Heavy quarkonium: progress, puzzles, and opportunities

A golden age for heavy quarkonium physics dawned a decade ago, initiated by the confluence of exciting advances in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and an explosion of related experimental activity. The early years of this period were chronicled in the Quarkonium Working Group (QWG) CERN Yellow Report (YR) in 2004, which presented a comprehensive review of the status of the field at that time and provided specific recommendations for further progress. However, the broad spectrum of subsequent breakthroughs, surprises, and continuing puzzles could only be partially anticipated. Since the release of the YR, the BESII program concluded only to give birth to BESIII; the $B$-factories and CLEO-c flourished; quarkonium production and polarization measurements at HERA and the Tevatron matured; and heavy-ion collisions at RHIC have opened a window on the deconfinement regime. All these experiments leave legacies of quality, precision, and unsolved mysteries for quarkonium physics, and therefore beg for continuing investigations. The plethora of newly-found quarkonium-like states unleashed a flood of theoretical investigations into new forms of matter such as quark-gluon hybrids, mesonic molecules, and tetraquarks. Measurements of the spectroscopy, decays, production, and in-medium behavior of c\bar{c}, b\bar{b}, and b\bar{c} bound states have been shown to validate some theoretical approaches to QCD and highlight lack of quantitative success for others. The intriguing details of quarkonium suppression in heavy-ion collisions that have emerged from RHIC have elevated the importance of separating hot- and cold-nuclear-matter effects in quark-gluon plasma studies. This review systematically addresses all these matters and concludes by prioritizing directions for ongoing and future efforts.Comment: 182 pages, 112 figures. Editors: N. Brambilla, S. Eidelman, B. K. Heltsley, R. Vogt. Section Coordinators: G. T. Bodwin, E. Eichten, A. D. Frawley, A. B. Meyer, R. E. Mitchell, V. Papadimitriou, P. Petreczky, A. A. Petrov, P. Robbe, A. Vair

New measurement of the rare decay ϕ→η′γ\phi \to \eta' \gamma with CMD-2

A new measurement of the rare decay \phi \to \eta' \gamma performed with the CMD-2 detector at Novosibirsk is described. Of the data sample corresponding to the integrated luminosity of 14.5 pb^{-1}, twenty one events have been selected in the mode \eta'\to\pi^+\pi^-\eta, \eta\to\gamma\gamma. The following branching ratio was obtained: B(\phi \to \eta' \gamma) = (8.2^{+2.1}_{-1.9} \pm 1.1) 10^{-5}.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, LaTe

Vibrational and electronic spectroscopic properties of zirconia powders

Ten zirconia powders have been characterized by XRD, FT-IR/FT-FIR and Raman skeletal spectroscopies and DR-UV electronic spectroscopy. The vibrational features of a yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia and of tetragonal, monoclinic and tetragonal + monoclinic pure zirconia mixtures have been discussed. Assignments for the vibrational features of cubic and tetragonal samples are proposed. The origin of very broad vibrational peaks in tetragonal zirconia is briefly addressed. The vibrational spectra provide evidence for the presence of trigonal oxide ions in the monoclinic phase only. The UV spectra show that monoclinic zirconia (where the coordination of zirconium is sevenfold) absorbs at lower energy than the cubic and tetragonal phases (where the coordination of zirconium is eightfold). However, it absorbs at higher energy than the perovskite SrZrO3 where Zr adopts octahedral coordination. The origin of the shifts of the corresponding absorption edges is discussed

Oxidation of ethane and cyclohexane over vanadia-niobia-silica catalysts

The conversion of ethane and cyclohexane in the presence of oxygen has been investigated on vanadia-silica (VS), niobia-silica (NS) and 1:1 vanadia-niobia-silica (VNS) catalysts. Vanadia-silica is an active catalyst for the production of ethylene from ethane and of benzene from cyclohexane. Selectivity to ethylene near 60% is obtained at near 10% ethane conversion near 820 K. Selectivity to benzene declines from above 70 to 40% when conversion of cyclohexane grows up to 40%. Cyclohexene is produced only after total oxygen conversion. Niobia-silica is much less active than vanadia-silica, and the selectivities to ethylene and to benzene grow by increasing conversion up to approach those obtained in the empty reactor at very high temperatures (above 900\u20131000 K). The vanadia-niobia-silica catalyst behaves quite like the vanadia-silica catalyst. Raman, UV-Vis and XRD characterization experiments show that V2O5 particles are present both in vanadia-silica and in niobia-vanadia-silica. On the contrary niobium oxide is present as amorphous phase and traces of V-Nb mixed oxide are found in the V-Nb-silica catalyst

Humane orientation, work–family conflict, and positive spillover across cultures

Although cross-national work–family research has made great strides in recent decades, knowledge accumulation on the impact of culture on the work–family interface has been hampered by a limited geographical and cultural scope that has excluded countries where cultural expectations regarding work, family, and support may differ. We advance this literature by investigating work–family relationships in a broad range of cultures, including understudied regions of the world (i.e., Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Asia). We focus on humane orientation (HO), an overlooked cultural dimension that is however central to the study of social support and higher in those regions. We explore its moderating effect on relationships between work and family social support, work–family conflict, and work–family positive spillover. Building on the congruence and compensation perspectives of fit theory, we test alternative hypotheses on a sample of 10,307 participants from 30 countries/territories. We find HO has mostly a compensatory role in the relationships between workplace support and work-to-family conflict. Specifically, supervisor and coworker supports were most strongly and negatively related to conflict in cultures in which support is most needed (i.e., lower HO cultures). Regarding positive spillover, HO has mostly an amplifying role. Coworker (but not supervisor) support was most strongly and positively related to work-to-family positive spillover in higher HO cultures, where providing social support at work is consistent with the societal practice of providing support to one another. Likewise, instrumental (but not emotional) family support was most strongly and positively related to family-to-work positive spillover in higher HO cultures

Boundary management preferences from a gender and cross-cultural perspective

Although work is increasingly globalized and mediated by technology, little research has accumulated on the role of culture in shaping individuals' preferences regarding the segmentation or integration of their work and family roles. This study examines the relationships between gender egalitarianism (the extent a culture has a fluid understanding of gender roles and promotes gender equality), gender, and boundary management preferences across 27 countries/territories. Based on a sample of 9362 employees, we found that the pattern of the relationship between gender egalitarianism and boundary management depends on the direction of segmentation preferences. Individuals from more gender egalitarian societies reported lower preferences to segment family-from-work (i.e., protect the work role from the family role); however, gender egalitarianism was not directly associated with preferences to segment work-from-family. Moreover, gender was associated with both boundary management directions such that women preferred to segment family-from-work and work-from-family more so than did men. As theorized, we found gender egalitarianism moderated the relationship between gender and segmentation preferences such that women's desire to protect family from work was stronger in lower (vs. higher) gender egalitarianism cultures. Contrary to expectations, women reported a greater preference to protect work from family than men regardless of gender egalitarianism. Implications for boundary management theory and the cross-national work-family literature are discussed

Multinuclear MAS NMR investigation of sol-gel and ball-milled nanocrystalline Ga2O3

Ga-71 magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been used to characterize the structural evolution of nanocrystalline Ga2O3 samples prepared by sol-gel and ball-milling techniques. Si-29 and Al-27 MAS NMR have also been used to characterize silica and alumina Zener pinning phases. Ga-71 NMR parameters are reported for the alpha- and beta-Ga2O3 phases, and more tentatively for the delta-Ga2O3 phase. By simulating the octahedrally coordinated gallium NMR line of beta-Ga2O3 using Gaussian distributions in chi(Q), the extent of disorder in the Ga2O3 crystallites has been quantified. The ball-milled samples contain much more inherent disorder than the sol-gel samples in the nano-phase, which was observed from simulations of the Ga-71 MAS NMR spectra. The silica pinning phase produced highly crystalline and densely aggregated nanocrystalline Ga2O3, as well as the smallest nanocrystal size