscq' and 'Okinawa Roxo') and four periods of growth evaluation (20, 40, 60 and 80 days after transplanting - DAT), giving a total of 12 treatments, with four replications, one for each plant. The Flordaguard and Capdeboscq cultivars showed greater height and stem diameter as well as a greater accumulation of total dry matter at 80 DAT, and both followed the distribution: leaves (67%) > roots (33%), while total dry-matter production in 'Okinawa Roxo' was less, following the order: leaves (71%) > roots (29%). The rootstock under evaluation showed variations in growth, confirmed by the physiological indices, except for the leaf area and specific leaf area. In general, macronutrient accumulation in the shoots and roots of the cultivars during each growth period was different, suggesting intrinsic differences in each of the genetic materials regarding nutrient demand for maintaining the metabolic processes which are vital to plant growth.Analysing growth and nutrient accumulation is generally employed for guiding the fertilisation practices in the seedling-production chain. In the production of peach rootstock, such evaluations can provide information to aid can to aid in discrimination available genotypes, especially regarding the efficient use and conversion of fertiliser into dry matter, which can reduce the time required to obtain plants suitable for grafting. The aim of this study, was to investigate the differences in growth and nutrient accumulation in three peach-rootstock cultivars. A completely randomised experimental design was used, in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, including three peach rootstocks ('Flordaguard', 'Capdeboscq' and 'Okinawa Roxo') and four periods of growth evaluation (20, 40, 60 and 80 days after transplanting - DAT), giving a total of 12 treatments, with four replications, one for each plant. The Flordaguard and Capdeboscq cultivars showed greater height and stem diameter as well as a greater accumulation of total dry matter at 80 DAT, and both followed the distribution: leaves (67%) > roots (33%), while total dry-matter production in 'Okinawa Roxo' was less, following the order: leaves (71%) > roots (29%). The rootstock under evaluation showed variations in growth, confirmed by the physiological indices, except for the leaf area and specific leaf area. In general, macronutrient accumulation in the shoots and roots of the cultivars during each growth period was different, suggesting intrinsic differences in each of the genetic materials regarding nutrient demand for maintaining the metabolic processes which are vital to plant growth

Morphological traits of 'Granada' peach nursery trees from rootstocks of two production systems

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do uso de porta‑enxertos provenientes dos sistemas de produção clonal e por sementes sobre as características morfológicas de mudas de pessegueiro da cultivar Granada. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (copa 'Granada' enxertada em cinco porta-enxertos) e cinco repetições. Os porta-enxertos da produção clonal foram o pessegueiro 'Okinawa' e os genótipos de pessegueiro GKM-ELD-10-70, EF-SAU-10-78 e EF-SAU-10-87 mantidos em vasos. Os porta-enxertos do sistema por sementes provieram de sementes de pêssego de algumas variedades copa (mistura de sementes), utilizadas para a fabricação de conserva e propagados em sistema de viveiro de campo. Foram avaliadas as variáveis morfológicas da parte aérea e das raízes. O sistema de produção dos porta-enxertos não afetou o volume de raízes. No entanto, as mudas do sistema de porta-enxertos clonais em vasos apresentaram maior percentagem de água nas raízes. Os porta-enxertos clonais em sistema de vasos não afetam a maioria das características morfológicas de mudas de pessegueiro 'Granada'; no entanto, induzem um sistema radicular homogêneo e retardam a abscisão foliar, além de não necessitarem de poda radicular.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the use of rootstocks from clonal and seed production systems on the morphology of  nursery peach trees of cultivar Granada. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments ('Granada' scion grafted onto five rootstocks) and five replicates. The rootstocks from clonal production were the 'Okinawa' peach plant and the GKM-ELD-10-70, EF-SAU-10-78, and EF-SAU-10-87 peach genotypes kept in pots. The rootstocks from the seed production system came from peach seed of some scion varieties (mixed pits) used for canning production and propagated in a nursery field system. Shoot and root morphological variables were evaluated. The rootstock production system did not affect root volume. However, the nursery trees of the clonal rootstocks system kept in pots showed a higher percentage of water in the roots. The clonal rootstocks in the potted system do not affect most of the morphological traits of 'Granada' peach nursery trees; however, they induce a homogeneous root system and delay leaf abscission, besides not requiring root pruning

Propagação vegetativa de porta-enxertos e enxertia da ameixeira ‘Irati’ em estacas herbáceas recém-enraizadas

In Brazil, nursery plum trees are traditionally produced by interspecific budding, where the rootstock is propagated by peach seeds often obtained from the waste of peach industrialization, which promotes heterogeneity among rootstocks. In addition, the conventional system of nursery plum tree production under field conditions requires approximately 18 months, from taking seeds to selling grafted trees. This research has aimed to assess the technical feasibility of adventitious root formation in the softwood cuttings of six cultivars of Prunus spp., as well as the budding of ‘Irati’ plum in the recently rooted softwood cuttings developed in a greenhouse, in order to reduce the time required to produce nursery plum trees with cloned rootstocks. Two tests were carried out in a greenhouse involving the rootstock propagation step (1) and the ‘Irati’ plum budding on the recently rooted cuttings (2). Under the experimental conditions adopted, we have concluded that it is technically feasible to propagate the cultivars of Prunus spp. under an intermittent mist system with 22 cm-long softwood cuttings. The cultivars ‘Genovesa’, ‘Marianna 2624’, and ‘Myrobalan 29C’ showed good propagation ability with high percentage of live rooted cuttings (>90%) and low mortality in acclimation (≤5.0%). On the other hand, the budding of the ‘Irati’ plum by the chip budding method made in April in the original rootstock cutting showed low percentages of success (between 17.1% and 31.4%) and the beginning of scion growth was only observed at the end of winter. Considering the time necessary for the softwood cutting to root and the satisfactory growth of the scion for planting the nursery trees at the appropriate time (winter), we could not produce budded nursery trees of ‘Irati’ plum in less than 12 months, counting from the cuttings made.No Brasil, as mudas de ameixeira são tradicionalmente produzidas por enxertia interespecífica, sendo o porta-enxerto propagado a partir de sementes de pessegueiro, muitas vezes obtidas do resíduo da industrialização do pêssego, o que promove heterogeneidade entre os porta-enxertos. Além disso, o sistema convencional de produção de mudas de ameixeira em condições de campo demanda em torno de 18 meses, desde a obtenção dos caroços à comercialização das mudas enxertadas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade técnica do enraizamento adventício de estacas herbáceas de seis cultivares de Prunus spp., bem como a realização da enxertia da ameixeira ‘Irati’ nas estacas recém-enraizadas em casa de vegetação, visando reduzir o tempo necessário para produzir mudas com porta-enxertos clonados. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, envolvendo a fase de propagação do porta-enxerto (1) e a fase da enxertia da ameixeira ’Irati’ nas estacas recém-enraizadas (2). Nas condições experimentais adotadas, conclui-se que é tecnicamente viável a propagação vegetativa de cultivares de Prunus spp. sob nebulização intermitente, utilizando-se estacas herbáceas com 22 cm de comprimento. As cultivares Genovesa, Marianna 2624 e Myrobalan 29C apresentam boa capacidade de propagação, com alta porcentagem de estacas enraizadas vivas (>90%) e baixa mortalidade na aclimatação (≤5,0%). A enxertia de “borbulhia de escudo com lenho” da ameixeira ‘Irati’, realizada em abril na estaca original do porta-enxerto, apresenta baixas porcentagens de pegamento (entre 17,1% e 31,4%) e o início do crescimento dos enxertos só é observado no final do inverno. Considerando os períodos necessários ao enraizamento da estaca herbácea e ao crescimento satisfatório do enxerto, para o plantio da muda na época adequada (inverno), não é possível produzir mudas enxertadas da ameixeira ‘Irati’ em tempo inferior a 12 meses, contado a partir da estaquia

AÇÃO DE GIBERELINAS E CITOCININAS NA GERMINAÇÃO DE SEMENTES DE PESSEGUEIRO

A satisfactory seed germination followed by a promptly seedling formation, for any fruits species, is desired when aiming reductions at nursery production costs. The research aimed to assess the role of plant regulators (cytokinin associated to gibberellin group) on peach seed germination (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) without endocarp. It was used seed of cultivars Okinawa, Capdeboscq e Tsukuba. The commercial products applied were Promalina® (benziladenina + GA 4 + 7) and Pro-Gibb® (GA 3) at 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg L-1 of the active principle. The seeds were set in Petri dishes lined with filter paper previously moistened in an aqueous solution of fungicide and bactericide and kept at room temperature (±21 ºC). ‘Capdeboscq’ provided the best results regarding to seed germination and emergence velocity, at all concentrations of both plant regulators. The use of benziladenina + GA4 + 7 at 200 and 300 mg L-1 provided the highest germination percentage (80,0% and 78,3%, respectively), and highest index of daily germination velocity (0,078 and 0,081, respectively).Uma satisfatória germinação e a redução no período de formação do porta-enxerto para qualquer espécie frutífera é desejável quando se visa a redução dos custos de produção do viveirista. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a ação dos reguladores vegetais do grupo das citocininas associado ao grupo das giberelinas na germinação de sementes de pessegueiro (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch), sem endocarpo. Utilizaram-se sementes dos cultivares Okinawa, Capdeboscq e Tsukuba. Os produtos comerciais contendo reguladores vegetais usados foram Promalina® (benziladenina + GA4 + 7) e Pro-Gibb® (GA3) nas concentrações 0, 100, 200 e 300 mg L-1, dos princípios ativos. As sementes foram colocadas em placas de Petri, forradas com folha de papel filtro umedecido com solução fúngica e bactericida e mantidas à temperatura ambiente (21 ºC). O Capdeboscq obteve a melhor resposta quanto à porcentagem de germinação e à velocidade de emergência, em todas as concentrações de ambos os reguladores vegetais. Os tratamentos com 200 e 300 mg L-1, utilizando o regulador vegetal contendo benziladenina + GA4 + 7, proporcionaram a maior porcentagem de germinação (80,0% e 78,3%, respectivamente) e maiores índices de velocidade de germinação diários (0,078 e 0,081, respectivamente)

Post-harvest Management of Prunus persica Stones and the Effects on Seed and Seedling Quality

 The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two forms of post-harvest management of \u27Capdeboscq\u27 peach stones (Farmer-Management and UFPel-Management) on the quality of seeds and seedlings to be used as rootstock. The experimental design was completely randomised with four replications of 50 seeds. The variables to be analysed were fresh seed weight, seed moisture content, percentage of intact and fungus-infected seeds, germination percentage, germination speed index (GSI) and seedling height up to 24 days after planting (DAP). At 24 DAP, the stem diameter, Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD index), chlorophyll index, nitrogen balance index, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, total dry weight and the Dickson quality index (DQI) were evaluated. The seeds from traditional farmer management showed a high rate of infestation by phytopathogens (36%) and only 64% of intact seeds. The seeds from the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel) management showed a rate of germination 1.63 times greater than those from the farmer management. It was concluded that proper post-harvest management of the stones, removing the pulp and treating the stones with fungicide, had a direct effect on maintaining the physiological quality of seed intended for the production of rootstock, making it possible to obtain increased vigour and higher initial seedling quality

Molecular characterization and genetic variability among peach rootstocks based on codominant markers

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer um padrão para a caracterização molecular e a diferenciação de porta‑enxertos de pessegueiro, bem como estimar parâmetros de variabilidade genética com base em marcadores codominantes. Catorze genótipos foram avaliados com uso de iniciadores para locos microssatélites das séries BPPCT e UDP, e para locos STS e SCAR. O perfil eletroforético foi registrado quanto à presença ou à ausência de bandas, as quais foram usadas para calcular a similaridade genética entre cultivares, por meio do coeficiente "simple matching", e para a análise de agrupamento de cultivares, pelo método das médias aritméticas não ponderadas (UPGMA). Foram calculados: número de alelos por loco, frequências alélicas, heterozigosidade esperada e observada, endogamia e conteúdo de informação polimórfica (PIC). Os 18 locos avaliados produziram 82 polimorfismos e permitiram elaborar um dendrograma que discriminou os genótipos em três grupos principais. A heterozigosidade esperada e observada nos 18 locos SSR foi de 0,66 e 0,22, respectivamente. Valores máximos para endogamia (1,0) foram identificados nos locos UDP 98407, UDP 98412, BPPCT 034, BPPCT 016, SCAR‑SCAL 19 e STS OPAP4. O PIC variou de 0,81, para SCAR‑SCAL 19, a 0,46, para UDP 98407. O polimorfismo dos 18 marcadores possibilita obter acurada relação genética entre os genótipos de pessegueiro avaliados e identificar os mais contrastantes para uso em programas de melhoramento.The objective of this work was to establish a standard for molecular characterization and differentiation of peach rootstocks, as well to estimate genetic variability parameters based on codominant markers. Fourteen genotypes were evaluated using primers for microsatellite loci from the BPPCT and UDP series and for the STS and SCAR loci. The electrophoretic profile was recorded for the presence or absence of bands, which were used to calculate the genetic similarity among cultivars by the simple matching coefficient, and to perform cluster analysis by the unweighted arithmetic average (UPGMA) method. The number of alleles per locus, allele frequencies, observed and expected heterozygosity, inbreeding, and polymorphic information content (PIC) were calculated. The 18 loci produced 82 polymorphisms, allowing for the elaboration of a dendrogram, which discriminated the genotypes into three main groups. Observed and expected heterozygosity in the 18 SSR loci were 0.66 and 0.22, respectively. Maximum values for inbreeding (1.0) were identified in loci UDP 98407, UDP 98412, BPPCT 034, BPPCT 016, SCAR‑SCAL 19, and STS OPAP4. PIC ranged from 0.81 for SCAR‑SCAL 19, to 0.46 for UDP 98407. The polymorphism of the 18 markers allows for an accurate genetic relationship among the evaluated peach genotypes and the identification of the more contrasting ones for use in breeding programs

Molecular characterization and genetic variability among peach rootstocks based on codominant markers

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer um padrão para a caracterização molecular e a diferenciação de porta‑enxertos de pessegueiro, bem como estimar parâmetros de variabilidade genética com base em marcadores codominantes. Catorze genótipos foram avaliados com uso de iniciadores para locos microssatélites das séries BPPCT e UDP, e para locos STS e SCAR. O perfil eletroforético foi registrado quanto à presença ou à ausência de bandas, as quais foram usadas para calcular a similaridade genética entre cultivares, por meio do coeficiente "simple matching", e para a análise de agrupamento de cultivares, pelo método das médias aritméticas não ponderadas (UPGMA). Foram calculados: número de alelos por loco, frequências alélicas, heterozigosidade esperada e observada, endogamia e conteúdo de informação polimórfica (PIC). Os 18 locos avaliados produziram 82 polimorfismos e permitiram elaborar um dendrograma que discriminou os genótipos em três grupos principais. A heterozigosidade esperada e observada nos 18 locos SSR foi de 0,66 e 0,22, respectivamente. Valores máximos para endogamia (1,0) foram identificados nos locos UDP 98407, UDP 98412, BPPCT 034, BPPCT 016, SCAR‑SCAL 19 e STS OPAP4. O PIC variou de 0,81, para SCAR‑SCAL 19, a 0,46, para UDP 98407. O polimorfismo dos 18 marcadores possibilita obter acurada relação genética entre os genótipos de pessegueiro avaliados e identificar os mais contrastantes para uso em programas de melhoramento.The objective of this work was to establish a standard for molecular characterization and differentiation of peach rootstocks, as well to estimate genetic variability parameters based on codominant markers. Fourteen genotypes were evaluated using primers for microsatellite loci from the BPPCT and UDP series and for the STS and SCAR loci. The electrophoretic profile was recorded for the presence or absence of bands, which were used to calculate the genetic similarity among cultivars by the simple matching coefficient, and to perform cluster analysis by the unweighted arithmetic average (UPGMA) method. The number of alleles per locus, allele frequencies, observed and expected heterozygosity, inbreeding, and polymorphic information content (PIC) were calculated. The 18 loci produced 82 polymorphisms, allowing for the elaboration of a dendrogram, which discriminated the genotypes into three main groups. Observed and expected heterozygosity in the 18 SSR loci were 0.66 and 0.22, respectively. Maximum values for inbreeding (1.0) were identified in loci UDP 98407, UDP 98412, BPPCT 034, BPPCT 016, SCAR‑SCAL 19, and STS OPAP4. PIC ranged from 0.81 for SCAR‑SCAL 19, to 0.46 for UDP 98407. The polymorphism of the 18 markers allows for an accurate genetic relationship among the evaluated peach genotypes and the identification of the more contrasting ones for use in breeding programs

Development of 31 cultivars of quince grafted in the japanese rootstock

Os marmeleiros sempre foram propagados comercialmente através de enraizamento de estacas. Devido à falta de vigor das mudas, principalmente nos primeiros anos após o plantio, uma série de trabalhos foram desenvolvidos no Brasil a fim de viabilizar a utilização do marmeleiro 'Japonês' (Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne) como porta-enxerto para marmelos. Frente à falta de informações, desenvolveu-se este experimento com o objetivo de verificar o desenvolvimento de diferentes cultivares de marmeleiros enxertadas sobre esse porta-enxerto. Os marmeleiros 'Japonês', 'MC', 'Adams', 'Van Deman', 'Provence', 'Cheldow', 'Smyrna', 'Rea's Mamouth', 'De Patras', 'De Vranja', 'Lajeado', 'Champion', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Alongado', 'Meech Prolific', 'Bereckzy', 'Alaranjado', 'Kiakami', 'Du Lot', 'Radaelli', 'CTS 207', 'D'Angers', 'Zuquerinetta', 'BA 29', 'Constantinopla', 'Marmelo Pêra', 'Apple', 'Portugal', 'Füller', 'Meliforme' e 'Pineapple' foram enxertados através de garfagem em mudas de 'Japonês', pelo método em fenda cheia. Foram utilizados garfos com três gemas, coletados de plantas-matrizes. As mudas foram mantidas em viveiro, sendo avaliadas, após 60 dias, a porcentagem de garfos brotados. O comprimento e diâmetro médio do enxerto foram avaliados aos 60; 90; 120 e 150 dias após a realização da enxertia. Concluiu-se que os marmeleiros apresentaram boa afinidade com o porta-enxerto 'Japonês'. As cultivares 'Van Deman', 'Japonês', 'Smyrna', 'De Vranja', 'Lajeado', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Alongado', 'Meech Prolific', 'Meliforme', 'Cheldow', 'Champion', 'Bereckzy' e 'De Patras' foram as que tiveram o maior vigor na fase de viveiro.The quinces have always been commercially propagated by means of rooting stem cuttings. Due to the lack vigor of the seedlings, especilly afer the first years whih followed the planting season, a sequency of studies were developed in Brazil aiming to permit the use of 'Japanese' quinces (Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne) as a rootstock for the quinces. Beacuse of lack of information, this experiment was developed with the aim of verifying the development of different rootstock cultivars. The 'Japanese' quinces, 'MC', 'Adams', 'Van Deman', 'Provence', 'Cheldow', 'Smyrna', 'Rea's Mamouth', 'De Patras', 'De Vranja', 'Lajeado', 'Champion', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Alongado', 'Meech Prolific', 'Bereckzy', 'Alaranjado', 'Kiakami', 'Du Lot', 'Radaelli', 'CTS 207', 'D'Angers', 'Zuquerinetta', 'BA 29', 'Constantinopla', 'Marmelo Pêra', 'Apple', 'Portugal', 'Füller', 'Meliforme' and 'Pineapple' were grafted by means of clevis process in 'Japanese' seedlings, by the full slit method. Clevis with three gems were used, collected from parent plants. The seedlings were kept in greenhouse, and the percentage of sprout clevis was evaluated after 60 days. The length and medium diameter of the graft were evaluated in the 60; 90; 120 e 150 days after the grafting. It was concluded that the quinces presented good affinity. with the 'Japanese' rootstock. The cultivars 'Van Deman', 'Japonês', 'Smyrna', 'De Vranja', 'Lajeado', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Alongado', 'Meech Prolific', 'Meliforme', 'Cheldow', 'Champion', 'Bereckzy' and 'De Patras'were the ones that had the highest vigor in the greenhouse phase