Inheritance studies of apple scab resistance and identification of Rvi14, a new major gene that acts together with other broad-spectrum QTL

Scab, caused by the fungal pathogen Venturia inaequalis, is the most common disease of cultivated apple (Malus domestica). The fungal races 6 and 7 have now overcome the major resistance gene Vf, which is widely used in apple breeding programmes. New breeding strategies to achieve durable resistance are thus necessary. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic basis of quantitative resistance of the apple cultivar ‘Du¨lmener Rosenapfel’, known to be scab resistant under different environmental conditions. An F1 progeny derived from the cross between the susceptible cultivar ‘Gala’ and ‘Du¨lmener Rosenapfel’ was tested in a greenhouse with a multi-isolate inoculum of V. inaequalis. Rvi14, a new major gene that conditions a chlorotic-type reaction, was mapped on linkage group (LG) 6 in a genomic region not known to be involved in disease resistance. A further three quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance were identified. One co-localized with Rvi14 on LG6, whereas the remaining two were detected on LG11 and LG17, in genomic regions already reported to carry broad-spectrum QTL in other genetic backgrounds. Since a selective genotyping approach was used to detect QTL, an expectation-maximization (EM) computation was used to estimate the corrected QTL contributions to phenotypic variation and was validated by entire progeny genotyping

Root color as an important feature of carrot origin and genetic history

Root color as an important feature of carrot origin and genetic history.Root color as an important feature of carrot origin and genetic history

Ocean Modeling on a Mesh With Resolution Following the Local Rossby Radius

We discuss the performance of the Finite Element Ocean Model (FESOM) on locally eddy-resolving global unstructured meshes. In particular, the utility of the mesh design approach whereby mesh horizontal resolution is varied as half the Rossby radius in most of the model domain is explored. Model simulations on such a mesh (FESOM-XR) are compared with FESOM simulations on a smaller-size mesh, where refinement depends only on the pattern of observed variability (FESOM-HR). We also compare FESOM results to a simulation of the ocean model of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPIOM) on a tripolar regular grid with refinement toward the poles, which uses a number of degrees of freedom similar to FESOM-XR. The mesh design strategy, which relies on the Rossby radius and/or the observed variability pattern, tends to coarsen the resolution in tropical and partly subtropical latitudes compared to the regular MPIOM grid. Excessive variations of mesh resolution are found to affect the performance in other nearby areas, presumably through dissipation that increases if resolution is coarsened. The largest improvement shown by FESOM-XR is a reduction of the surface temperature bias in the so-called North-West corner of the North Atlantic Ocean where horizontal resolution was increased dramatically. However, other biases in FESOM-XR remain largely unchanged compared to FESOM-HR. We conclude that resolving the Rossby radius alone (with two points per Rossby radius) is insufficient, and that careful use of a priori information on eddy dynamics is required to exploit the full potential of ocean models on unstructured meshes

Construction de végétaux pour répondre aux attentes des urbains. L'amélioration des espèces ornementales : l'exemple des rosiers `` 0 phyto ''

Many changes in our society (urban planning, life style, economic crisis…) impact on the ornamental plant chain. Moreover, political awareness on the risk of chemicals used in plant protection (including the recent adoption of the Labbé Law) imposes a change in people behaviour and management of these plants. The whole chain of the ornamental plant breeding and distribution has been aware for many years of the change and the need to develop new breeding programs for ornamental plants. These changes are in progress but take time; for example, the breeding of new varieties of rose is a long, challenging and labour process. In rose breeding, disease resistance is today one of the main traits but combined with other major traits of ornamental plants such as flower colour, fragrance and architecture. To help the breeders, new research projects have been developed in collaboration with private companies in order to understand the genetic determinism of disease resistances and to develop new tools for resistance characterisation

Identifying the causes of the poor decadal climate prediction skill over the North Pacific

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Doblas-Reyes, F. J. Lienert, F. Soufflet, Y. Du, H. EU [FP7-ENV-2009-1-243964, FP7-ENV-2010-1-265192]; MICINN [CGL2010-20657]; Catalan Government Joan Ballester is greatly acknowledged for interesting discussions about our results. This work was supported by the EU-funded QWeCI (FP7-ENV-2009-1-243964), CLIM-RUN (FP7-ENV-2010-1-265192), the MICINN-funded RUCSS (CGL2010-20657) projects and the Catalan Government. The authors wish to thank the three reviewers for their fruitful suggestions. The authors thankfully acknowledge the computer resources, technical expertise and assistance provided by the Red Espanola de Supercomputacion (RES). 5 AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION WASHINGTON J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOSWhile the North Pacific region has a strong influence on North American and Asian climate, it is also the area with the worst performance in several state-of-the-art decadal climate predictions in terms of correlation and root mean square error scores. The failure to represent two major warm sea surface temperature events occurring around 1963 and 1968 largely contributes to this poor skill. The magnitude of these events competes with the largest observed temperature anomalies in the twenty-first century that might be associated with the long-term warming. Understanding the causes of these major warm events is thus of primary concern to improve prediction of North Pacific, North American and Asian climate. The 1963 warm event stemmed from the propagation of a warm ocean heat content anomaly along the Kuroshio-Oyashio extension. The 1968 warm event originated from the upward transfer of a warm water mass centered at 200 m depth. For being associated with long-lived ocean heat content anomalies, we expect those events to be, at least partially, predictable. Biases in ocean mixing processes present in many climate prediction models seem to explain the inability to predict these two major events. Such currently unpredictable warm events, if occurring again in the next decade, would substantially enhance the effect of long-term warming in the region