Households’ Financial Vulnerability

Households’ financial vulnerability determines households’ default risk. Financial stability could be affected by households’ behavior under stressful macroeconomic conditions. Households’ financial vulnerability depends on their indebtedness levels and on the fragility of their income sources to be able to fulfill their obligations. The main source of households’ uncertainty comes from labor income generation, which is critically determined by unemployment. Heterogeneity of indebtedness levels and of income uncertainty calls for microeconomic analysis. This paper uses panel data survival analysis to estimate the probability of job loss at the individual level. Using semi-parametric methods, a significant heterogeneity is found for the impact of aggregate unemployment among individuals. Monte Carlo simulations are run to assess households financial stress and then to estimate aggregate debt at risk under high unemployment rate scenarios. Since the majority of debt is held by those with lower levels of income vulnerability, it is found that financial stability is not significantly affected by high unemployment levels.

Direct Observation of the Electroadsorptive Effect on Ultrathin Films for Microsensor and Catalytic-Surface Control

Microchemical sensors and catalytic reactors make use of gases during adsorption in specific ways on selected materials. Fine-tuning is normally achieved by morphological control and material doping. The latter relates surface properties to the electronic structure of the bulk, and this suggests the possibility of electronic control. Although unusual for catalytic surfaces, such phenomena are sometimes reported for microsensors, but with little understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Herein, direct observation of the electroadsorptive effect by a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and conductivity analysis on nanometre-thick semiconductor films on buried control electrodes is reported. For the SnO2/NO2 model system, NO3 surface species, which normally decay at the latest within minutes, can be kept stable for 1.5 h with a high coverage of 15 % under appropriate electric fields. This includes uncharged states, too, and implies that nanoelectronic structures provide control over the predominant adsorbate conformation on exterior surfaces and thus opens the field for chemically reactive interfaces with in situ tunability

Factibilidad técnica y económica para instalar un local de venta de repuestos de automóviles chinos

Tesis (Ingeniero Industrial)El proyecto en estudio está referido a la instalación de un local de venta de repuestos para automóviles de origen chino, de las tres marcas más vendidas en el país, de las cuales son; Chery, Great Wall y Changan. Se tiene como objetivo analizar la factibilidad técnico económico de la instalación del local. El mercado nacional se muestra como una gran oportunidad de negocio, demostrada por los altos índices de venta de autos chinos y la gran demanda que se ha observado desde el ingreso al país. Una de la gran ventaja que posee el proyecto es la descentralización de los repuestos y la mala atención de los competidores hacía los clientes. Es por esto que nace la oportunidad de cubrir estas necesidades en el mercado. El proyecto es factible técnicamente, ya que las barreras de entrada al mercado son bajas y el aumento de la demanda de repuestos va en aumento. El monto de inversión entre el capital de trabajo y los activos fijos es de$27.883.253.- Para la evaluación pura el valor actual neto (VAN) es de$ 65.744.335 y la tasa interna de retomo (TIR) es de 38,4 % .Para la evaluación financiada el VAN es de $ 102.070.051 y el TIR de 75,9 %. Por último se puede mencionar que con los parámetros estudiados en este proyecto, se concluye que es rentable instalar un local de venta de repuestos para automóviles chino en la comuna de santiago, más específicamente en el sector 10 de Julio Huamachuco

Analytical solution of generalized Burton--Cabrera--Frank equations for growth and post--growth equilibration on vicinal surfaces

We investigate growth on vicinal surfaces by molecular beam epitaxy making use of a generalized Burton--Cabrera--Frank model. Our primary aim is to propose and implement a novel analytical program based on a perturbative solution of the non--linear equations describing the coupled adatom and dimer kinetics. These equations are considered as originating from a fully microscopic description that allows the step boundary conditions to be directly formulated in terms of the sticking coefficients at each step. As an example, we study the importance of diffusion barriers for adatoms hopping down descending steps (Schwoebel effect) during growth and post-growth equilibration of the surface.Comment: 16 pages, REVTeX 3.0, IC-DDV-94-00

A combined theoretical and experimental study of the low temperature properties of BaZrO3

Low temperature properties of BaZrO3 are revealed by combining experimental techniques (X-ray diffraction, neutron scattering and dielectric measurements) with theoretical first-principles-based methods (total energy and linear response calculations within density functional theory, and effective Hamiltonian approaches incorporating/neglecting zero-point phonon vibrations). Unlike most of the perovskite systems, BaZrO3 does not undergo any (long-range-order) structural phase transition and thus remains cubic and paraelectric down to 2 K, even when neglecting zero-point phonon vibrations. On the other hand, these latter pure quantum effects lead to a negligible thermal dependency of the cubic lattice parameter below ~ 40 K. They also affect the dielectricity of BaZrO3 by inducing an overall saturation of the real part of the dielectric response, for temperatures below ~ 40 K. Two fine structures in the real part, as well as in the imaginary part, of dielectric response are further observed around 50-65 K and 15 K, respectively. Microscopic origins (e.g., unavoidable defects and oxygen octahedra rotation occurring at a local scale) of such anomalies are suggested. Finally, possible reasons for the facts that some of these dielectric anomalies have not been previously reported in the better studied KTaO3 and SrTiO3 incipient ferroelectrics are also discussed.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Physical Review

Probing Ionization Energies for Trace Gas Identification: The Micro Photo Electron Ionization Detector (PEID)

Micro gas sensors detect the presence of substances, but can hardly identify them. We developed a novel approach of probing referenceable ionization energies. It extends the photoionization principle towards tunable energies via replacement of photons by accelerated photo electrons. The device comprises UV-LED illumination, an atmospherically stable photoelectron emission layer with a nano-vacuum electronics accelerator realized in thin film technology and charged particle measurement. A voltage variation at the accelerator provides electrons of tunable energies. We were able to prove that variable electron energies can be used for substance detection. The resulting system reaches ambient conditions operability. The actual limitations and challenges are discussed

Sublittoral soft bottom communities and diversity of Mejillones Bay in northern Chile (Humboldt Current upwelling system)

The macrozoobenthos of Mejillones Bay (23°S; Humboldt Current) was quantitatively investigated over a 7-year period from austral summer 1995/1996 to winter 2002. About 78 van Veen grab samples taken at six stations (5, 10, 20 m depth) provided the basis for the analysis of the distribution of 60 species and 28 families of benthic invertebrates, as well as of their abundance and biomass. Mean abundance (2,119 individuals m-2) was in the same order compared to a previous investigation; mean biomass (966 g formalin wet mass m-2), however, exceeded prior estimations mainly due to the dominance of the bivalve Aulacomya ater. About 43% of the taxa inhabited the complete depth range. Mean taxonomic Shannon diversity (H', Log e) was 1.54 ± 0.58 with a maximum at 20 m (1.95 ± 0.33); evenness increased with depth. The fauna was numerically dominated by carnivorous gastropods, polychaetes and crustaceans (48%). About 15% of the species were suspensivorous, 13% sedimentivorous, 11% detritivorous, 7% omnivorous and 6% herbivorous. Cluster analyses showed a significant difference between the shallow and the deeper stations. Gammarid amphipods and the polychaete family Nephtyidae characterized the 5-mzone, the molluscs Aulacomya ater, Mitrella unifasciata and gammarids the intermediate zone, while the gastropod Nassarius gayi and the polychaete family Nereidae were most prominent at the deeper stations. The communities of the three depth zones did not appear to be limited by hypoxia during non-El Niño conditions. Therefore, no typical change in community structure occurred during El Niño 1997–1998, in contrast to what was observed for deeper faunal assemblages and hypoxic bays elsewhere in the coastal Humboldt Current system

Actividad ovicida de la lavandina sobre huevos de Aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae)

Introducción: Diversos productos de uso doméstico pueden ayudar en el saneamientode nuestro hábitat. Algunos autores señalan la efectividad del cloro puro en laremoción del corion del huevo de Aedes aegypti, produciéndose una menor eclosión alaplicarlo sobre las paredes de los contenedores donde son depositados. Objetivo:evaluar la susceptibilidad de huevos de Ae. aegypti a diferentes concentraciones delavandina, para valorar su actividad ovicida. Materiales y método: Se utilizó agualavandina concentrada (AYUDIN, 2,2 %, 55g Cl/ 1l), en cuatro concentraciones: L1(100 %), L2 (50 %), L3 (25 %) y L4 (12,5 %). Se trataron 40 huevos para cada unidady, luego de 48 hs, inundaron con agua declorada para inducir la eclosión. Paraobservar diferencias entre el control y el tratamiento, se realizó un test de KruskalWallis y un Boxplot, utilizando la plataforma R-medic. Resultados: Se observarondiferencias significativas (p< 0.001) con el control (Me= 95.8), registrándose unaelevada mortalidad de huevos al aplicar lavandina, sin importar la concentración usada(Me≤ 2.5). L4 fue la única dosis que registró supervivencia (Me= 2.5). Conclusiones:Estos resultados pueden ser útiles en la lucha antivectorial contra Ae. aegypti,reforzando las acciones comunitarias durante las campañas de fumigación ysaneamiento ambiental para la prevención de las enfermedades transmitidas por él.Consideramos que recomendar el empleo de la lavandina para el lavado de losrecipientes vacíos, enfatizando en la limpieza de las paredes, puede ayudar a ladisminución de las poblaciones del vector, especialmente durante los periodosinterepidémicos, ideales para la aplicación de medidas de control vectorial.Fil: Rodriguez, Gabriela Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto Superior de Entomología; ArgentinaFil: Herrera, V. G.. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Pomares, M. A.. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Fuenzalida, Ana Denise. Secretaria de Gobierno de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical - Sede Tucumán; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto Superior de Entomología; ArgentinaFil: Direni Mancini, José Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto Superior de Entomología; ArgentinaFil: Diaz Briz, L. M.. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto Superior de Entomología; ArgentinaFil: Claps, Guillermo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto Superior de Entomología; ArgentinaFil: Quintana, María Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto Superior de Entomología; Argentina. Secretaria de Gobierno de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical - Sede Tucumán; ArgentinaXIV Jornadas Internas de Comunicaciones en Investigación, Docencia y ExtensiónSan Miguel de TucumánArgentinaUniversidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lill