Reconstructing the Economic Landscape of Ekaterinburg City in 1914 Based on the Telephone Network

Поступила в редакцию: 23.01.2022. Принята к печати: 21.10.2022.Submitted: 23.01.2022. Accepted: 21.10.2022.Статья посвящена реконструкции экономического пространства Екатеринбурга в 1914 г. Источниками работы выступили план Екатеринбурга 1910 г. и телефонная книга 1914 г., а методической основой — метод пространственного синтаксиса города. В ходе исследования авторы создали базу данных из субъектов экономической деятельности — абонентов телефонной сети Екатеринбурга перед Первой мировой войной (в итоговый анализ попали 390 предприятий), классифицировали их по секторам экономики в соответствии с моделью Фишера — Кларка (первичный сектор — извлечение природных ресурсов, вторичный — обрабатывающая промышленность, третичный — торговля и услуги, четвертичный — финансовые, юридические и информационные услуги, пятеричный — государственное администрирование, наука, медицина и образование) и отобразили на карте города. Визуализация показала, что в Екатеринбурге начала XX в. было лишь несколько предприятий первичного сектора; большинство крупных производств вторичного сектора были вынесены из селитебной зоны, а оставшиеся были относительно равномерно распределены на карте города, что можно связать с тяготением к рабочей силе и с экологическим фактором; фирмы третичного сектора формировали достаточно четкий район вокруг Торговой площади, таким образом центр торговли и услуг располагался западнее географического центра города; бизнесы четвертичного сектора во многом повторяли локализацию третичного с некоторым смещением на северо-запад и левый берег р. Исети; предприятия и учреждения пятеричного сектора были сильнее рассредоточены в силу социальных причин с тяготением к центру города и северо-западу. Визуализация всех секторов выявила четкий экономический центр Екатеринбурга, сформированный вокруг географической доминанты города — перекрестья р. Исети и плотины, с уклоном на запад и северо-запад, где начинал формироваться прототип центрального делового района.This paper reconstructs Ekaterinburg’s economic landscape in 1914. The research is based on the 1910 city map and quantitative data from the 1914 city phonebook and relies on the space syntax method. During the study, the authors created a database including 390 local companies’ phone numbers before World War I classified in accordance with the Fisher-Clark economic sector model (primary sector — extraction of raw materials, secondary — manufacturing, tertiary — service industries, quaternary — finances and information services, quinary sector — administration, education, medicine, sciences, etc.). The research demonstrates that there were just a couple of primary sector businesses in Ekaterinburg in the early twentieth century. Most secondary sector plants and factories had been moved outside of the city, while the others were evenly distributed following the environmental regulations and proximity to labour force. Tertiary sector firms dominated in the western part of the city and formed a commercial district around Market Square. The quaternary sector companies had almost the same location, spreading further to the northwest. Quinary sector organisations were dispersed all over the city with a notable concentration in the center and north-western part. The reconstruction of the Ekaterinburg economic landscape reveals that its centre occupied the area around the dam that locked the Iset River running through the city and spread towards the west and north-west part in the early twentieth century forming the city’s future business district

Two novel mutations associated with ataxia-telangiectasia identified using an ion ampliSeq inherited disease panel

© 2017 Kuznetsova, Trofimov, Shubina, Kochetkova, Karetnikova, Barkov, Bakharev, Gusev and Sukhikh. Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), or Louis-Bar syndrome, is a rare neurodegenerative disorder associated with immunodeficiency. For families with at least one affected child, timely A-T genotyping during any subsequent pregnancy allows the parents to make an informed decision about whether to continue to term when the fetus is affected. Mutations in the ATM gene, which is 150 kb long, give rise to A-T; more than 600 pathogenic variants in ATM have been characterized since 1990 and new mutations continue to be discovered annually. Therefore, limiting genetic screening to previously known SNPs by PCR or hybridization with microarrays may not identify the specific pathog enic genotype in ATM for a given A-T family. However, recent developments in next-generation sequencing technology offer prompt high-throughput full-length sequencing of genomic fragments of interest. This allows the identification of the whole spectrum of mutations in a gene, including any novel ones. We report two A-T families with affected children and current pregnancies. Both families are consanguineous and originate from Caucasian regions of Russia and Azerbaijan. Before our study, no ATM mutations had been identified in the older children of these families. We used ion semiconductor sequencing and an Ion AmpliSeq ™ Inherited Disease Panel to perform complete ATM gene sequencing in a single member of each family. Then we compared the experimentally determined genotype with the affected/normal phenotype distribution in the whole family to provide unambiguous evidence of pathogenic mutations responsible for A-T. A single novel SNP was allocated to each family. In the first case, we found a mononucleotide deletion, and in the second, a mononucleotide insertion. Both mutations lead to truncation of the ATM protein product. Identification of the pathogenic mutation in each family was performed in a timely fashion, allowing the fetuses to be tested and diagnosed. The parents chose to continue with both pregnancies as both fetuses had a healthy genotype and thus were not at risk of A-T

First time determination of the microscopic structure of a stripe phase: Low temperature NMR in La2NiO4.17

The experimental observations of stripes in superconducting cuprates and insulating nickelates clearly show the modulation in charge and spin density. However, these have proven to be rather insensitive to the harmonic structure and (site or bond) ordering. Using 139La NMR in La2NiO4.17, we show that in the 1/3 hole doped nickelate below the freezing temperature the stripes are strongly solitonic and site ordered with Ni3+ ions carrying S=1/2 in the domain walls and Ni2+ ions with S=1 in the domains.Comment: 4 pages including 4 figure

Spin dynamics and ordering of a cuprate stripe-antiferromagnet

In La1.48Nd0.4Sr0.12CuO4 the 139La and 63Cu NQR relaxation rates and signal wipe-out upon lowering temperature are shown to be due to purely magnetic fluctuations. They follow the same renormalized classical behavior as seen in neutron data, when the electronic spins order in stripes, with a small spread in spin stiffness (15% spread in activation energy). The La signal, which reappears at low temperatures, is magnetically broadened and experiences additional wipe-out due to slowing down of the Nd fluctuations.Comment: 4 pages including 3 figures - ref. 16 adde

Пневматическая система дифференцированного обмолота кукурузы

Differentiation of the force applied to the cobs of seed corn in the process of threshing allows minimizing the amount of macro- and micro-damage to the grain, which maintains the potential yield level of this crop. (Research purpose) To develop an automatic control system for active pneumatic elements of the deck of the threshing-and-separating unit capable of varying the pressing force of the spikes applied to the cobs of seed corn in different parts of the threshing chamber to minimize the crop damage. (Materials and methods) The authors have used the methods of system analysis, designing the operating algorithms of automated mechanical systems, electronics and general electrical engineering. (Results and discussions) The authors offer an advanced design of the threshing-and-separating unit for seed corn. The design features an active pneumatic deck with an automatic control system varying the pressing force of separate deck spikes to the cob grain directly in the course of threshing. For air inflating and lowering, two valves are installed in each of the 16 airbags, 32 control relays being used. The operation process is automatized through the Atmega 2560 controller regulating the amount of pressure in the airbags forcing the spikes against the grain in the process of threshing. The authors propose a schematic diagram describing the operation algorithm of the controller with pressure control units in deck airbags. By programming the controller, an operator can change the amount of pressure in the airbags, thus adjusting the force of direct and precise pressing the deck spikes to the corn cobs, for any airbag and in any part of the deck. (Conclusions) It has been determined that the destructive pressing force of 55 Newtons can be achieved in certain combinations of the membrane thickness, the pressure in the airbags and the pressing depth of the spikes. The proposed design of the threshing device with a system of automated pressure control in the deck airbags allows varying the force of threshing, which minimizes the amount of macro- and micro-damage to the seed corn grain and thus maintains the potential yield level of this crop.Дифференцирование величины силового воздействия на початки семенной кукурузы в процессе обмолота минимизирует количество макро- и микроповреждений зерна, что сохраняет потенциал урожайности данной культуры. (Цель исследования) Разработать автоматическую систему управления активными пневматическими элементами деки молотильно-сепарирующего устройства, позволяющую дифференцировать силу прижатия шипов к початкам семенной кукурузы в различных зонах молотильной камеры, чтобы снизить травмирование зерна. (Материалы и методы) Использовали методы системного анализа, проектирования алгоритмов работы автоматизированных механических систем, электроники и общей электротехники. (Результаты и обсуждение) Предложили перспективную конструкцию молотильно-сепарирующего устройства для семенной кукурузы. Укомплектовали ее активной пневматической декой с системой автоматического регулирования силы прижатия независимых друг от друга шипов деки к зерну, находящемуся в початке, непосредственно в процессе обмолота. Для подкачки и спуска воздуха установили два клапана в каждой из 16 пневмоподушек, использовали 32 управляющих реле. Для автоматизации процесса регулирования предусмотрели управление посредством контроллера Atmega 2560 давления в пневмоподушках, прижимающих шипы к зерну в процессе обмолота. Определили принципиальную схему, описывающую алгоритм работы контроллера с блоками управления давлением в пневмоподушках деки. Показали, что благодаря программированию контроллера можно изменять давление в пневмоподушках и тем самым регулировать силы прижатия шипов деки к початкам кукурузы адресно, то есть для любой пневмоподушки в любой части деки. (Выводы) Определили, что разрушающее усилие вдавливания 55 ньютонов достигается в определенных вариантах сочетания толщины мембраны, давления в пневмоподушках и глубины вдавливания шипа. Разработали конструкцию молотильного устройства с системой автоматизированного регулирования давления в пневмоподушках деки, позволяющую дифференцировать величину обмолачивающих сил, что минимизирует количество макро- и микроповреждений зерна семенной кукурузы

Intrinsic paramagnetic centers in 1-2-3 superconductors

The169Tm "enhanced" NMR in TmBa2Cu3O6+x (x=0.5, 0.6) at temperatures below 4.2K and the63Cu(1) NQR in YBa2Cu3O6.5 at temperatures above 4.2K are used to study properties of intrinsic paramagnetic centers incorporated into superconducting materials. The spin-lattice relaxation of thulium and copper nuclei reveals three types of paramagnetic centers to be present in oxygen-deficient 1-2-3 superconductors, those are (1) two-level ones with a spin S=1/2, localized outside CuO2 bilayers, (2) singlet-ground-state paramagnetic centers with an integer spin S≥1 in CuO2 bilayers, and (3) exchange copper-oxygen clusters with a half-integer spin S≥5/2, localized in a nearest neighborhood of CuOx basal plane at boundaries of superconducting OrthoII microdomains. © 1995 Plenum Publishing Corporation

An investigation of the mechanisms for strength gain or loss of geopolymer mortar after exposure to elevated temperature

When fly ash-based geopolymer mortars were exposed to a temperature of 800 °C, it was found that the strength after the exposure sometimes decreased, but at other times increased. This paper shows that ductility of the mortars has a major correlation to this strength gain/loss behaviour. Specimens prepared with two different fly ashes, with strengths ranging from 5 to 60 MPa, were investigated. Results indicate that the strength losses decrease with increasing ductility, with even strength gains at high levels of ductility. This correlation is attributed to the fact that mortars with high ductility have high capacity to accommodate thermal incompatibilities. It is believed that the two opposing processes occur in mortars: (1) further geopolymerisation and/or sintering at elevated temperatures leading to strength gain; (2) the damage to the mortar because of thermal incompatibility arising from non-uniform temperature distribution. The strength gain or loss occurs depending on the dominant process

Estudo comparativo da análise de ciclo de vida de concretos geopoliméricos e de concretos à base de cimento Portland composto (CP II)

A Análise de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) é um método que inclui a compilação e avaliação das entradas, saídas e dos impactos de um produto ao longo do seu ciclo de vida. Os resultados desta análise são utilizados para escolher alternativas favoráveis para uma aplicação específica. Este artigo utilizou as ferramentas de ACV, apoiada pelo software Umberto, para comparar o processo de obtenção de concretos de cimento Portland com o de concretos geopoliméricos, obtidos da ativação alcalina de aluminossilicatos. O impacto ambiental foi avaliado considerando 1 m³ de cada concreto, sendo (i) as emissões de CO2 (kg CO2/ m³) e (ii) a demanda energética (MJ/m³) as variáveis para determinar o potencial sustentável de ambos materiais. O objetivo principal foi avaliar se os concretos geopoliméricos são mais sustentáveis do que os concretos tradicionais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o consumo energético é reduzido em 45,8% na produção do concreto geopolimérico, quando comparado à produção do concreto de cimento Portland de desempenho mecânico equivalente. Com relação às emissões de CO2, o concreto geopolimérico reduz as emissões em 72,4%, em comparação ao concreto tradicional de cimento Portland CPII. Assim, o primeiro se mostra uma alternativa a ser considerada, na produção de materiais de construção de menor impacto ambiental

Psychoemotional stress in somatically burdened oncological surgery patients as one of the factors of postoperative complications

Planned surgical interven ons account for more than half of all opera ons in the Russian Federa on, of which more than 20–30% are performed for oncological diseases. Characteris c is an increase in the number of operated pa ents in older age groups with severe concomitant pathology and a high percentage of postopera ve complica ons, including due to psychoemo onal pathology, which can be excluded or adjusted at the preopera ve stage.Purpose. Evalua on of the infl uence of the psychoemo onal state of the oncochirical soma cally burdened patient on the lethality and revealing the possibility of correc on of the psychoemo onal state at the preopera ve stage.Paents and methods. In the period from 2006 to 2016 in the departments of therapy and oncology of the Regional Clinical Hospital of the City Clinical Hospital No. 40 of the Moscow City Health Department, AI.Burnazyan The FMBA of Russia analyzed the treatment of 958 soma cally burdened pa ents with various oncopathology who underwent opera ve interven on in a planned manner. An analysis of the psychoemo onal state of pa ents before and aft er surgery was performed using Hamilton diagnos c scales.Results. After a retrospec ve evalua on, it was determined that prac cally all patients of the oncosurgical profi le undergo various psychoemo onal strains of varying strength and dura on, both before and after surgery. This can disrupt the blood fl ow in the organs andssues, and lead to various complica ons, which manifests itself in the form of hypoxia and ischemia, which, in turn, jus fy the development of postopera ve delirium and myocardial infarc on.Conclusions. Clear distinctions between the anxiety severity in groups on outcomes of hospitaliza on of the oncosurgical patient were determined, and the tendency of the rela onship between the level of the anxiety state and the postopera ve complica ons that had been ridden in the early postopera ve period in soma cally burdened pa ents was determined. Patients of the oncosurgical profi le without fail are shown psychopharmacotherapy in the pre- and postopera ve periods, depending on the revealed pathology

Phase separation in oxygen-deficient TmBa2Cu3O6+x superconductors

Experiments on 169Tm "enhanced NMR" support the idea that the superconductivity in oxygen deficient 1-2-3 compounds is provided by a percolative network of S-I-S nano-sandwiches. © 1994